基坑施工时下方近距离隧道保护

随着城市建设的高速发展,出现了不少施工项目。在间距很小的情况下,如何采取有效措施控制隧道的变形,是值得摸索和研究的课题。在已经完工的上海东方路下立交工程施工过程中,依靠有针对性的设计和施工措施,使距其基坑底下3m的地铁2号线隧道得到了很好的保护。文章总结了这些工程措施,并将大部分归为基坑开挖“竖向”时空效应的体现。     

隧道开挖对下伏水平薄煤层采空区地层的扰动及衬砌受荷特征

为探明下伏薄煤层采空区地层中隧道施工对地层的扰动以及衬砌结构受荷特性,采用离散元颗粒流软件,从细观角度对隧道开挖引起的地层应力变化特性进行了模拟分析,同时在室内开展模型试验量测了下伏煤层采空区地层隧道衬砌背后土压力以及二次衬砌结构内力（轴力、弯矩）,分析了特定围压下间距对土压力和二次衬砌受力的影响。结果表明,下伏煤层采空区地层因隧道开挖引起的围岩松动区呈“O”形分布,隧道下伏围岩颗粒接触力反而小于隧道上覆围岩;洞周允许位移越大,颗粒接触力链间断区域越大;间距越小,颗粒接触力链间断区域越大,当间距大于2.0D（D为隧道跨度）时,下伏采空区对隧道围岩颗粒接触力影响逐渐消失,降低了地基反力,间距越小,降低程度越高;二次衬砌内力分布有一定的离散性,二次衬砌裂缝最先出现在拱底,是隧道主体结构的薄弱环节。     

Late permian changes in conditions of the atmosphere and environments caused by halogenated gases

Doklady Earth Sciences -     

Modeling of damage,permeability changes and pressure responses during excavation of the TSX tunnel in granitic rock at URL,Canada

This paper presents numerical modeling of excavation-induced damage, permeability changes, and fluid-pressure responses during excavation of a test tunnel associated with the tunnel sealing experiment (TSX) at the Underground Research Laboratory (URL) in Canada. Four different numerical models were applied using a wide range of approaches to model damage and permeability changes in the excavation disturbed zone (EDZ) around the tunnel. Using in situ calibration of model parameters, the modeling could reproduce observed spatial distribution of damage and permeability changes around the tunnel as a combination of disturbance induced by stress redistribution around the tunnel and by the drill-and-blast operation. The modeling showed that stress-induced permeability increase above the tunnel is a result of micro and macrofracturing under high deviatoric (shear) stress, whereas permeability increase alongside the tunnel is a result of opening of existing microfractures under decreased mean stress. The remaining observed fracturing and permeability changes around the periphery of the tunnel were attributed to damage from the drill-and-blast operation. Moreover, a reasonably good agreement was achieved between simulated and observed excavation-induced pressure responses around the TSX tunnel for 1 year following its excavation. The simulations showed that these pressure responses are caused by poroelastic effects as a result of increasing or decreasing mean stress, with corresponding contraction or expansion of the pore volume. The simulation results for pressure evolution were consistent with previous studies, indicating that the observed pressure responses could be captured in a Biot model using a relatively low Biot-Willis’ coefficient, α ≈ 0.2, a porosity of n ≈ 0.007, and a relatively low permeability of k ≈ 2 × 10⁻²² m², which is consistent with the very tight, unfractured granite at the site.     

Estimation of rock mass strength and deformability in 3-D for a 30 m cube at a depth of 485 m at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory

The rock fracture data provided by Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company were used to develop a 3-D stochastic fracture network model for a 30 m cube of Äspö diorite located at a depth of 485 m at Äspö Hard Rock Laboratory, Sweden. This fracture network model was validated. A new procedure is developed to estimate rock block strength and deformability in three-dimensions allowing for the anisotropy and incorporating the inherently statistical fracture geometry for the selected cube. The mean rock mass strength was found to be 47% of the mean intact rock strength of 297 MPa at 485 m depth. The mean rock mass modulus was found to be 51% of the intact rock Young's modulus of 73 GPa. The rock mass Poisson's ratio was found to be 21% higher than the intact rock Poisson's ratio of 0.28. These percentages indicate the level of weakening of the rock mass due to the presence of fractures. The ratio of mean major principal rock mass strength/mean minor principal rock mass strength turned out to be 1.28. The ratio of mean major principal rock mass modulus/mean minor principal rock mass modulus turned out to be 1.21.     

Past changes in the geomagnetic field caused by glaciations and deglaciations

Contributions have been made to the theory of the relation between terrestrial magnetism and glaciations. The results are applied to the ice sheets of high-latitude regions. A review of Pleistocene palcomagnetic dating is given.     

长极距定源建场法超前预报掘进工程隐患

巷道或隧道掌子面超前预测预报,受空间限制和现场电干扰等诸多因素的影响,难以获得信噪比高的电位数据。将长极距定源建场法用于地下掘进工程超前预报,在AB电极中间段,掘进掌子面前方的电阻率或极化率异常地质体都会使近似均匀电流场发生扰动,形成电场或激发极化率异常,从而使这种预报方法对掌子面前方或附近异常体具有一定的分辨能力。这一超前预报方法克服了电法仪器需要在巷道内供电所带来的诸多不便,适用于煤矿等生产矿山以及交通、水利水电等掘进工程领域超前预报。     

Rock mass damage induced by rockbursts occurring on tunnel floors: a case study of two tunnels at the Jinping II Hydropower Station

Rockbursts occurring on tunnel floors are a special form of failure encountered in tunnel projects, where the failure is characterized by uplift, fracturing, and severe shocks of the tunnel floor. Extremely intense rockbursts were encountered during the excavation of the headrace tunnels 2 and 4 at the Jinping II Hydropower Station. In this study, results of comprehensive analysis conducted using the combination of numerical methods, experiments, and onsite survey to analyze the occurrence and development process of the rockburst are presented. In addition, the degree and extension range of the surrounding rock mass damage were estimated using the failure approaching index and the local energy release rate. The results of the analysis presented in this study are expected to advance the existing knowledge of special rockburst forms and may also serve as a reference for the design of resistant measures for other similar rockbursts.     

隧道盾构施工引起邻近建筑物及其桩基变形的数值分析

以天津地铁2号线隧道盾构施工为背景,取沿盾构轴线右侧一6层框架居民楼为研究对象,基于ABAQUS软件,建立了隧道和邻近建筑物及其桩基的计算模型,分析盾构施工对邻近建筑物及其桩基础变形的影响。结果表明,隧道盾构施工导致地表沉降,引起框架结构及其桩基变形,框架整体向隧道盾构一侧倾斜。其中框架梁靠近中柱一端沉降较大,而框架中柱及其桩基也较两侧边柱及其桩基的沉降大。同时表明,盾构施工对邻近建筑物及地下桩基变形产生的影响是整体相关的,在隧道盾构施工时应引起相关设计与施工部门的注意。     

CRD法开挖对海底隧道结构内力及安全系数影响

翔安隧道是我国第一条大跨度公路海底隧道,其两端陆域段位于富水的强风化岩层中,地质条件极为复杂,设计采用分部开挖法施工,并在隧道施工期间,利用振弦式钢筋计对隧道初期支护及临时支护的钢支撑进行了应力监控。论文基于现场监测数据,并结合数值方法,分别对CRD1、CRD2部和CRD1、CRD3部超前的两种不同开挖顺序对隧道支护结构内力的影响进行了探讨。研究结果表明,采用CRD1、CRD2部超前开挖时的结构内力要略大于采用CRD1、CRD3部超前开挖时的结果,CRD3部的开挖对结构内力的影响较大,两种开挖顺序的安全系数都满足规范要求,所以结构是安全的。     

Bog development and environmental conditions as shown by the stratigraphy of Store Mosse mire in southern Sweden

Macrofossil analyses, pollen analyses, and ¹⁴C datings were carried out on profiles from a bog complex in southern Sweden. The development started with a Carex fen c. 6,000 B. P. which transformed to bog c. 1,000 years later. The bog has developed through three stages separated by highly humified peat layers, recurrence surfaces, 3 and 2m below the present bog surface, and formed c. 2,500 and 1,200 B. P., respectively. The fen formation and the initiation of the last two bog stages were contemporaneous with high water levels in lakes of the region. The transition to bog and the formation of the two highly humified peat layers may be related to low water levels in lakes. It is probable that changes in the development of the mire were caused by the climate, since varying water levels are thought to be dependent on variations in the climate.     

Modelling the physical and chemical changes in roofing slate caused by weathering processes

This research identifies the changes which takes place in roofing slate due to natural exposure and tries to replicate these changes experimentally. Traditional methods of testing, used by the British and other national standards, concentrate on the properties of unweathered samples and give no information on the relative durability of the different slates. Instead of concentrating on the initial properties, this research focuses on changes in the properties in order to assess durability. The effects of natural weathering were assessed by comparing old, used slates with new slates from the same or a similar source. The new slates were then weathered experimentally by repeated cycles of wetting and drying, and the increase in water absorbency compared with that observed in naturally weathering. Mineralogical differences due to both natural and experimental weathering were also measured using X-ray diffraction analysis. It was found that the effects of experimental weathering, using repeated cycles of wetting and drying, are similar to those observed in natural weathering. These include increased water absorbency and loss of crystallinity of the principal minerals. The greatest changes are found in those slates which are the most vulnerable to weathering, making it possible to identify poor quality slates.     

Seasonal changes in basal conditions at Briksdalsbreen, Norway: the winter–spring transition

The winter–spring transition is a dynamic time within the glacier system, because it marks a period of instability as the glacier undergoes a change in state from winter to summer. This period is normally associated with sudden pressure fluctuations resulting in hydrological instabilities within the subglacial drainage system. New data are presented from wireless multi-sensor subglacial probes incorporated within the till at Briksdalsbreen, Norway. Water pressure readings recorded a two-phase winter–spring transition. Event 1 occurred early in the year (December–January) and marked the start of activity within the subglacial environment following the winter. However, this did not result in any permanent changes in subglacial activity and was followed by a period of quiescence. Event 2 occurred later in the year in accordance with changing external weather conditions and the retreat of the snow pack. It was characterized by high-magnitude pressure peaks and diurnal oscillations in connected regions. The variations in sensor trends that followed this event suggested that a transition in the morphology of the subglacial drainage system had occurred in response to these pressure fluctuations. Event 2 also showed some similarities with spring events recorded at valley glaciers in the Alps. A conceptual model is presented associating the form of the winter–spring transition with respect to the location of the probes within connected and unconnected regions of the subglacial drainage system. These data provide further evidence for temporal and spatial heterogeneous subglacial drainage systems and processes. The identification and analysis of subglacial activity during the winter–spring transition can contribute to the interpretation of hydro-mechanical processes occurring within the subglacial environment and their effect on glacier dynamics.     

Variable Phanerozoic thermal history in the Southern Canadian Shield: Evidence from an apatite fission track profile at the Underground Research Laboratory (URL), Manitoba

Analysis of a 1.15 km deep apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronology profile at the Underground Research Laboratory (URL), in the southwestern Canadian Shield suggests two Phanerozoic heating and cooling episodes indicating significant, previously unsuspected, Phanerozoic heat flow variations. Phanerozoic temperature and heat flow variations are temporally associated with burial and erosion of the Precambrian crystalline shield and its overlying Phanerozoic successions, which are now eroded completely. Maximum Phanerozoic temperatures occurred in the late Paleozoic when the geothermal gradient is estimated to have been ~ 40-50 °C/km (compared to a present day gradient of ~ 14 ± 2 °C/km) and the sedimentary cover was ~ 800-1100 m thick. Our thermal history models, confirm regional stratigraphic relationships that suggest that the Paleozoic succession was completely eroded prior to beginning of Mesozoic sedimentation. A second heating phase occurred during Late Cretaceous-Paleogene burial when the geothermal gradient is estimated to have been ~ 20-25 °C/km and the Mesozoic and Cenozoic succession was ~ 1200 to 1400 m thick. The Phanerozoic thermal history at the URL site shows a pattern similar to that inferred previously for the epicratonic Williston Basin, the centre of which lies several 100 km to the west. This implies a common regional thermal history for cratonic rocks underlying both the basin and the currently exposed shield. It is suggested that the morphotectonic differences between the Williston Basin and the exposed shield at the URL are due to a dissimilar thermomechanical response to a common, but more complicated than previously inferred, Phanerozoic geodynamic history. The two Phanerozoic periods of variations in geothermal gradient (heat flow) were coeval with epeirogenic movements related to the deposition and erosion of sediments. These paleogeodynamic variations are tentatively attributed to far-field effects of orogenic processes occurring at the plate margin (i.e. the Antler and the Cordilleran orogenies) and the associated accumulation of cratonic seaway sedimentary sequences (Kaskaskia and Zuni sequences).     

Comparison and correlation between the laboratory,semi-theoretical and empirical methods in predicting the field excavation performance of tunnel boring machine (TBM)

Acta Geotechnica - Many methods have been proposed to predict the field excavation performance of tunnel boring machine (TBM). They can usually predict the general trends of the field rock cutting...     

Study of changes in the physiological state of cyanobacteria caused by weak ultrasonic treatment

The effect of weak ultrasonic radiation with a frequency of 60 kHz on photosynthetic activity of living cells of cyanobacteria was studied using microspectrometric methods for the first time. An inhibitory effect on the physiological state of separate cells and the whole culture was demonstrated. A high efficiency of the method developed by the authors of this article for determination of the viability of cyanobacterial cultures in vivo for the purpose of operational environmental monitoring of the results of weak external influences was demonstrated.

     

隧道开挖过程中的渗透变形问题分析——结合南京地区工程实例

本文从水文地质条件、土体结构和力学性质等方面分析了南京地区土层中隧道开挖所引起的渗透变形问题。经研究认为可通过控制所构筑地下防渗墙深度、厚度及质量来防止渗透变形。实践证明该方法是有效的。     

重庆中梁山地区隧道工程影响下岩溶塌陷形成演化模式及防治对策

重庆市中梁山是重庆市东西向交通通道的天然屏障,严重阻碍城区经济发展,隧道可快速穿越褶皱山区, 但隧道工程施工常常诱发严重的岩溶塌陷、地下含水层破坏、地表水疏干等地质灾害,威胁隧道安全施工与当地生态地质环境。越岭隧道施工对区域地下水位疏干的不同阶段,其诱发岩溶塌陷的主控因素发生改变,据此,可将岩溶塌陷发生过程分为两个阶段、两种类型：疏干初期突涌型岩溶塌陷和疏干后期降雨型岩溶塌陷。其中,疏干初期突涌型岩溶塌陷的主控因素为真空吸蚀效应;疏干后期降雨型岩溶塌陷的主控因素为岩溶管道裂隙内水气压力突变。     

The mitigation of the vibration effects caused by tunnel blasts in urban areas: a case study in Istanbul

Ground vibrations generated by commercial explosives in tunnel construction may cause structural damage in urban areas. Therefore, suppressing the vibration effects and mitigating the possible hazard after blasting is important. We present a new method of controlled blasting that is environmentally friendly, and easy to utilize for tunnel construction. Small charges in this method are detonated sequentially to produce minimum side effects. The efficiency of the charges may be increased based on the previously monitored shots. This method is utilized in a tunnel construction in Istanbul with five experimental shots. In these experiments, the duration and also the quantity of explosives were carefully controlled. We were able to obtain better results with short durations (480 ms) instead of long durations (9,000 ms) although the vibration levels defined as peak particle velocity (PPV) became bigger while the quantity of the explosive charge increased from 3.088 to 9.264 kg.     

Laboratory study of calcite–gypsum sludge–water interactions in a flooded tailings impoundment at the Kristineberg Zn–Cu mine,northern Sweden

Due to liming of acid mine drainage, a calcite–gypsum sludge with high concentrations of Zn (24,400 ± 6900 μg g⁻¹), Cu (2840 ± 680 μg g⁻¹) and Cd (59 ± 20 μg g⁻¹) has formed in a flooded tailings impoundment at the Kristineberg mine site. The potential metal release from the sludge during resuspension events and in a long-term perspective was investigated by performing a shake flask test and sequential extraction of the sludge. The sequentially extracted carbonate and oxide fractions together contained ⩾97% of the total amount of Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn in the sludge. The association of these metals with carbonates and oxides appears to result from sorption and/or coprecipitation reactions at the surfaces of calcite and Fe, Al and Mn oxyhydroxides forming in the impoundment. If stream water is diverted into the flooded impoundment, dissolution of calcite, gypsum and presumably also Al oxyhydroxides can be expected during resuspension events. In the shake flask test (performed at a pH of 7–9), remobilisation of Zn, Cu, Cd and Co from the sludge resulted in dissolved concentrations of these metals that were significantly lower than those predicted to result from dissolution of the carbonate fraction of the sludge. This may suggest that cationic Zn, Cu, Cd and Co remobilised from dissolving calcite, gypsum and Al oxyhydroxides were readsorbed onto Fe oxyhydroxides remaining stable under oxic conditions. In a long-term perspective (≳10² a), ⩾97% of the Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn content of the sludge potentially is available for release by dissolution of calcite and reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxides if the sludge is subject to a soil environment with lower dissolved Ca concentrations, pH and redox than in the impoundment.