Geochemistry and origin of gas pools in the Gaoqing-Pingnan fault zone,Jiyang Depression

In the surroundings of the Gaoqing-Pingnan fault zone are developed quite a number of gas reservoirs. Based on gas compositions, they can be divided into two groups, i.e., CO2 and CH4. Their composition and isotope geochemistry were dealt with in this study. The CO2 contents range from 60.72%–99.99%, the δ13CCO2 values from -3.41‰– -9.8‰, and the 3He/4He ratios from 4.35×10-6–6.35×10-6 (i.e. R/Ra=4.45–4.35). Based on the data on composition and isotope geochemistry, deep geological background, deep faults and volcanic rocks, it is shown that CO2 ,distributed in the Gaoqing area, mostly originated from mantle-source inorganic matter which is associated with magmatic rocks. The favorable tectonic environment for the formation of CO2 reservoirs is the rift, which is related to great fault-magmatic activity, the formation of CO2 gas pools and their space-time correlation to the most recent magmatic activities. Hydrocarbon gas pools occur in the Huagou area. The CH4 contents are within the range of 88.83%–99.12%, and the δ13CCH4 values, -44.7‰– -54.39‰. This indicates that the hydrocarbon gas resulted from the decomposition of oil-type gas at high temperatures. Volcanic rocks in the CO2 gas pool-and CH4 gas pool-distributed areas show significant differences in Fe2O3 and FeO contents. This has proven that the hydrocarbon gas may have resulted from various chemical reactions. Magmatic activities are the primary reason for the distribution of CO2 and CH4 gas pools in the Gaoqing-Pingnan fault zone.     

山东济阳坳陷二氧化碳气成藏模式分析

山东济阳坳陷CO2气藏类型众多,成藏模式存在多样性。根据CO2气藏组分含量和同位素的分析结果,发现济阳坳陷CO2气藏以幔源成因为主,岩浆气源体是最重要的CO2气源体,火山岩体、火山通道和岩浆气源体附近的断裂对CO2气的运移成藏起关键作用。通过卸压条件下CO2的运移、CO2在断裂(裂缝)中的运移、CO2在孔隙—裂缝双重介质中的运移、CO2在砂质沉积物中的运移等一系列实验模拟,研究岩浆释出CO2气的运移成藏过程。结合已知气藏的运移成藏地质过程,建立济阳坳陷CO2气藏的3种地质模式,即侵入体—断裂—储集层转折成藏模式、侵入体—储集层直接成藏模式和埋藏火山通道—储集层直接成藏模式,为济阳坳陷CO2气成藏研究及其综合勘探奠定基础。     

四川盆地东北部三叠系飞仙关组高含硫气藏H2S成因研究

四川盆地东北部宣汉－开县地区的下三叠统飞仙关组气藏埋深3000－4500m,地温在100℃左右,天然气中H2S含量为12％－17％。这些H2S为飞仙关组气藏附近的硬石膏经硫酸盐热化学还原作用（TSR）而成。与TSR有关的硬石膏,H2S,S^0和FeS2的δ^24S分别为＋30.4‰, 12.9‰, 19.1‰和＋19.4‰,交代硬石膏的方解石的δ^13C为－7.26‰,δ^18O为－6.41‰,其内所含两相流体包裹体的均一温度为109－151℃。这些高含硫气藏的天然气和储层沥青的热演化程度比其他地区飞仙关组气藏的更高。该区飞仙关组最大埋藏温度超过180℃,但由于后期构造抬升,大于104℃地温的埋藏时间小于20Ma,故气藏H2S含量低于20％。     

济阳坳陷阳信-花沟-平南地区CO2气藏的储层和盖层

济阳坳陷是渤海湾盆地的一个次级构造单元,其中部阳信-花沟-平南地区是主要的二氧化碳 (CO₂ )气藏产出区。该地区CO₂ 气藏的储层主要有下古生界海相碳酸盐岩、下第三系湖相碳酸盐岩和三角洲相砂岩、以及上第三系河流相砂岩。下古生界碳酸盐岩储层分布于其北部潜山带,储集空间以构造裂缝和溶蚀孔隙为主。下第三系湖相碳酸盐岩储层分布于平方王地区的沙四和沙一段。下第三系三角洲相砂岩储层主要发育于高青-平南、林樊家和阳信等地的沙河街组。上第三系河流相砂岩储层分布十分广泛,但总体来讲,其北部地层砂泥比 (5 0 %～ 70 % )较高,砂岩单层厚度 (2 0～ 40m)大,孔隙度大,渗透率高;而南部地层砂泥比小,砂岩单层厚度薄,孔隙度小,渗透率低。研究区CO₂ 气藏的盖层以泥质岩类为主,致密砾岩次之。它们均为有效盖层。沙三段、沙一段、馆陶组上部至明化镇组下部泥质岩集中段是CO₂ 气藏最重要的三大区域盖层。沙四段致密砂砾岩盖层主要分布于八里泊残丘潜山的顶部,构成潜山圈团的盖层,其渗透性很低。与烃类甲烷气藏相比,两者的储层类型基本相同,但对于盖层而言,由于CO₂气分子半径较烃类甲烷气分子半径大,因而CO₂ 气藏对盖层的要求比烃类甲烷气藏低。     

断层与幔源二氧化碳气藏的形成和分布——以渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷为例

幔源CO_2气的形成和分布与不同级别断层早白垩世以来的活动密切相关。郯庐断裂带是研究区最主要的成气断层,拆离断层和变换断层这些地壳断层是次要的成气断层,二者于早白垩世143Ma、124Ma、新生代~43Ma、~24Ma和~8Ma的走滑或伸展活动,以及与之准同时的新生代碱性玄武岩浆活动,控制了幔源CO_2气的分散和聚集。它们与基底断裂、盖层断裂共同组成运移通道,其中拆离滑脱处的低速带和盖层断裂中的顺层断层是重要的水平运移通道。早白垩世古太平洋板块俯冲脱水脱气,产生的幔源CO_2气沿着郯庐断裂带向上分散聚集;新生代以来受控于太平洋板块俯冲方向和速度的改变以及印欧板块碰撞的远程效应,形成幔源CO_2气。与此同时郯庐断裂带切割深度亦逐渐加大,~43Ma碱性岩浆活动亦开始形成幔源CO_2气并主要位于断裂带,24Ma和8Ma(5Ma)为新近纪碱性岩浆活动脱气两个主要形成时期。郯庐断裂带的活动使地幔脱气形成的CO_2沿断层走向向上运移,并在作为重要横向运移通道的拆离断层拆离滑脱处,与因岩浆脱气形成的CO_2汇合,再通过陡倾斜、缓倾斜基底断层、盖层断层的接力传递在浅部聚集成藏。预测郯庐断裂带附近是无机成因油气重要的聚集分布区带。     

临邑凹陷辉绿岩中石油包裹体形成条件与油气成藏研究

在临邑凹陷商河地区,商52井浅成辉绿岩侵入体中发现大量黄色和黄绿色荧光的石油包裹体,主要赋存在长石解理、裂隙中,多数为十分细小的纯液态的石油包裹体。测得其中部分粒径较大的石油包裹体的均一温度th=79～82℃,表明这些石油包裹体是辉绿岩体侵入Es3地层冷却以后受地层水作用在发生的多种蚀变反应的过程中长石的节理、裂隙愈合带封存了渗入的烃类物质而形成的。石油包裹体的PVTsim模拟计算结果表明,捕获温度ttr为88.6～92.1℃,捕获压力ptr为22.2～23.0MPa。与本区沙三段地层砂岩储层中石油包裹体捕获温度、捕获压力的对比结果表明两类石油包裹体的成藏条件基本相似。本区玄武岩-辉绿岩中的油气藏,实际上是特殊岩性储层的油气藏,其勘探前景主要受临邑凹陷多孔隙、裂隙的火成岩分布规模与沟通烃源岩的断裂和各种圈闭的控制。     

Dominant factors in controlling marine gas pools in South China

In marine strata from Sinian to Middle Triassic in South China, there develop four sets of regional and six sets of local source rocks, and ten sets of reservoir rocks. The occurrence of four main formation periods in association with five main reconstruction periods, results in a secondary origin for the most marine gas pools in South China. To improve the understanding of marine gas pools in South China with severely deformed geological background, the dominant control factors are discussed in this paper. The fluid sources, including the gas cracked from crude oil, the gas dissolved in water, the gas of inorganic origin, hydrocarbons generated during the second phase, and the mixed pool fluid source, were the most significant control factors of the types and the development stage of pools. The period of the pool formation and the reconstruction controlled the pool evolution and the distribution on a regional scale. Owing to the multiple periods of the pool formation and the reconstruction, the distribution of marine gas pools was complex both in space and in time, and the gas in the pools is heterogeneous. Pool elements, such as preservation conditions, traps and migration paths, and reservoir rocks and facies, also served as important control factors to marine gas pools in South China. Especially, the preservation conditions played a key role in maintaining marine oil and gas accumulations on a regional or local scale. According to several dominant control factors of a pool, the pool-controlling model can be constructed. As an example, the pool-controlling model of Sinian gas pool in Weiyuan gas field in Sichuan basin was summed up.     

中国天然气田CO2储存容量初步评估

地下储存可有效地减少人类生产活动排放到大气中的CO2量,从而缓解日趋严重的全球气候变暖问题。天然气地下储存工程为CO2的气田储存积累了大量的经验,而且天然气田具有良好的封闭条件和巨大的储存空间,往往已建有管道、钻井等基础设施,可以大大降低CO2储存成本。根据中国各含油气盆地天然气勘探资料和天然气资源评估结果,中国主要的含油气盆地气田可以储存约304.83×108 t CO2,相当于2002年全国CO2排放总量的9.2倍;其中已探明天然气资源所对应的CO2储存容量为41.03×108 t CO2,相当于2002年全国CO2排放总量的1.2倍。     

济阳坳陷车西地区隐蔽油气藏发育特征及勘探潜力

车西地区因自身地质结构特点在勘探初期以来一直以隐蔽油气藏为主。其中,北部陡坡带二台阶滑脱潜山油气藏、中部洼陷带浊积岩性油气藏、南部缓坡断阶带低位扇岩性油气藏是该区最为典型的隐蔽油气藏。本文从形成机制、成藏主控因素等多方面阐述了上述隐蔽油气藏的发育特征。在此基础上,结合目前油气分布特征,进一步分析了不同区带隐蔽油气藏的勘探潜力。认为在不同区带、层系和油藏类型上有明显的不均衡性,勘探潜力较大。     

济阳坳陷沾化凹陷罗家地区古近系沙河街组页岩储集特征分析*

利用岩石薄片和扫描电镜分析等测试技术, 可以将济阳坳陷罗家地区古近系沙河街组页岩段储集空间分为孔隙和裂缝两大类。孔隙又可以分为黏土矿物晶间孔、碳酸盐矿物晶间孔、黄铁矿晶间微孔、碎屑颗粒溶孔和砂质粒间微孔5个亚类;裂缝分为成岩裂缝和构造裂缝两大类, 成岩裂缝又可以分为层间裂缝和粒缘裂缝两类。裂缝与基质孔隙之间, 存在一个微米尺度的重合带, 反映了储集空间发育继承性的特点, 油气聚集在以层间裂缝为中心, 粒缘裂缝等次级裂缝和较大的碳酸盐晶间孔为骨架, 以各类晶间孔隙、黏土微孔和溶蚀孔隙为基质的储集空间网络中。储集空间发育与岩性关系密切, 纹层状泥质灰岩物性较好, 相应的页岩物性具有基质渗透率极低和裂缝导流能力较强的特点。     

四川盆地深层海相碳酸盐岩气藏成藏模式

四川盆地深层碳酸盐岩气藏主要指中三叠统雷口坡组及更老层位海相碳酸盐岩为储层形成的气藏,一般(曾)埋深在4500m之下,按类型可分为原生气藏(生气中心、储气中心和保气中心位于同一层位内)和次生气藏(生气中心、储气中心与保气中心位于不同层位)2类。原生气藏储层内含有大量沥青, 天然气主要为原油裂解气。次生气藏储层内不含沥青, 但天然气仍然主要为原油裂解气。原生气藏的成藏模式有三中心叠合模式、储气中心解体模式、三中心短距离移位模式和缺乏保气中心模式。次生气藏的成藏模式主要以天然气跨层运移为主要特征, 其气源来自于先存的天然气藏。三中心叠合模式的原油裂解气成藏效率最高,储气中心解体模式的原油裂解气成藏效率中等,三中心短距离移位模式和次生气藏形成模式的原油裂解气成藏效率较低,保气中心缺乏模式的原油裂解气成藏效率为零。因此,在勘探策略上应重视三中心叠合和储气中心解体模式形成的原生气藏的勘探,同时应关注由震旦系灯影组古气藏(储气中心)破坏而形成的下古生界次生气藏。     

Effect of elevated CO2 on carbon pools and fluxes in a brackish marsh

The effects of long-term exposure to elevated atmospheric CO₂ (ambient + 340 ppmv) on carbon cycling were investigated for two plant communities in a Chesapeake Bay brackish marsh, one dominated by the C₃ sedgeSchoenplectus americanus and the other by the C₄ grassSpartina patens. Elevated CO₂ resulted in a significant increase in porewater concentrations of DIC at 30 cm depth (p < 0.1). The CO₂ treatment also yielded increases in DOC (15 to 27%) and dissolved CH₄ (12–18%) in the C₃ marsh (means for several depths over the period of June 1998 and June 1999), but not at a significant level. Elevated CO₂ increased mean ecosystem emissions of CO₂ (34–393 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹) and CH₄ (0.21–0.40 g C m⁻² yr⁻¹) in the C₃ community, but the effects were only significant on certain dates. For example, CO₂ enrichment increased C export to the atmosphere in the C₃ community during one of two winter seasons measured (p = 0.09). In the C₄ community, gross photosynthesis responded relatively weakly to elevated CO₂ (18% increase, p > 0.1), and the concomitant effects on dissolved carbon concentrations, respiration, and CH₄ emissions were small or absent. We concluded that elevated CO₂ has the potential to increase dissolved inorganic carbon export to estuaries.     

济阳坳陷CO2气藏同位素地球化学特征及成因

济阳坳陷CO2气藏主要发育在高青-平南深断裂中南段和阳信次级凹陷西北缘及商店火山岩穹隆构造内.气藏中CO2气体浓度为69%～97%,δ13CCO2值为-5.67‰～-3.35‰,CH4/3He值为(1.01～5.65)×108,3He/4He值为(2.80～4.49)×10-6,即R/Ra为2.00～3.21,40Ar/36Ar值为317～1791,CO2/3He值为(0.25～2.61)×109.以上地球化学数据表明,济阳坳陷气藏中CO2主要来源于地幔,且幔源CO2在成藏过程中有损失,或者有壳源CO2的加入,特别是部分碳酸盐岩变质成因CO2的加入.在对CO2气来源定性分析的基础上,还需要在各来源的定量区分和CO2气藏的成藏及其与岩浆活动的时空匹配关系等方面作进一步的研究.     

内蒙古商都地区CO2气藏地质条件研究

本文以商都盆地第三系CO2气成藏条件研究为目的，通过对区域构造（断裂、火山活动、岩浆作用）和地层特征及沉积相研究，结合地震勘探成果、CO2碳同位素、氦同位素分析成果，系统探讨了商都盆地CO2气源、运移通道、储集条件、圈闭及盖层条件，并对CO2气成藏模式进行了分析。认为：该区CO2气为幔源成因气，通过包兰哈达－高勿素深断裂运移到第三系储集层中富集成藏。第三系河流或冲积扇沉积的粗碎屑岩广泛分布，而且厚度较大，成岩程度低，具有良好的储集条件。新第三纪晚期的湖泛沉积，形成了巨厚的泥页岩盖层。沉积期后的差异压实作用、断裂、火山及岩浆活动等多因素作用，使这一地区局部构造发育，形成岩性－构造圈闭或构造性圈闭，有利于CO2气成藏。     

CO2 emission from Dianshan Lake in summer, East China

Shallow fresh water bodies in peat areas could be an important contributor to greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.In this study,the partial pressure of CO2 in the surface water of the Dianshan Lake was investigated insitu in August 2011.The average pCO2 in the study area was 2300μatm and fluctuated within the range of 989–5000μatm.pCO2 showed a reverse trend to the variations of pH and DO in the surface water of the Dianshan Lake.The water to air diffusion flux of CO2 of the upstream,middle lake and downstream were respectively 63,33 and 14mmol/m2/d.On average,the diffusion flux of CO2 of the whole lake was 31 mmol/m2/d.Consequently,our results show that during the sampling season,the Dianshan Lake appears to be a great source of CO2.It is also demonstrated that respiration could be the dominant biochemical reaction in the Dianshan Lake in summer.     

幔源CO_2演化及CO_2气成藏实例分析

幔源CO2是当今地球科学研究中的前沿领域之一,具有重要的研究价值。处于超临界态的地幔流体具有很强的溶解和扩散能力,是地球内部能量与物质向外传输的重要载体。地幔流体中的挥发分以H2O和CO2为主,全球许多CO2气藏中的气体具有幔源特征,与地幔流体密切相关,但地幔流体与CO2气藏之间的关系研究则显得不够。本文分析了地幔流体的组成、性质与影响因素,结合济阳坳陷断裂构造、岩浆发育特征,阐述地幔流体上升和演化过程,认为地幔流体中溶解各种形式CO2气为气藏形成提供物质来源,断裂活动则为岩浆上侵和气体的运移、聚集提供了通道和空间。CO2气藏勘探的有利区块应该不仅仅局限于坳陷内,在坳陷边缘或者外部,新生代晚期的碱性岩浆侵入活动,不同方向断裂发育交汇地区均是气藏勘探的有利地区。     

Origin of the Neogene shallow gas accumulations in the Jiyang Superdepression, Bohai Bay Basin

Natural gas resources occur extensively along the east coast of China, with a number of large and medium-sized gas fields being discovered in recent years. Gas reservoirs include Neogene, Paleogene and the underlying Mesozoic and Paleozoic basement. Of the total proven natural gas reserves in the Jiyang Superdepression, Bohai Bay Basin, almost 89.7% is present in the shallow Neogene gas pools, in traps formed on top of the paleotopographic highs and along the margin of the secondary depressions. These gases are closely associated with heavy oils, occurring as gas caps or associated gases within the heavy oil pools, or in separate gas pools above, or updip from, the heavy oil pools. The gases contain over 95% methane and small quantities of alkanes, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. The stable carbon isotopes of methane in these gases are up to 10‰ more positive than those of the thermogenic gases in the deep Paleogene reservoirs, with propane more enriched in ¹³C than butane. This study demonstrated that the majority of the petroleum source rocks in the Jiyang Superdepression tend to be oil-prone, and are currently within or shallower than the conventional oil window (0.45–1.0% Ro). The chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of the gases, together with the moderate to severe biodegradation of the associated heavy oils in the shallow Neogene strata, clearly suggest that the formation of the shallow natural gases in the Jiyang Superdepression result from the anaerobic degradation of accumulated oils in reservoir.     

济阳坳陷煤成气富集成藏的盆地动力学特征

济阳地区具有煤成气聚集成藏的物质基础和盆地动力学背景。主要表现在石炭—二叠系在济阳坳陷的某些中、新生代断陷区块内保存完整,以含煤地层为主要特色的生烃生气岩系发育;石炭—二叠系上部(如上石盒子组分布广泛而稳定的砂岩)具有良好的储层发育条件,区域盖层为煤成气成藏创造了封闭条件。因此,石炭—二叠系本身具有良好的生、储、盖组合序列,是济阳坳陷煤成气聚集成藏的最重要地质条件。