结构面粗糙度系数Barton直边法的简明公式

JRC是反映爬坡角力学效应的岩体结构面表面形态等效描述指标。本文在Barton直边法的研究基础上,利用直边图的几何性质,推导出结构面粗糙度系数Barton直边法的简明公式,并通过实例检验了JRC简明公式的合理性和实用性。     

岩体结构面粗糙度JRC研究进展

本文首先评述了现有确定岩体结构面粗糙度系数JRC的各种方法,如Barton经典剖面法、直接量测法、表面粗糙参数法、伸长率法、幅度法等.随后重点介绍了近年来发展起来的用分维理论(Fractal)描述岩体结构面粗糙起伏特征方法的原理和计算结果.实践证明Fractal法是最有发展前景和成功的方法.最后还对JRC的应用和发展中的若干问题作了讨论.     

基于多重分形特征的岩体结构面剪切强度研究

Barton剪切强度模型是目前工程实践中普遍采用的强度公式,而实践应用时,该模型中结构面粗糙性系数（JRC）的评估存在主观性和片面性的缺点。鉴于此,应用多重分形理论,提出了采用多重分形参数准确量化JRC的方法。首先应用数字图像处理技术获取了结构面三维形貌数据信息;然后采用投影覆盖法进行了结构面的分形维数计算,重点对结构面的多重分形特征进行了分析,通过对比分析了构造的15个结构面的多重分形特征值。结果表明：结构面越粗糙,多重分形特征参数 和 值越大, 或 能够很好地描述结构面的形貌特征。最后对9组石膏试件进行了剪切试验,通过不同正应力下对应的剪应力数据分析,结合结构面形貌多重分形参数 或 ,以Barton剪切强度公式为基础,应用最小二乘法原理,给出了JRC与 及JRC与 关系。这样在工程实际中,可以用参数 或 对JRC进行估算,克服了JRC人为估值主观性及采用二维标准轮廓线评估片面性的缺点,为准确评估结构面粗糙度提供了一条新的途径。在此基础上,应用Barton模型可准确估算岩体结构面的剪切强度。     

基于统计参数的二维节理粗糙度系数非线性确定方法

岩体节理粗糙度系数JRC与其统计参数之间具有复杂的非线性关系,单一统计参数因存在对结构面形貌描述的片面性,从而导致JRC计算结果的可靠性较低。从结构面起伏角、起伏高度及其分布特征的角度选取了平均起伏角avei、平均相对起伏度H/L、起伏角标准偏差iSD和起伏高度标准偏差hSD 4个参数共同反映结构面形貌。以已知JRC试验反算值的102条结构面剖面线作为样本数据对支持向量机进行训练,构建JRC与所选取的统计参数之间的非线性映射关系,建立了JRC支持向量回归(SVR)预测模型,并通过Barton标准剖面线的JRC预测值与试验反算值的对比证明了模型的可靠性。以三峡库区秭归县马家沟滑坡所处地层岩体结构面为例,基于三维激光扫描试验获取了其表面形貌数据并建立了三维形貌模型,开展室内直剪试验反算得到了其JRC。实例JRC的计算结果表明,SVR模型预测结果与试验反算值的相对误差仅为4.5%,不同统计参数回归关系式对于相同剖面线的估算结果存在较大差异,表明基于所选取的统计参数,采用SVR模型预测得到的JRC更加可靠。该方法为JRC的定量确定提供了新思路。     

岩体结构面粗糙度系数JRC的定向统计研究

本文回顾了岩体结构面粗糙度系数JRC的研究成果，分析了各种JRC研究方法的应用范围。在野外实际结构面形态的详细调查和深入研究的基础上，发展了Barton直边法，并提出按岩性定向统计研究结构面粗糙度系数JRC的科学思想。     

岩体结构面粗糙度系数JRC的研究现状

岩体结构面粗糙度系数JRC是描述岩体结构面粗糙起伏状态的力学参数,对于无填充或少填充的硬性结构面而言是关键性指标。本文介绍了岩体结构面粗糙度系数JRC估算方法的理论及应用研究现状,并探讨了JRC研究中存在的几个问题。     

硬性结构面表面起伏形态测量及其尺寸效应研究

结构面表面形态与其力学性质密切相关,对结构面表面形态进行精细测量是研究结构面变形和强度等力学机理的基础。在分析国内外结构面测量仪器优缺点基础上,利用自主研制的新型便携式测量仪器———接触打孔器对硬性结构面进行机械化精细测量,应用效果表明:由接触打孔器获得的结构面粗糙度JRC值与结构面表面实际的JRC值十分接近。在此基础上,对硬性结构面进行尺寸效应分析,获得了结构面表面JRC值的统计方差随测量长度逐渐衰减的规律,并且计算分析了粗糙度对结构面剪切强度影响的极限长度,最后通过强风化粉砂岩节理、新鲜砂岩层面、泥岩层面进行了分析。结果表明,对于研究区强风化粉砂岩构造节理,当取样长度大于50cm时,可以消除剪切方向上起伏粗糙度尺寸效应;对于平直新鲜泥岩层面、平直的新鲜砂岩层面,当取样长度大于5cm时,可以消除剪切方向上起伏粗糙度尺寸效应。     

岩石结构面粗糙度系数尺寸效应的推拉试验研究

粗糙度系数是结构面抗剪强度的主要影响因素,然而由于结构面表面形态的复杂性,粗糙度系数尺寸效应研究并未获得较大进展。总结了结构面粗糙度系数的3种获取手段：标准剖面对比法、理论公式法、试验反分析法。在此基础上分析了3种方法在研究粗糙度系数尺寸效应方面存在的问题和困难。为了研究结构面粗糙度系数与试样尺寸的相关度,对中砂、硅粉、水泥、非引气型萘系减水剂等原材料的配比进行了研究,获得了与天然钙质板岩物理力学特性相类似的岩石模型材料,然后采用研发的结构面制作模具及其制备工艺制作了8组共176对具有不同尺寸和表面起伏粗糙程度的结构面,并利用改进的高精度岩石结构面推拉仪对结构面粗糙度系数进行了推拉试验研究和数据统计分析,结果表明：模型结构面粗糙度系数的统计均值随试样尺寸的增加而降低,但特定结构面粗糙度系数的尺寸效应规律需要根据结构面的具体表面形貌进行测试;Barton理论公式计算的结构面粗糙度系数尺寸效应变化规律与推拉试验测试规律总体上一致,但试验值与理论值有差异,且结构面试样尺寸越小,二者的差异就越大;具有特定表面形貌的模型结构面粗糙度系数也有差异,工程大尺寸岩体结构面粗糙度系数需要根据表面形貌和分布特征进行综合判定。     

基于多功能起伏结构面制样模具的异性结构面剪切强度研究

结构面广泛存在于岩体工程中,其性质更是对岩体的破坏特性有着显著的影响。利用自主研发的起伏度可控的结构面制样模具制作出不同起伏角的结构面试块,并进行室内直剪试验,在此基础上研究起伏角对结构面抗剪强度的影响。自主设计研发的波状起伏结构面制样模具,可实现锯齿状、波状、规则与非规则等表面起伏形态结构面试样的制作。根据模具设计思路,参照结构面的野外实际特征,快速制作出表面起伏角分别为5°、10°、15°、20°、25°、30°的结构面试样进行室内剪切试验。在对试验结果分析的基础上,利用Barton所提出的JRC-JCS估算模型建立结构面起伏角与JRC之间的对应关系,综合考虑异性结构面上下强度差异,提出考虑起伏角影响的结构面抗剪强度公式。      

JRC修正直边法的数学表达

JRC是反映爬坡角力学效应的岩体结构面表面形态等效描述指标。本文在爬坡角力学效应机理研究基础上, 阐述了JRC直边法的物理意义；通过岩体结构面表面起伏幅度与金属表面粗糙度幅度对比分析, 肯定了直边法的合理性；考虑JRC的尺寸效应, 推导JRC修正直边法的数学表达式, 编译计算机常用程序。最后, 实例检验了JRC修正直边法数学表达式的合理性和可用性。     

Determination of joint roughness coefficient (JRC) for slope stability analysis: a case study from the Gold Coast area, Australia

Surface roughness of rock discontinuities is an important factor that determines the strength characteristics of rock mass. Joint roughness coefficient (JRC), which is typically measured by means of Barton’s combs in the field, is widely used to describe the joint roughness. However, this traditional method of measurement can be rather subjective, labor-intensive and time consuming. In contrast, photogrammetry can provide an alternative method to obtain relatively simple and fast measurements of JRC based on high resolution 3D models. However, the reliability of such measurements still remains an issue as the results from photogrammetry can be affected by the quality of images. This study seeks to clarify whether photogrammetry can produce accurate measurements of JRC that can be used to assess the stability of slopes. A rock slope with a recent wedge failure in the Gold Coast area, Australia was selected for this purpose, and three different methods such as manual measurements, photogrammetry, and tilt tests were employed to determine the JRC. The obtained results showed some discrepancy in the values of JRC obtained from these three different measurements. In particular, the JRC obtained using the Barton’s comb had slightly higher values compared to those determined through the photogrammetry method while the tilt test results tended to yield overestimated values of JRC. Computer analysis using Universal Distinct Element Code was also performed to study the effect of JRC variation on the slope stability. It was found that an increase in the JRC led to an increase in the safety factor of the slope.     

岩体节理抗剪强度的巴顿方程评价(英文)

根据实验室的抗剪强度试验, 本文对巴顿方程进行新的讨论并提出新的评价方法。实验室完成了一组岩体结构面的抗剪强度 (, )试验后, 利用抗剪强度资料来模拟巴顿方程的三个参数 (, JRC, JCS)在理论上可以用偏导数求解, 但由于巴顿方程的特殊性, 实际上是不可能的。     

基于孔内影像的岩石节理粗糙度特征研究

目前对岩石结构表面粗糙度的研究往往只局限于地表,难以反映深部岩石节理粗糙度的特征。钻孔孔壁上节理轮廓线包含有三维信息的特点,本文开展了基于数字钻孔摄像技术的岩石节理粗糙度分形特征的研究,利用数字钻孔摄像系统获取地下深度岩石节理全景图,采用边缘检测技术从全景图中提取出节理轮廓线,对其进行空间变换和视距离变换得到地下岩石节理粗糙表面轮廓线的真实状况。与Barton提出的10条标准剖面曲线进行对比得到每条轮廓线的JRC值,并计算其分形维数,根据最小二乘法原理拟合出JRC与分形维数之间的关系为:(D)=JRC=-541.9x2+1362x-818.53。本文研究内容为描述地下深部天然节理的结构及其特征提供了基础,对更深入地研究地下深部岩石节理的表面空间状况有重要的意义。     

Improvement of the JRC Calculation Using Different Parameters Obtained Through a New Survey Method Applied to Rock Discontinuities

This paper presents a new, fast and economical method for digitizing a rock surface profile to determine its joint roughness coefficient (JRC) value (Barton and Choubey, Rock Mech Rock Eng 10:1–54, 1977) using a set of existing parameters, the appropriateness of which has been tested. The new procedure was applied to four rock road cuts in the Alpujarra area of Granada province (Andalusia, Spain), supported by 117 digitized profiles. The method avoids any personal subjectivity bias. The usual subjectivity in the visualization and assessment of the JRC value is estimated here by a survey test answered by 90 trained users. The survey test consisted of a set of JRC visual comparisons of 12 roughness profiles, selected from the 117 profiles surveyed during the field research in the Alpujarra region, with the Barton typical profiles. The results of the survey clearly show systematic inaccuracies in the traditional procedure that are reduced if the advice presented in the conclusions of this paper is taken in account when performing the visual estimation.     

Alternative approaches for analyses of a 100,000 m<Superscript>3</Superscript> rock slide based on Barton–Bandis shear strength criterion

A data set was derived for the Åknes rock slope, Norway, with the main focus on deriving input parameters for the Barton–Bandis shear strength criterion. Back-calculations of a 100,000 m³ rock slide were performed for evaluation of the data set. The limit equilibrium analysis showed that the joint roughness coefficient (JRC) has the greatest effect on the calculated safety factor of the slide. Probabilistic computations showed that the JRC stands out as the most important contributor to the total uncertainty over the whole set of variables and that the computed failure probability of the 1960 slide was very high, which may be interpreted that the input variables and the Barton–Bandis shear strength criterion are reasonable for the slide. JRC was measured on 0.25 m scale and on 1 m scale. The results from the two scales were different.     

岩石节理粗糙度系数的分形特征

岩石节理粗糙度系数JRC是估算节理抗剪强度和变形指标最重要的参数。通过对简易纵剖面仪获取的节理表面轮廓曲线的分形研究,讨论了节理表面轮廓曲线的自相似性和JRC的自相似性,并根据实测统计资料的分析,指出了分形理论研究JRC的适用条件和有效的使用方法。由实测统计资料的JRC尺寸效应自相似性分析,认为JRC尺寸效应具分形结构。本文介绍了一种确定JRC尺寸效应分维数D的方法,由此确定的分维数D具有明确的物理意义。     

基于功率谱密度的评估岩石节理粗糙度新方法

为进一步提高结构面粗糙特征描述的精确性和可靠性,更全面地体现出细微形貌的影响,将轮廓线凹凸起伏分解为幅值、倾角和曲率3个特征,分别代表轮廓线的高度变化、角度变化和弯曲程度变化。以Barton建议的10条标准轮廓线为例,计算其幅度、角度和弯曲度的特征曲线,获得了三者的分布规律。利用可表征微细观形貌的功率谱密度函数研究了3种特征曲线的频谱特征,然后从功率谱密度对数曲线中提取了可以描述形貌特征的分形参数D_j（斜率相关）和粗糙度参数A_j（截距相关）,在此基础上研究了D_j和A_j与节理粗糙度系数（joint roughness coefficient,简称JRC）的关系。同时,将该指标推广到了三维形貌的表征形式,并计算了大理岩剪切面的三维粗糙度。结果表明：新指标评估精确度高,可反映结构面各向异性特征,能有效表征结构面粗糙特征,对研究结构面剪切力学性质有重要意义。     

Failure Process after Peak Strength of Artificial Joints by Fractal Dimension

Because lack of information when the joints exhibit strain softening behavior, the transition from peak to residual values is assumed to decrease either linearly or exponentially. Also, displacement of slide side after peak is much larger than the peak displacement and the stress approaches the residual state, thus studying failure process after peak strength is very important. In this research, three types of artificial joints with tooth-shaped asperity under repeated direct-shear were tested. Continuously movement of slide side after peak strength was monitored during shearing test. Reduction of shear parameters was examined according to two failure criteria (Barton and Patton). JRC value (Joint Roughness Coefficient) for a given profile was estimated by fractal dimension. One of the results of this study is that Barton’s criterion predicts a good estimation of residual strength and the second result is when the amount of fractal dimension of a joint surface increases, the JRC amount also increases, and with having value of h (height average) and l (base average) of a tooth-shaped asperity can determine the JRC of joint surface. M. Askari is a M.Sc Student of Engineering Faculty, Mining Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran.     

Natural fracture profiles,fractal dimension and joint roughness coefficients

Summary Thirteen natural rock profiles (Barton and Choubey, 1977) are analyzed for their fractal properties. Most of the profiles were found to approximate fractal curves but some also showed features of specific wavelengths and amplitudes superimposed on fractal characteristics. The profiles showed fractal dimensions from 1.1 to 1.5 covering a range of selfsimilar and self-affine curves. The analysis results suggest a negative correlation between fractal dimension,D, and amplitude,A. Joint roughness coefficients (JRC) show a positive correlation with amplitude,A, and a negative correlation with fractal dimension,D. A numerical model of fracture closure is used to investigate the effects of different profile characteristics (D, A and sample size) on the nature of dilation and contact area, using the natural profiles and synthetic fractional Brownian motion profiles. Smooth profiles (low JRC, highD, lowA) display many small contact regions whereas rough fractures (high JRC, lowD, highA) display few large contact areas. The agreement with published experimental data supports the suggested correlations between JRC and the fractal parameters,A andD. It is suggested that observed scale effects in JRC and joint dilation can be explained by small differential strain discontinuities across fractures, which originate at the time of fracture formation.     

岩石结构面几何特征的分形与分维

本文引用B.B.Mandelbrot创立的分形几何学这一新理论及其思维方法,对岩石结构面的几何特征,包括规模、隙宽、密度和粗糙度进行分形分析。结果表明,在10~7级范围内,结构面几何特征呈现出很强的自相似性,其分数维分别为0.8272、0.8173和2.1385;粗糙度JRC则由分数维方便地定量地表征。这一客观规律的揭示,对各种尺度结构面几何特征、渗透路线的形态和流速趋势的确定具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。