青岛三种海产红藻的光合和呼吸特性的初步研究

于1981年在青岛近海采集真江食、石花莱和角叉菜样品，用氧电极法测定它们在不同生长季节和发育阶段的光合和呼吸速率，并研究不同温度对其光合和呼吸速率的影响，同时计算出它们的呼吸温度系数。结果表明，3种红藻具有典型的潮间带海藻的光合特性，即高光饱和点为600—1000μE／（m2·s），较高的光补偿点为12－40μE／（m2·s）和较高的光合适温≥25℃。温度对3种红藻的光合和呼吸的影响均很明显，在5，15，25℃下测试，它们的最高光合和呼吸速率都出现在25℃。3种红藻的呼吸温度系数（Q10），在5－15℃较高，为1．4－5．5在15－25℃较低，为1．1－2．7。说明它们在低温下的呼吸受温度变动影响较大。经计算3种红藻在适宜生长温度下的净光合速率：角又菜和真江蒿在15℃分别为4．90O2mg／（g·h）和8．14O2mg／（g·h）；石花菜在25℃为11．87O2mg／（g·h），在3种红藻中最高。这说明，石花菜的光合效率并不象人们预料的那样低，其秋季幼体在25℃，1000μE／（m2·s）光强下，净光合速率达到19．19O2mg／（g·h）。看来在自然界石花菜生长缓慢主要是由于生境中低光照强度和较低水温所致。     

壳聚糖季铵盐的合成及性质研究

为开发利用壳聚糖及其衍生物,采用异相法合成了壳聚糖季铵盐——羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(HACC),并分别用红外光谱、核磁共振对其结构进行了表征;通过扫描电镜图对比分析了CS和HACC的粒度和外貌形态变化。在此基础上,测定了HACC的取代度(DQ),并对其溶液性质进行研究。结果表明：通过在壳聚糖分子结构中N上引入季铵盐侧链合成的HACC,具有较好的水溶性和较高的稳定性,室温下水中溶解度达10％,1％醋酸水溶液粘度在12d内、水溶液粘度在pH=3～9范围内几乎没有降低。     

α-1,4-葡聚糖裂解酶的动力学性质研究

红藻中的α-1,4-葡聚糖裂解酶是红藻淀粉的降解酶,除了 红藻淀粉外,它还可以作用于多种底物。文中分别以PNPG和可溶性淀粉作底物,以龙须菜的 几个品系作为材料,研究了该酶促反应的动力学方面的性质。以 PNPG作为底物,该酶在60m in内酶促反应速度与保温时间成线性关系;在野生型龙须菜品系中该酶的最适反应温度是50 ℃,在两种突变型品系中是40℃;最适pH范围在4.4～5.5;底物浓度是4mmol/L时达到最大反 应速度;葡萄糖对该酶促反应有明显的抑制作用。以可溶性淀粉作为底物,在反应60 min内 酶反应速度与保温时间成线性关系;最适反应温度为50℃;最适pH范围在5.0～5.8;底物浓 度是8mg/mL时达到最大反应速度;葡萄糖对可溶性淀粉的抑制作用比对PNPG的弱。     

核酸分析技术在红藻分子系统学研究中的应用

在红藻的分子系统学研究中,核酸分子数据的获得和应用日益显得重要,因为核酸序列是进化的重要单元,通常以点突变来体现种间/种内的差异,因此能反映物种进化过程的频率.目前,在红藻分子系统学研究中,核酸标记技术有：限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）、随即扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）、扩增片段长度多态性（AFLP） 和简单重复序列间扩增（ISSR）;相关核酸分析技术涉及到的序列有：内转录间隔区（ITS）、18S和26S rRNA,核糖体大、小亚基（LSU和SSU）,Rubisco基因及大、小亚基.其在红藻品种鉴定、种群遗传、分类和系统进化的研究中起重要的作用.     

几种鱼皮胶原蛋白的理化特性及其影响因素

利用水产加工废弃物研究了鳙鱼、鲈鱼、鲫鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白的氨基酸组成、粘度、凝胶强度、热变性温度(Td)等理化特性及其影响因素。结果表明,在0．1mol／L的乙酸溶液中鱼皮胶原蛋白溶液的粘度随着胶原蛋白浓度的增大而增大,随着温度的升高而下降。热水法提取鳙鱼、鲈鱼、鲫鱼鱼皮胶原蛋白的热变性温度分别为30℃,25℃,27℃。鱼皮胶原蛋白的凝胶强度则随着粘度、温度、pH值、外加介质等的变化而变化。     

非晶态磷酸锡去除高盐介质中Pb（Ⅱ）研究

利用合成的非晶态磷酸锡作为吸附剂, 研究了多种因素（pH、吸附时间、初始浓度、温度、离子强度）对吸附剂吸附水溶液中Pb2＋的影响。结果表明, 非晶态磷酸锡对Pb2＋的吸附量随着pH（3～6）以及吸附时间的增大而增加。用Freundlich、Langmuir 模型对等温吸附数据进行处理, Langmuir 方程拟合效果最...     

温度、光强和pH对条斑紫菜孢子体和配子体类囊体膜上光系统活性的影响

光合作用研究中,对于个体发育过程中类囊体膜蛋白结构和功能的变化所知甚少,其中的一个限制因素是能否纯化得到大量高活性的稳定且均一的膜蛋白。作者以条斑紫菜（Porphyra yezoensis）2个不同发育阶段（孢子体和配子体）作为研究对象,分离得到了孢子体和配子体的类囊体膜．在不同的温度、光强和pH下,对其类囊体膜上的光系统活性进行了研究。结果表明,孢子体和配子体的PSⅠ活性均随温度和光强的升高而呈现一个先升高后降低的趋势,在温度18℃,光强为2320lx时具有最高的PSⅠ活性。而孢子体乖配子体的PSll活性随温度和光强的变化趋势不明显,孢子体PSⅡ活性在温度18℃,光强为2320lx时最高,配子体PSⅡ活性在温度13℃,光强为2800lx时最高。孢子体PSⅠ在酸性条件下较活跃,在pH5．4时具有最高的PSⅠ活性,配子体PSⅠ在碱性条件下较活跃,PSⅠ活性在pH10．4时最高;孢子体PSⅡ活性随pH的升高呈现一个先升高后降低的趋势,配子体PSⅡ活性随pH变化趋势不明显,但都在pH8．0处活性最高。     

合浦珠母贝精子的实验生物学初步研究

用光镜观测了海水盐度、pH、温度和激素对合浦珠母口Pinctadafucata精子的激活及运动情况的影响。结果表明,在pH为8．0的自然海水（盐度为30）中,精子不被激活,在pH为9．0—11．5的范围内80％以上的精子能被激活,其中在pH为10．0时的激活率最高,精子活力最强。在pH为9．5的条件下,观察了精子在盐度为10—45范围内的精子活力。在盐度为15—45范围内精子都能被激活,其中在盐度为30左右激活率最高,精子活力最强。同时发现,氢氧化钠没有激活作用。合浦珠母贝精子对温度的适应性很强,在15—40℃内精子激活率都很高。绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG）也可激活,在浓度为500IU·ml~-1时激活率最高,而促黄体素释放激素A_2（LHRH-A_2）则没有激活作用。     

pH对两种光谱类型的R-藻红蛋白的影响

红藻中的R-藻红蛋白(R-PE)在可见区的吸收光谱有三峰型和双峰型两种光谱类型。三峰型R-PE只存在于真红藻纲(Florideophyceae)的高等红藻中,双峰型R-PE主要出现于红毛菜纲(Bangiophyceae)的低等红藻。用pH为2.0—11.0的磷酸缓冲液对上述两种类型的R-PE进行处理,其结果是在生理pH范围内,它们的吸收光谱和荧光光谱都是稳定的;在pH>9.0的情况下,三峰型R-PE的吸收光谱和荧光光谱仍表现稳定,而双峰型R-PE的吸收光谱则表现出明显的改变。在大约540nm波长处,原来为吸收肩的位置上出现了一个类似吸收峰的弯曲。这表明两类R-PE在结构上确有着一定的差异,是两类天然存在的产物,这在红藻中具有分类学意义。     

海洋生物在食品和医药工业中的应用与产业化发展思路

海洋生物在食品和医药工业中的应用与产业化发展思路于志洁，褚新奇（海军医学研究所，上海）海洋面积占地球表面７０％，是生命最初的发源地。海洋中蕴藏着极为丰富的能源和生物资源，据报道，世界上近８０％的生物生活在海洋中。海洋动物有２８个门类，植物有红藻、绿藻...     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.