围栏引起的有蹄类动物死亡及其对未来祁连山国家公园管理的启示

围栏是牧区畜牧业的重要组成部分。但是,这些围栏也给野生动物带来了很多负面影响,会制约它们的活动范围,妨碍其种群扩散甚至会直接导致死亡。甘肃盐池湾国家级自然保护区未来将成为祁连山国家公园的重要组成部分,本文对该区内围栏的现状及其所产生的影响进行了评估。我们通过70份调查问卷,了解了当地牧民对围栏的看法、围栏对野生有蹄类动物的威胁以及观察到的被围栏缠绕的野生动物的数量。我们发现,如果当地居民发现用于管理牲畜的围栏会伤害到野生动物,他们更可能意识到围栏带来的负面影响,那些认为围栏对野生动物有害的人更有可能支持拆除围栏。然而,对于需要雇用他人来照看家畜的牧民,支持围栏拆除的可能性较小。最佳模型只解释了部分数据差异,这表明虽然对围栏威胁的认识很重要,但其他因素可能也会影响牧民对围栏拆除的支持度。因此,为了能在新的国家公园内成功开展围栏拆除工作,有必要强化社区服务和社区合作,以减少围栏拆除对牲畜管理的影响。调查发现,当地牧民在围栏上发现过死亡的藏野驴、盘羊和藏原羚,其中发现藏野驴的次数明显多于其他两个物种。这一结果表明,前述三个物种可能更容易被围栏缠绕,未来需要加强相关研究,这将有助于推动围栏拆除计划的实施。     

Contending with unequal and privileged access to natural resources and land in the Okavango Delta, Botswana

This paper reviews how state policy and regulatory instruments, including protected area alienations and concessions, have altered or denied the access to land and natural livelihood resources of the indigenous Basarwa and minority subsistence-oriented communities in the Okavango Delta (OD) in Botswana. Drawing on field research and guided by a sustainable rural livelihoods framework, the paper provides an overview of key institutional interventions – in particular the setting up of the Moremi Game Reserve, Wildlife Conservation Policy, Tourism Policy, Agricultural Development Policy and the erection of veterinary fences – that have served to privilege a foreign-owned and dominated commercialized wildlife and nature tourism sector and the export-oriented beef industry in the OD. The officially sanctioned barriers to customary and usufructory rights and access, and the non-recognition of historically embedded traditional land uses have decimated already marginalized resource-based subsistence livelihoods, and precipitated intergroup conflicts over preferential rights and access to resources and opportunities, notably wildlife, non-timber veld products, agriculture and community-based tourism schemes. Such outcomes, moreover, will have consequences for the longer-term sustainability of the OD both as a socioeconomic resource base and as a natural ecosystem.     

栅栏防护体系空气动力学效应研究进展

栅栏防护体系的空气动力学效应研究是揭示其防护机理的重要基础,也是风沙工程学和风沙物理学应用研究的主要组成部分。根据已有的研究成果,全面综述了近半个多世纪以来有关栅栏防护体系空气动力学机制方面的研究进展,对各个时期的主要成果作以介绍,并对几种代表性防护栅栏最佳疏透度的确定方法及范围分别加以对比分析。分析认为,对栅栏空气动力学效应已取得了相对较深的认识,并且积累了大量的研究经验,对于认识栅栏防护机理具有重要的指导和启发作用。但影响栅栏防护效益的因素是复杂的,众多研究都运用了过多的简化与假设,而且研究者们对于栅栏防护效应的理解不同以及所强调的保护侧重点不同导致评判的标准也各不相同,最终得到的最佳疏透度也有所差异,不能直接运用于实践中。鉴于此,在将来的研究中运用现代测量技术获取可靠的数据资料仍然很重要。     

栅栏对颗粒起动风速影响的实验研究

气流对栅栏的响应可以定量地用沙粒的起动风速来表征。通过风洞模拟实验研究了栅栏两侧不同距离处沙粒的起动风速及运动特征随疏透度和高度的变化关系。根据颗粒运动的不同典型特征,栅栏附近的水平区域可划分为5个区。栅栏的疏透度是决定其最终防护效果的关键因素,紧密型栅栏,尤其是不透风栅栏,其迎风侧脚容易形成堆积。栅栏疏透度为0.3～0.4时相对起动风速最大,疏透度0.3～0.6时能产生最大的有效防护距离。栅栏越低,产生最佳的防护效果所要求的疏透度就相对越小,反之亦然。疏透度0.3～0.4的栅栏在实际应用中可以起到最佳的防风阻沙效果。     

Political ecology of tiger conservation in India: Adverse effects of banning customary practices in a protected area

Protected areas have had significant impacts on local communities primarily through the physical removal of people. In some instances, people continue to live within protected areas due to the inability of the state to evict them. The restrictions on livelihoods placed on people living inside protected areas lead to in situ displacement. We show how conservation enclosures in the Biligiri Rangaswamy Temple Tiger Reserve have produced a class of people that the state ‘lets die’ by banning customary practices such as fire use, hunting and harvesting of forest produce. Using longitudinal ethnographic, socio‐economic and ecological data, we demonstrate that conservation policy has alienated indigenous forest dwellers from their agricultural and forest‐land. The outcomes of conservation policy include dispossession through increased crop losses, reduced income from agriculture and forest produce, as well as a forest that is dominated by weeds due to fire suppression. The ban on hunting in particular has increased wildlife densities, which has enabled the state to accumulate revenues through the establishment of wildlife tourism facilities. All in all, centralized protected area governance has changed the relationships among people, forest and the state in a way that has produced adverse effects for both livelihoods and the ecosystem.     

塔里木沙漠公路沿线机械防沙体系效益分析

野外实测和室内风洞实验的数据分析表明,塔里木沙漠公路沿线高立式沙障和半隐蔽式沙障发挥了较大的防沙效益,平沙地上高立式沙障的防护距离在18H左右。3种高立式沙障防沙效益各不相同,以芦苇栅栏最佳,抗紫外线尼龙网栏次之,白尼龙网栏最差。随设置路段、地貌部位、风沙活动强度不同,各种高立式沙障使用年限有差异。沙漠腹地半隐蔽式沙障的掩埋速度为2.0~14.4m·a^-1左右,并随时间推移有一个加速的过程。     

包兰铁路沙坡头段不同编制结构的枝条阻沙栅栏防护效应风洞模拟

对包兰铁路沙坡头段枝条阻沙栅栏流场结构进行风洞模拟试验。结果表明:气流在经过横向、竖向阻沙栅栏时均出现了明显的流速分区。气流在经过阻沙栅栏时速度会减弱,但是竖向枝条阻沙栅栏的综合阻风防沙效果明显优于横向阻沙栅栏,同时竖向枝条阻沙栅栏制作上具有工序简单、原材料广泛及不受枝条长度限制的特性,因此,在防沙治沙应用中,竖向枝条阻沙栅栏更适合推广。虽然孔隙度是阻沙栅栏设计的重要技术参数,但栅栏结构对风沙流场产生直接影响,是决定着其对风沙活动防护效应高低的关键因子。     

包兰铁路沙坡头段防护体系前沿栅栏沙丘形态与近地面流场

防护体系前沿阻沙栅栏不仅是维持栅栏沙丘形态、阻挡流沙进入防护带内的重要屏障,还是栅栏沙丘这一独特沙丘类型形成发育的首要条件。形态测定与流场观测表明,在沙坡头铁路防护体系前沿地带,栅栏沙丘迎风坡平均坡度大于天然沙丘,背风坡坡度小于天然沙丘,背风坡水平长度与迎风坡水平长度之比约为0.7,远大于天然沙丘（0.3）。阻沙栅栏显著影响沙丘表面流场,但栅栏缺失或沙埋后栅栏沙丘与天然沙丘表面流场结构具有很大的相似性。沙丘迎风坡剪切风速均沿坡面至丘顶呈先增大、后减小的趋势,但栅栏沙丘迎风坡脚至中上部剪切风速增长速度较快,中上部至丘顶剪切风速迅速降低而且幅度较大,这种变化对栅栏沙丘的成长具有重要意义。     

栅栏最佳疏透度的空气动力学评价

为研究栅栏防沙的动力学机制,运用风洞中PIV所测风速资料,从空气动力学角度对直立栅栏的最佳疏透度范围进行了讨论与评价。结果表明,不同研究者所得栅栏的最佳疏透度范围不尽相同,大致范围在0.2～0.6之间,结果非常分散。PIV资料评价的栅栏最佳疏透度在0.2～0.3之间,该疏透度范围的栅栏周围气流湍流度较低,对风能的耗散较大,能有效抑制过境风沙流,理论上属于防沙的最佳疏透度,但实践操作中为了降低成本,阻沙栅栏的实际疏透度可适度增大,放宽到0.3~0.4左右。栅栏绕流的复杂性,使得众多研究都运用了过多的简化与假设,而且研究者们对于栅栏防护过程的不同理解以及所强调的保护侧重点不同导致评判的标准也各不相同,最终得到的最佳疏透度范围也有所差异。     

Assessing Conservation Adoption Decision Criteria Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process: Case Studies from Three Midwestern Watersheds

Land use changes from natural ecosystems to industrial agriculture have impacted water quality and wildlife populations in the Mississippi River basin. Government programs providing technical assistance and monetary incentives have not resulted in adequate adoption rates of conservation practices. While there has been a plethora of research examining the factors associated with conservation adoption, significantly less is understood about the relative importance of these factors. Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) with agricultural producers in three Midwestern watersheds, we assess the relative importance of environmental and production decision criteria when making decisions to adopt conservation practices. Although AHP provides insight into how decisions may be made at the watershed scale, this methodology also provides insight into how individuals make conservation decisions and may also provide a method for delivering tailored conservation advice and communications.     

栅栏绕流减速效应风洞实验模拟

为研究阻沙栅栏的空气动力学效应,利用PIV技术对栅栏绕流的速度场进行了风洞实验模拟,并对其减速效应加以分析评价。结果表明,疏透度对栅栏绕流的平均速度场分布影响比较明显,疏透度越小栅栏后的平均水平风速衰减得越快;栅栏绕流的垂直速度分量在栅栏顶部最大,并随疏透度的增大而减小,影响了栅栏周围沙粒的跃移传输及沉积特征;栅栏后的累计减速率可以用高斯峰值函数来拟合,随疏透度的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势,疏透度η=0.2时累计减速率最大,代表了栅栏减速的理论最佳疏透度。     

Financial appraisal of date-frond mat fence systems for wind erosion control and sand dune stabilization in the arid region of the United Arab Emirates

A discounted cash flow model was employed to assess the viability of four wind barrier systems. The systems were utilized for wind erosion control and sand dune stabilization in the Al-Ain region of the United Arab Emirates. These systems consisted of four densities of date-frond mat fences erected in the form of checker board grids between rows of two local tree species:Prosopis spicigeraandAcacia tortilis. Analysis of cost estimated was based on the annual equivalent value of costs for each system. The economic life of the systems varied as a function of the time needed for the different trees in the different systems to reach the self-support stage. Results indicated that the systems’ ranking according to the minimal costs varied among the different tree types and the number of fences; but there was a general decrease in cost with increased fence density using the same tree, and this was due mainly to the effect of the fence on reducing the cost of tree development and maintenance as a result of reducing accumulated eroded sand. The minimal cost was recorded in D-10 treatment (seven fences) usingProsopis spicigera.     

Transboundary biodiversity conservation of the Pha Taem Protected Forest Complex: A bioregional approach

With the financial assistance from the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO), the Thailand's Royal Forest Department (RFD) has initiated a strategy for cooperation in transboundary biodiversity conservation with Cambodia and Laos. The Pha Taem Protected Forest Complex (PPFC) in northeastern region was chosen as a pilot project because of the increasing pressure on biodiversity from illegal trade in plants and wildlife across the tri-national borders. The PPFC covers five protected areas in Thailand and adjoins the Phouxeingthong National Biodiversity Conservation Area (NCBA) in Laos and the Cambodia's Protected Forest for Conservation of Genetic Resources of Plants and Wildlife. Two important outputs derived from the project phase I (2001–2004) were a long-term management plan in a framework of transboundary biodiversity conservation and initiative cooperation between the three countries. Cooperation is achieved at certain level and Laos is reluctant to nominate the Phouxeingthong NBCA for inclusion in the project's second phase. In addition, forest cover in buffer zone has been encroached for agricultural practices. The ecological management zones using bioregional approach was developed to provide a framework for transboundary biodiversity conservation in the adjoining protected forests and reducing the conflict of resource uses by local residents in the buffer zone.     

保护性农业的研究现状、进展与展望

保护性农业是相对较新的一个概念,它强调了农业的可持续发展。保护性农业的三个重要要素包括少耕或免耕、永久地面覆盖和轮作。从生态学的角度,保护性农业对土壤生态系统的有益效应包括改善土壤系统的化学、物理及生物特性。然而,目前保护性农业在全世界的推广应用范围还很有限,特别是在发展中国家更是如此。在发展中国家,农民主要把秸秆用于煮饭和取暖的燃料,同时还用作家畜饲草。因此,我们面临的主要问题是研究和解决把秸秆用于土壤保护和提高土壤肥力与其它用途的矛盾。本文较系统地评述了世界保护性农业的研究现状、主要进展及展望。还讨论了实行保护性农业中存在的问题及注意事项。     

论水土保持与金沙江农业综合开发：以云南省为例

金沙江流域光、热、土地等自然资源丰富，已经引起各方面的关注，正在进行农业综合开发。由于特殊的地质构造和特定的自然地理环境，其开发必须搞好水土保持。水土保持是金沙江农业综合开发的基础和环境保护的重要内容，水土保持型生态农业是金沙江农业综合开发的道路。     

直立阻沙栅栏流场特征的风洞模拟实验

直立栅栏作用于地表深刻地影响了周围气流的流动特性,使原来流经地表的气流成为一种特殊形式的“次生流”。根据PIV所测的非对数-线性风速廓线形态及风速廓线所表现的不同速度梯度,栅栏周围的流场可以划分为6个典型区域。随着栅栏疏透度的增加,流动的区域会随着下风向距离的增加逐渐合并,划分的区域越来越少。这些典型的区域分别表现了气流的不同运移行为及能量传输特征,对栅栏周围的风沙沉积有很大的影响。     

长株潭地区农业功能的时空变化特征及发展策略研究

以长株潭地区23个县市区为研究区域,分别从农产品供给功能、就业和社会保障功能、生态保育功能、文化传承和休闲功能构建评价指标体系,综合运用熵值法、多指标综合评价法和农业功能变化的时空差异诊断模型等方法对长株潭地区1998~2014年农业功能的时空动态变化特征进行研究,根据各地区功能特征提出农业功能发展调控策略。研究结果表明：① 长株潭地区农产品供给功能有大幅提升,其重心有向外进一步扩散趋势;长株潭地区核心区域劳动力就业与社会保障功能下降幅度较大;大围山、罗霄山脉等山地丘陵区生态保育功能优势进一步凸显;文化传承和休闲功能部分区域获得进一步发展,但空间变化差异较小。② 研究发现不同区域农业主导功能不同,根据各地区农业功能不同优势特征,结合自身特色因地制宜发展优势农业并提出相应的优化调控对策,从而为长株潭地区农业多功能发展与功能特征的识别及确定提供理论依据。     

Acceleration of Horton overland flow and erosion by footpaths in an upland agricultural watershed in northern Thailand

Through field rainfall simulation experiments in an upland mountainous watershed of northern Thailand, we have identified two phenomena that increase the potential for Horton overland flow (HOF) generation on agricultural lands. First, there appears to be a transition period of 12–18 months, extending from the time of abandonment until the formation of a dense vegetation layer capable of intercepting rainfall and ponding surface water, during which HOF generation is accelerated. Simulation data indicate these recently abandoned fields may have runoff coefficients (ROCs) as high as 40% during large seasonal storms with wet antecedent soil moisture conditions. In comparison, actively cultivated lands and advanced (>16–18 months) fallow fields, the land surfaces existing before and after the threshold period, have ROCs≤4%. Secondly, compacted path surfaces initiate HOF within agricultural fields, which have saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) values that are 100–200 mm h⁻¹ higher. In the study area, path/furrow networks, comprising 8–24% of field surface areas, are designed to provide walking access within fields and channel excess surface flow from the fields. Compared with hoed surfaces, path/furrows reduce the time to HOF generation by about 85% and have ROCs that are six times higher. Access paths have the lowest K_s values of all watershed surfaces, but conveyance efficiency of HOF generated on these surfaces is low. Even recently created field paths are capable of reducing runoff generation time by 40–90% and producing sixfold increases in ROCs. Collectively, the data suggest that agricultural erosion rates are accelerated during the 12–18-month threshold period following abandonment and during storms where path-generated HOF interacts with adjacent planting surfaces. Despite having periods of increased HOF generation, the total HOF contribution from agricultural fields to the basin stream hydrograph is similar in magnitude to that of unpaved roads, which occupy 95% less land area.     

Human-Wildlife Conflicts in Paschim Kusaha Village of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve,Sunsari District,Nepal

Human-wildlife conflict has been one of the most trouble-causing issues in many areas of Nepal including Eastern Nepal. This study assessed the human-wildlife conflict status in Paschim Kusaha Village of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), Sunsari District, Nepal. Data were collected from 47 respondents of different households through questionnaire surveys and formal and informal interviews. Results revealed that the most destructive wild animals were wild elephants, wild boar, and wild water buffalo and the most raided crops were paddy (63.83 %), maize (19.15%), and potato (17.02%). Most of the encounters between humans and wildlife were recorded at night (after dusk and before dawn) (78.72%). Local people were suffering from damage of physical properties, human harassment or nuisance, and depredation of cropland due to wild animals. A total of 70% of respondents had a positive attitude towards conservation despite disturbing human mortality records (22 deaths in the last five years) from the reserve area and surrounding. Awareness of wildlife behavior together with conservation and easy access to compensation schemes were suggested to minimize conflicts in the area.     

栅栏在防止前沿积沙中的作用——以沙坡头地区为例

在沙坡头地区的铁路北侧,进行了防护带的前沿栅栏阻沙试验研究。经过三个风季初步观测表明:格状沙丘的主梁移动是缓慢的,通过栅栏阻沙量计算求得其移速为0.56米/年。而沙丘副梁的前移迅速是格状沙丘的主要运动及其危害形式。据测定主风向上的可能输沙量平均为6.5m³/米宽·年,栅栏阻沙量平均为5.5m³/米宽·年,栅栏平均阻沙效率为70-80%。因此,利用栅栏等工程措施防止防护带前沿积沙是可行的,有效的。