Radiochemoecological Monitoring of the Salt Lakes of the Crimea

正1 Introduction The salt lakes of the Crimea contain the practically inexhaustible sources of salts of sodium,magnesium,bromine and other chemical elements(Ponizovskii,1965),being the potential powerful raw materials base for the     

Hydrochemistry of Salt Lakes in Southeastern Transbaikalia(Russia) in the Time of Arid Phase of Climate Change at the Beginning of the XXI Century

正1 Introduction In the south of Eastern Transbaikalia in the border area with China and Mongolia,there are at least 300 saline without outlet lakes.They are confined to the semi-arid zone Daurian steppes with pronounced continental salinization processes and are mostly located on the bottoms of the intermountain basins.Their origin is related to evaporative concentration of fresh waters lakes filling.     

Resting Stages of Crustaceans in the Crimean Hypersaline Lakes(Ukraine) and Their Ecological Role

正1 Introduction A presence of resting stages in various aquatic organisms is a long-known phenomenon as a mechanism of species adaptation to exist in unstable aquatic habitats,surviving adverse conditions in the"sleeping"state(Radzikowski,2013).Bank of resting stages of planktonic organisms is an important component of the plankton community,without which we cannot understand community dynamics(Brendonck and De Meester,2003).     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the     

我国盐湖钾盐资源现状及提钾工艺技术进展

中国是一个农业大国, 钾肥缺口很大。中国又是一个多盐湖的国家, 盐湖中蕴藏着丰富的钾盐资源, 有望解决中国的缺钾问题。中国已经建立了青海察尔汗和新疆罗布泊两个钾肥生产基地, 但还是远远满足不了国内钾肥需求, 70%需要依赖进口。因此, 有必要继续加强钾盐开发研究, 建立新的钾肥生产基地。通过长期攻关, 我国氯化物型和硫酸盐型盐湖形成了比较成熟的提钾工艺路线, 但是, 碳酸盐型盐湖提钾研究刚刚起步。本文对青海察尔汗盐湖和新疆罗布泊盐湖两大中国钾肥生产基地的资源及生产工艺进行了分析研究, 其成功的开发经验可用来指导我国同类型其他盐湖钾资源的开发; 探讨了开发我国碳酸盐型盐湖钾盐的可行之路, 碳酸盐型盐湖通过技术创新, 可以在盐湖现场获得钾肥产品; 指出我国不同水化学类型的盐湖应采取不同的资源利用工艺路线。     

The Exploitation and Comprehensive Utilization of Magnesium Resources in Salt Lakes of China

正The changes of demand and market witnessed the continuous revolution and development in the world magnesium industry.Before the 1950s,the development of magnesium mainly attached to the military industry.     

The Role of Groundwater in the Salt Lakes in the Badain Jaran Desert,China

正The Badain Jaran Desert is the second largest desert in China with tallest sand dunes on the earth.In contrast to the extremely dry climate,there are about 100 lakes spreading regularly over the depressions among high     

Chemical Composition of Some Saline Lakes in the Tuva Region(Russia)

正1 Introduction Salt lakes are very interesting natural objects which can be found in different places in the world.Russia is not an exception.Climate conditions are various in Russia,but the climate is not very hot.In Russia there are a lot of places where salt lakes are spread.One of them is the Tuva region where lakes with different compositions are     

The Evolution of the Quaternary Salt Lakes in the Qaidam Basin

The paper discusses the distribution of Quaternary sediments, occurrence of saline minerals and phases of neotectonic movements and their manifestations in the Qaidam basin. The formation of four successive lacustrine terraces in Tertiary anticlinal zones in the western part of the basin was related to the neotectonic movements that took place 100 Ka ago, and the distribution of such terraces discloses, in a way. the evolutionary history of the Quaternary salt lakes. According to the distribution of the terraces coupled with the distribution of Quaternary sediments and features of salt deposition, four periods of Quaternary salt lake evolution in the basin may be distinguished, which correspond to four stages of salt deposition respectively.     

青海可可西里盐湖水化学及硼同位素地球化学特征

本文主要依据2009—2010年间的考察对可可西里地区盐湖进行了水化学及硼同位素分布特征研究。结果表明,除前人发现的5个盐湖外,可可西里东部新发现的多秀湖、茶错、布查湖和果木错玛德日4个湖泊也属于盐湖;勒斜武担湖为氯化物型盐湖,其余8个盐湖均为硫酸盐型盐湖;盐湖及周围水体皆富集B、Li元素,形成以盐湖为中心的含量高值区,且B-Li元素对显示出协同消长关系,表明在该地区这两种元素的物质来源、搬运条件及富集环境具有相似性;正热电离质谱法测量结果显示,本区盐湖δ11B值的变化范围在+4.77‰~+12.52‰之间,远低于海水δ11B值,证明这些盐湖均属陆相成因,与前人对青藏高原地区盐湖成因的研究结果相一致;勒斜武担湖和布查盐湖北部均出露有大量泉水,水化学分析和硼同位素分析数据表明,勒斜武担湖和布查盐湖分别与各自周围的泉水具有同源性,认为这些泉水是这两个盐湖的主要物质来源;根据区域地质构造特征和硼同位素地球化学数据,可判断出新青峰喷泉中的硼主要来自于深部火山岩溶滤。     

Diversity and Adaptations of Immature Diptera in Semiaquatic Habitats at Shorelines of Hypersaline Lakes in the Crimea,with a Brief Review of Diptera in Mineralized Bodies of Water

正The order Diptera(Insecta)is one of animal groups most successful in the colonization of mineralized shallow aquatic and semiaquatic environments.At the same time,the taxonomic composition of Diptera,their role in     

Stable isotope analysis of the Cenomanian–Turonian (Late Cretaceous) oceanic anoxic event in the Crimea

Carbon and oxygen isotope data from Cenomanian–Turonian sediments from the southwest of the Crimea are presented. The sediments consist of limestones, marls and organic-rich claystones, the latter with total organic carbon values up to 2.6 wt. %, representing Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. A shift to more negative δ¹⁸O values through the uppermost Cenomanian into the lowermost Turonian may be the result of warming; however, petrographic analysis shows that the samples have undergone a degree of diagenetic alteration. The carbon isotope data reveal a positive excursion from 2.7‰ to a peak of 4.3‰ at the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary; values then decrease in the early Turonian. This excursion is comparable to those of other Cenomanian–Turonian sections, such as those seen in the Anglo-Paris Basin, and is thought to be due to global changes in the oceanic carbon reservoir. On this curve are a number of negative δ¹³C excursions, just below the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary. It is suggested that these negative excursions are associated with the uptake of light carbon derived from the oxidation and deterioration of organic material during localised exposure of the sediments to oxic or meteoric diagenetic conditions, possibly during sea-level fluctuations.     

中国盐湖科学技术研究的若干进展与展望

我国拥有得天独厚的盐湖资源,分布于北半球盐湖带欧亚盐湖亚带东部,主要分布在现代降水量500mm/a的范围内。本文对中国盐湖科学技术60年来取得的若干进展进行初步梳理。1.在盐湖沉积与古气候、古环境研究方面:提出了各种盐类矿物的古气候转换指标。柴达木西部-塔里木东部氯化物型-硫酸盐型沉积区为我国第四纪以来干旱成盐中心,历经了6次以上的向外干旱(成盐)扩张期;提出青藏高原第四纪晚期存在5次泛湖高湖面;2.在盐湖成矿与成盐成钾理论研究方面:首编青藏高原湖泊水化学分带图(1/250万),揭示了青藏高原盐湖水化学类型由南往北、由碳酸盐-氯化物型分布规律及其相应成盐成矿专属性;发现几个大型陆相钾盐矿床,提出了高山深盆成盐模式、链式多级中浅盐湖成矿模式、多级湖盆深盆成盐模式、砂砾型含钾卤水成矿模式以及"隔代承袭成钾"等新认识,建立和发展了"陆相成钾"理论认识;发现青海大柴旦湖钠硼解石-柱硼镁石矿床、西藏扎仓茶卡柱硼镁石-库水硼镁石矿床、聂尔错库水硼镁石矿床等新类型镁硼酸盐(锂)矿床,进而提出冷冻稀释成硼理论新认识。3.自主研发出的"反浮选冷结晶工艺"生产氯化钾自控系统,使察尔汗盐湖钾盐达到300万吨/年KCl产量,形成了名牌钾肥产品。成功研发了罗布泊120万吨/年硫酸钾成套技术,建成世界最大的硫酸钾生产装置,2015年产量达160万吨,以上为我国钾肥生产作出了重大贡献。在自主研发的"冬储卤-冷冻-日晒-分离-盐梯度太阳池积热沉锂"创新技术支撑下,在西藏高原海拔4421米的扎布耶盐湖建成了世界海拔最高的锂盐产业,也是我国首条年产5000吨碳酸锂的盐湖提锂基地。4.根据盐水域发育大面积杜氏藻等嗜盐菌藻、盐沼带和盐碱地繁衍多种盐生植物的盐境生态特点,提出"盐湖农业"("盐土农业")农业新概念,发展盐境绿色产业提供新的理念和技术支持。最后,为今后盐类科学发展方向,提出了深绿科技与产业研发方向,随着盐类科学技术的发展,将会促进新的边缘交叉学科盐类学(Salinology)的发展和日臻完善。     

水化学特征在岩溶水系统分析中的应用——以山西晋城长河流域岩溶水系统为例

通过对长河流域岩溶水矿化度、Ca^2＋／Mg^2＋、Ca／Sr及Mg／Sr等的特征分析,长河流域岩溶水系统从补给区到径流区、排泄区矿化度、Can／Mgn、Ca／Sr及Mg／Sr变化具有明显的规律性,岩溶水的流动方向则与以上各水化学指标质量浓度的变化方向一致,即研究区在东、北部灰岩裸露区直接接受大气降雨补给渗漏及部分半裸露区间接补给渗漏,向西以泉水形式排泄到沁河河谷地带,形成沁河河谷排泄带,地下水径流方向为南西西方向。并分析岩溶地下水的径流特征,富水强弱,水岩作用强弱及岩溶裂隙发育规律特征。     

Characteristics of Water Environment in Regions of Zhaling and Eling Lakes near Waterhead of Yellow River

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Intercalation Assembly and Chemical Product Engineering of Layered Intercalated Functional Materials Based on Efficient Utilization of Magnesium Resources in Salt Lakes

正1 Introduction Magnesium salts are very important by-product of salt lake industry in West China.Nearly 200 million cubic meters of waste brine are released to the environment     

上海市矿泉水的分布及其水化学特征

至2002年，本市已勘查鉴定了80处矿泉水。矿泉水主要赋存于第四纪孔隙承压含水层及岩溶裂隙含水层中，矿泉水达标元素较单一，水化学类型繁多，单井允许开采量相差悬殊及区域分布不均。勘查评价和开发的重点将是寻找符合人们饮水习惯的低矿化度矿泉水。     

青藏高原盐湖水化学及其矿物组合特征

青藏高原湖泊的矿化度与其湖泊演化所处的自然环境,特别是与气候条件关系密切,根据取得盐湖数量和卫片解译,本区湖泊矿化度在空间上变化的总趋势是由北、西北向南、东南趋向下降,大体上与现代高原年干燥度(年蒸发量/年降水量)呈同步变化。高原盐湖的pH值既与水化学类型有关,又与湖水矿化度有关,即由碳酸盐型→硫酸钠亚型→硫酸镁亚型→氧化物型,其pH值趋于下降,而湖泊的pH值与矿化度大体呈反相关。根据库尔纳可夫—瓦良什科分类法及作者对碳酸盐型的细分,对青藏高原盐湖水化学进行了全面细致划分,从而取得了清晰的规律性认识:本区盐湖水化学具有南北分带,东西分区的特点。不同的盐湖水化学类型,具有不同的专属性,碳酸盐型代表性成矿组合为硼砂(三方硼砂)或硼砂—扎布耶石,以及碱—芒硝组合;硫酸钠亚型代表性成矿组合为芒硝(无水芒硝)—石盐以及镁硼酸盐(库水硼镁石、柱硼镁石等)—钠硼解石—芒硝;硫酸镁亚型代表性成矿组合为硫酸镁盐(泻利盐、白钠镁矾)—石盐、镁硼酸盐—芒硝、芒硝—软钾镁矾—石盐以及大量石膏;氯化物型代表性成矿组合则为光卤石—水氯镁石—石盐、光卤石—石盐,个别盐湖共生南极石。由此可见,青藏高原各类型盐湖矿物组合基本上具有冷相组合特征,芒硝及与其共生的冷相盐类矿物,可成为研究古气候变化的重要标志物。目前已检出青藏高原盐湖水含有59种元素,其中B与Li、Cs、K、Rb有密切共生关系,其含量随湖水矿化度增长大致呈正相关;B、Li、Cs、K、Rb最高正异常落在羌南碳酸盐型带(Ⅰ2)西段—昂拉陵湖区为中心地区;并与本区中新世火山沉积岩系和地热水B、Li、Cs、Rb等高值区并行不悖。以上有力证明B、Li、Cs等特殊元素物质与深部来源有关。据近期大量地球物理和火山岩岩石地球化学研究,其成因与印度—欧亚陆陆碰撞引起的重熔岩浆作用有密切成因联系。南美科迪勒拉高原硼锂(铯)盐湖即生成于活动大陆边缘,两者均说明全球特定的活动构造带是造成天然水B、Li、Cs(K、Rb)高丰度及其成矿作用的主因。     

民勤绿洲北部荒漠区地下水水化学特征及成因分析

民勤绿洲北部荒漠区作为国家北方防沙带的重要组成部分以及石羊河下游生态保护治理区,在地下水水化学方面的研究程度很低。在野外调查、勘探及采样测试的基础上,综合运用数理统计、Piper三线图、离子相关性分析、Gibbs图及离子比例系数等方法对民勤绿洲北部荒漠区的地下水水化学特征及成因进行了研究分析。结果表明：研究区地下水溶解性总固体以及硬度值较高,水化学类型主要为Cl-·SO2-4－Na+型。地下水水质总体能够满足生态屏障区种植旱生、耐盐植被的需要。地下水水化学演化是由蒸发浓缩作用主导、风化溶解和阳离子交换共同作用的结果。地下水中超标的高硝酸盐氮水与牲畜粪便污染有关,高氟水的形成受原生地质环境背景影响。成果不仅进一步提高了区内地下水水化学的研究程度,亦可为民勤绿洲区保护、北方防沙带以及石羊河下游生态保护治理区建设提供科学依据。     

螺髻山北麓地下水化学特征与水质评价

为研究川西大凉山区螺髻山北麓地下水化学特征、演化机制以及评价地下水质现状,笔者系统采集研究区不同地段的15组地下水样品为研究对象。利用Gibbs图解法、离子比例系数法和基于RMSprop算法的BP神经网络评价法,探讨该地区地下水化学特征演化机制,评价地下水质现状,支持服务帮助当地合理开发和安全利用水资源。结果表明研究区水化学类型以Mg2+·Ca2+−HCO3–为主,其水化学离子的形成主要以岩土风化溶滤作用为主,由硅酸盐矿物与碳酸盐矿物共同控制,硅酸盐矿物控制更显著。结合地质背景,认为硅酸盐矿物主要来自火山碎屑岩类、花岗岩类、砂岩类和泥质岩类等岩石。利用BP神经网络对5000组地下水样本学习训练,对研究区样本进行评价,模型训练图像表明BP神经网络能很好拟合地下水样本训练集并且对测试集进行客观准确的判断。研究区地下水评价结果显示：Ⅰ类水质点占13.3%,Ⅱ类水质点占40%,Ⅲ类水质点占46.6%,整体水质较好,建议Ⅲ类水质地区普格县特尔果乡甲甲沟村、普格县特补乡白庙子需要加强地下水污染源调查以及水质保护。