一个直接考虑大涡、小涡作用的大气对流边界层模式

本文建立了一个大气对流边界层模式,构造此模式时,假设对流边界层中水平动量和热量在垂直方向上的湍流输送、扩散是由大涡与小涡组成的系统完成的。文中,用此模式作了一实例模拟,计算结果表明:模拟的结果与实测的结果相当一致。     

对流涡度矢量垂直分量在西南涡暴雨中的应用

将对流涡度矢量 (CVV) 应用于浅薄系统西南低涡引发的暴雨中,特别是将对流涡度矢量垂直分量 (C_z) 应用在2010年7月16—18日由西南涡引发的一次暴雨过程诊断中。研究了CVV垂直积分的各个分量与6 h累积降水量的关系,尤其是CVV垂直分量在西南涡暴雨过程中的指示意义。诊断结果表明:CVV垂直分量与西南涡引发的暴雨有一定对应关系,强降水发生时段与C_z垂直积分峰值出现的时间对应一致;在对流层低层850 hPa水平分布上,暴雨区位于CVV垂直分量的正值中心附近,偏向其梯度较大处;沿暴雨中心的CVV垂直分量,当对流层低层至高层呈现一致的正值时,暴雨强度会明显加强。     

对流涡度矢量在暴雨诊断分析中的应用研究

位涡在诊断分析中是一个常用且有效的物理量, 但在深对流系统中由于湿等熵面的倾斜变得较弱。因此, 本文利用高守亭等(2004)提出的新矢量——对流涡度矢量(简称CVV)来研究深对流系统, 并用对流涡度矢量诊断华北一次大范围的大到暴雨天气过程。结果表明, CVV垂直分量在中纬度对流性暴雨中有很好的指示性, 它的高值区与云中水凝物和地面降水有较好的对应关系, 暴雨区位于CVV垂直分量高值区附近及其北侧的梯度大值区内。CVV垂直分量是与云相联系的参数, 暴雨区垂直积分和区域平均的CVV垂直分量和云中水凝物混合比的相关系数为0.92, 与降水率的相关系数为0.71, 比湿位涡与云中水凝物的相关系数高很多。CVV垂直分量反映了水平涡度和水平相当位温梯度的相互作用, 可以把中纬度深对流系统中的中尺度动力过程和热力过程与云微物理过程密切联系起来, 有助于理解环流和云相互作用促使对流发展的机制, 可以很好地追踪暴雨系统的发展和演变。     

对流涡度矢量和湿涡度矢量在暴雨诊断分析中的应用研究

利用对流涡度矢量(CVV, (ζa×θe)/ρ)和湿涡度矢量(MVV, (ζa×θv)/ρ)对华北地区一次大范围的大到暴雨天气过程进行了诊断研究.结果表明,CVV和MVV垂直分量与云和降水密切相关,暴雨区区域平均和垂直积分的CVV和MVV垂直分量与云中水凝物混合比的相关系数分别为0.92和0.95,与降水率的相关系数分别为0.71和0.47.云中水凝物分为液态水凝物和固态水凝物,虽然同态水凝物的含量相对较少,但它在云的变化中起着更重要的作用.滞后相关分析表明,降水率的峰值到来之前4-5 h云中水凝物含晕最少,降水率的峰值到来之后1-2 h,云中水凝物含量最多.云中水凝物与降水率的滞后相关系数主要是由液态水凝物与降水率的滞后相关系数决定的,只有约1/4的滞后相关系数是由固态水凝物与降水率的滞后相关系数贡献的.CVV和MVV的垂直分量与云中水凝物具有非常好的相关性(同时及滞后),与降水率的相关也较好,可以代表云和对流系统的发展.CVV和MVV垂直分量的局地变化超前降水率3 h左右,可以作为降水发生的先兆,对降水的预报有潜在的意义.CVV垂直分量的局地变化与降水率的相关系数大于MVV垂直分量的局地变化与降水率的相关系数,因此在实际预报中可以利用CVV垂直分量的局地变化来估计未来降水的变化.     

台风远距离影响下的大暴雨对流涡度矢量分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP再分析资料、自动站资料和卫星云图资料,对2010年7月16-19日台风远距离影响下的川陕大暴雨天气过程从对流涡度矢量进行诊断分析.结果表明:高θε区位于西南涡偏南侧暖湿气流端,大暴雨区即位于此处;大暴雨中心等θε线随高度近于垂直分布,θε高值区呈“漏斗”状结构,从低层到对流层顶均为90％的相对湿度.东北—西南向的倾斜高空急流加强了急流入口区右侧的高层辐散,造成大暴雨区强而深厚的垂直上升运动.强降水中心低层为东南风,中层为西南风,高层为西北风,对流不稳定性很大;西风分量u在中层垂直切变较大,南风分量v在中高层垂直切变较大.大暴雨出现在对流涡度矢量(CVV)垂直分量和气柱云水量二者大值重合区.     

用大涡模式研究对流边界层湍流

利用三维对流边界层的大涡模拟模式研究对流边界层湍流统计特征量,模拟结果与前人的同类模拟工作及实验观测结果相比较,得到了一致的结论.       

“96.1”暴雪期中尺度切变线发生发展的动力诊断：Ⅰ：涡度和涡度变率 …

利用引入三相云显式降水方案后改进和发展的中尺度模式（ＭＭ４）模拟输出资料,对“９６．１”高原暴雪切变线发生、发展的结构进行了运动学和动力学诊断。涡度场演变指出,高原上局地涡度中心和涡度带的生成和发展不仅与暴雪切变线的形成和发展密切相关,而且有预测切变线生成的先兆意义;涡度场、散度场、垂直速度场当位温场的剖面结构诊断表明,运动场的热力场的相互配置与耦合关系极有得暴雪切变线及暴雪形成与维持;涡度变率诊     

一个对流边界层大涡模式的建立与调试

本文介绍一个适合于对流边界层的大涡模式的建立及其调试结果。该大涡模式建立过程中注重于计算的节省，同时也强调原理与方法的简单和合理性。模式的调试表明，对于平坦均一地形的情况，模拟可以获得合理的结果。调试同时显示了模式对较低水平分辨率的适用条件，以及模式应用于模拟较大水平范围问题的可能性。     

"96.1"暴雪期中尺度切变线发生发展的动力诊断Ⅰ: 涡度和涡度变率诊断

利用引入三相云显式降水方案后改进和发展的中尺度模式(MM4)模拟输出资料, 对"96.1"高原暴雪切变线发生、发展的结构进行了运动学和动力学诊断.涡度场演变指出, 高原上局地涡度中心和涡度带的生成和发展不仅与暴雪切变线的形成和发展密切相关, 而且有预测切变线生成的先兆意义; 涡度场、散度场、垂直速度场与相当位温场的剖面结构诊断表明, 运动场和热力场的相互配置与耦合关系极有利于暴雪切变线发展及暴雪形成与维持; 涡度变率诊断结果指出, 涡度正变率中心带初生于暴雪切变线附近, 其时空演变与切变线生成和发展相伴的正涡度中心带垂直结构及演变基本一致.在对涡度变率贡献的诸因子中, 非线性相互作用涡度变率的相对数值最大; 时间平均涡度变率的贡献次之; 与强波扰气流有关的扰动涡度变率贡献最小.在总涡度变率的诸强迫项中, 散度项贡献最大; 水平涡度平流项次之; 垂直涡度输送项和扭转项的贡献相反, 基本上互相抵消.     

CALCULATING STUDY OF ELECTRIC FIELD ACTING ON VORTICITY IN THUNDERSTORMS

Based on electric parameters measured in actual storms and considering that charges distribute along anaxisymmetric cylinder, in this paper the changing rates of vertical electric vorticity with time in shear and anvil stormsare calculated respectively, The results indicate that the changing rate of vertical electric vorticity with time caused byelectric field force is about 10~(-8)—10~(-7) / s~2 in shear storms. For stronger electrified clouds, it can reach 10~(-6)—10~(-5) /s~2 inlocal area and be almost matched with the action of dynamics. The magnitude is larger at storm bottom and decreaseswith height. The electric energy concentrates mainly in middle and low layers of a storm. The results are same as in anvilstorms, but the magnitude is an order smaller. Meanwhile, the results also indicate that the convective motion of chargedhydrometeor particles due to electric field force can form horizontal vortex of air current. The electric circulation is animportant factor.     

对流和层状云系电活动,对流及降水特性的相关分析

通过对６次不同云系电特性、回波、对流及降水特性的综合分析，探讨了它们之间的相关性。结果表明：除不稳定能量外，－１０℃层和０℃层高度以及他们之间的高度差、０℃层与云顶的高度差也是表征雷暴动力和电特性的重要参量；雷暴云起电过程对冰相作用有较强的依赖性；雷暴中的电活动与对流活动成正相关，闪电多发生在３０ｄＢｚ强回波高度大于－１０℃层高度时段内，强烈的电活动与强降雨有很好的对应关系，而与一般性降雨对应关系较差；在雷暴消散期，闪电可能会影响雷暴的特性     

对流边界层中的一个双高斯型PDF扩散模式

对流边界层（ＣＢＬ）中的污染扩散是非高斯型的。本文在下列三个假设下建立了双高斯型几率分布函数（ＰＤＦ）模式：１．对流边界层任一确定高度铅直速度Ｗ的几率分布函数ｐｗ由两个高斯分布迭加而成；２．从污染源释放的粒子具有源高的铅直速度几率分布，且其轨迹是线性的；３．粒子在地面的反射为全反射，在混合层高度Ｚｉ为全反射或有部分吸收。然后分析了三个高度上铅直速度Ｗ的一些统计特征量，比较了由ＰＤＦ模式计算的横风向积分浓度和Ｌａｍｂ的数值模拟［１－３］，Ｄｅａｒｄｏｒｆｆ的水槽模拟［４－６］结果，并用美国ＣＯＮＤＯＲＳ计划的外场试验资料［７］对ＰＤＦ模式进行了验证，结果均相当一致。     

INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY IN A MODEL ATMOSPHERE

By using the simulation results of an AGCM, which had been run from 1945 to 1993 forced by COADS SST, the interdecadal variability of the model atmosphere was investigated and compared with that of NCEP reanalysis data. It was found that, interdecadal variability exists significantly in both the tropical Pacific wind fields and the mid-high latitude atmospheric circulation of the model atmosphere. The tendency of time variation and spatial distributions of the interdecadal variability of the model atmosphere are basically consistent with observation. Relative to the mid-high latitude atmospheric circulation, the simulation of tropical Pacific wind is more satisfying, which suggests that anomalous variation of SST is still the main factor for the interdecadal variability of tropical Pacific wind. It might have more significant influence on the tropical wind than on the mid-high latitude atmosphere. However, there is still obvious difference between the simulation and observation. They could be attributed to both the simulation capability of the model and absence of other factors in the model which are important for the interdecadal climate variation.     

模式大气中的年代际变化

用１９４５～１９９３年ＣＯＡＤＳ ＳＳＴ强迫ＡＧＣＭ进行了连续４９年的模拟积分,分析了模式大气中的年代际变化,并和ＮＣＥＰ再分析资料进行了比较。结果表明,模式大气中,无论是热带太平洋风场,还是中、高纬大气环流均存在显著的年代际变化;ＡＧＣＭ基本上能较好地模拟热带太平洋和中、中纬大气环流年代际信号的是分布和时间变化趋势;从时间变化上盾,热带太平洋风场的模拟结果要好于中、高纬大气,说明ＳＳＴ仍然是膨响     

APPLICATION OF GENERALIZED CONVECTIVE VORTICITY VECTOR IN A RAINFALL PROCESS CAUSED BY A LANDFALLING TROPICAL DEPRESSION

A heavy rainfall process, which occurred in Shanghai during 5-6 August, 2001 from a landfalling tropical depression (TD),is examined with a control numerical experiment based on MM5 model. It is found that the contours of generalized equivalent potential temperature (θ*) are almost vertical with respect to horizontal surfaces near the TD center and more densely distributed than those of equivalent potential temperature (θe).Because the atmosphere is non-uniformly saturated in reality, θ* takes the place of θe in the definition of convective vorticity vector (CVV) so that a new vector, namely the generalized convective vorticity vector (CVV*), is applied in this study. Since CVV* can reflect both the secondary circulation and the variation of horizontal moist baroclinicity, the vertical integration of vertical component of CVV* is found, in this study, to represent the rainfall areas in the TD case better than potential vorticity (PV), moist potential vorticity (MPV), generalized moist potential vorticity (Pm), and CVV, with high-value area of CVV* corresponding to heavy-rainfall area. Moreover, the analysis from CVV* implies that the Hangzhou Bay might play an important role in the heavy rain process. A sensitivity experiment without the Hangzhou Bay is then designed and compared with the control run. It is found that the CVV* becomes weaker than that in the control run, implying that the elimination of Hangzhou Bay results in reduced rainfall. Further analyses show that the Hangzhou Bay provides sufficient water vapor and surface heat flux to the TD system, which is very important to the genesis and development of mesoscale cloud clusters around the TD and the associated heavy rainfall.     

暴雨中尺度气旋发展的等熵面位涡分析

利用中尺度模式ＭＭ４对１９９１年７月５～６日的江淮梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了数值模拟。用模式输 出资料，根据湿位涡理论分析了这次暴雨过程中对流层低层的中尺度低涡及地面气旋发生发 展的原因。结果表明，在有利的等熵面形态下，具有较高湿位涡值的高层冷空气沿等熵面快 速向南下降的过程中绝对涡度增加，导致了气旋性涡旋的发展加强。     

湿位涡守恒条件下西南涡的发展

运用高分辨率数值预报模式 (HIRLAM)模拟了一次中国西南地区在多种活跃天气系统影响下 ,西南涡的发展过程。分析了东亚季风、青藏高压、地形等多种尺度与不同高低空环流形势配合以及在湿位涡守恒条件下对流发展时 ,潜热及不稳定能量的释放 ,对中尺度涡旋和强对流发生发展的作用 ,探讨了西南涡和局地降水增强与消亡的成因与理论 ,并具有实用意义     

MCC转为带状MCSs过程中水平涡度的变化与暴雨的关系

利用实况资料和WRF中尺度数值模式对2010年6月18—19日的一次MCC转带状MCSs的暴雨过程进行数值模拟与诊断分析。结果表明:850 hPa西南涡和切变线的形成与维持是影响此次暴雨产生的中尺度系统,前期MCC的形成到成熟以低涡降水为主,后期的圆形MCC转为带状MCSs主要为切变线降水。在雨区附近,u、v的垂直切变所形成的强水平涡度造成的旋转,对应垂直环流的上升支可触发暴雨产生,垂直方向上u、v不同的分布可形成不同的垂直环流。低涡与切变线附近的水平涡度有明显差异,这种差异导致暴雨形成的原因不同,低涡暴雨主要由v的垂直切变造成,切变线暴雨主要由u、v的垂直切变共同作用,本次过程中v的垂直切变构成了沿切变线的东西向雨带,u的垂直切变沿纬向的不均匀性引起的垂直运动与切变线上MCSs的生成、发展和多雨团的形成关系密切。低涡、切变线降水中心附近的正倾侧项（水平涡度向垂直正涡度转换）也有类似的差异,低涡的转换主要由?v/?p<0决定,切变线的转换主要由-?u/?p>0决定。水平涡度向垂直涡度的转换尺度较小,易在平均状态下被忽略。倾侧项主要有利于暴雨的加强,但对西南涡、切变线的发展贡献较小。      

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE VARIATION IN HORIZONTAL VORTICITY AND HEAVY RAIN DURING THE PROCESS OF MCC TURNING INTO BANDED MCSS

Using real-time data and the WRF mesoscale model,a heavy rain event in the process of Mesoscale Convective Complex(MCC) turning into banded Mesoscale Convective Systems(MCSs) during 18-19 June 2010 is simulated and analyzed in this paper.The results indicated that the formation and maintenance of a southwest vortex and shear line at 850 h Pa was the mesoscale system that affected the production of this heavy rain.The low-vortex heavy rain mainly happened in the development stage of MCC,and the circular MCC turned into banded MCSs in the late stage with mainly shear line precipitation.In the vicinity of rainfall area,the intense horizontal vorticity due to the vertical shear of u and v caused the rotation,and in correspondence,the ascending branch of the vertical circulation triggered the formation of heavy rain.The different distributions of u and v in the vertical direction produced varying vertical circulations.The horizontal vorticity near the low-vortex and shear line had obvious differences which led to varying reasons for heavy rain formation.The low-vortex heavy rain was mainly caused by the vertical shear of v,and the shear line rainfall formed owing to the vertical shear of both u and v.In this process,the vertical shear of v constituted the EW-trending rain band along the shear line,and the latitudinal non-uniformity of the vertical shear in u caused the vertical motion,which was closely related to the generation and development of MCSs at the shear line and the formation of multiple rain clusters.There was also a similar difference in the positively-tilting term(conversion from horizontal vorticity to vertical positive vorticity) near the rainfall center between the low-vortex and the shear line.The conversion in the low vortex was mainly determined by бv/бp0,while that of the shear line by бu/бp0.The scale of the conversion from the horizontal vorticity to vertical vorticity was relatively small,and it was easily ignored in the averaged state.The twisting term was mainly conducive to the reinforcement of precipitation,whereas its contribution to the development of southwest vortex and shear line was relatively small.