新疆阿拉套山花岗岩类的特征及成因研究

从岩石化学、ＲＥＥ、Ｓｒ，Ｎｄ，Ｏ，Ｐｂ同位素等角度讨论了新疆阿拉套山花岗岩类地球化学特征。结果表明本区存在两个系列的花岗岩，东部以Ⅰ型为主，西部Ｓ型花岗岩占主导地位。同时，本区岩石的Ｓｒ，Ｎｄ，Ｏ同位素组成可以用ＡＦＣ模式加以解释，即它们是由幔源岩经过同化地壳围岩同时结晶分异形成。当然也不排除幔源组分较多的优地槽不成熟沉积物发生重熔形成的可能。     

南天山托云盆地晚白垩世——早第三纪玄武岩的地球化学特征 …

托云盆地晚白垩世－－早第三纪碱性橄榄玄武岩Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素组成表明,本区玄武岩以低Ｓｒ、Ｐｂ和相对高的Ｎｄ同位素值（＾８７Ｓｒ／＾８６Ｓｒ为０．７０３５５４￣０．７０３８８４;＾１４３Ｎｄ／＾１４４Ｎｄ为０．５１２８３８￣０．５１２９０４;＾２０６Ｐｂ／＾２０４Ｐｂ为１８．００６３￣１８．４７２０;＾２０７Ｐｂ／＾２０４Ｐｂ为１５．４４１１￣１５．５０６０;＾２０８Ｐｂ／＾２０４Ｐｂ为３７．     

长江中下游中生代花岗岩类源区的壳—壳混源性质

长江中下游地区中生代花岗岩类形成于大别造山带碰撞后岩石圈物质的调整演化过程。Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素组成数据表明，早、晚阶段花岗岩类具有相似的壳－壳混合源区性质，其主要源岩端员可能分别相当于以大别杂岩为代表的深变质岩系和中、新元古界底侵（ｕｎｄｅｒｐｌａｔｉｎｇ）基性物质与部分古元古界沉积－火山－侵入岩系组成的扬子陆块下地壳岩石。这两种成分不同的下地壳物质在这里呈指状穿插体结构。长江中下游地区下地壳在碰撞造山过程中曾是大别地块与扬子地块之间的深部构造混杂带。本文主要根据各类已有的Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素组成资料讨论花岗岩类的源区性质问题     

中国东南中生代大陆边缘构造—岩浆带的同位素地球化学

根据中生代火山岩和侵入岩的岩石类型与组合及其岩石化学特征等，将中国东南中生代大陆边缘分成陆缘火山（岩浆）弧（Ｃｖａ）、陆缘弧后（间）火山盆地带（Ａｂｖ）和裂陷火山（岩浆）带（Ｒｖ），并深入研究了它们的Ｓｒ、Ｏ、Ｐｂ和Ｓｍ、Ｎｄ同位素组成特征。Ｃｖａ具较低的ＩＳｒ和δ１８Ｏ值及变化较大的Ｐｂ同位素组成与较高的εＮｄ值；Ａｂｖ具较高的ＩＳｒ和δ１８Ｏ值及较稳定的Ｐｂ同位素组成与较低的εＮｄ值；Ｒｖ则具较低（较稳定）的ＩＳｒ值和Ｐｂ同位素组成及变化较大的δ１８Ｏ值与εＮｄ值。由此推断，Ｃｖａ和Ａｂｖ的岩浆均为陆缘亏损地幔与上地壳成分混合形成（前者地幔成分居多，后者以地壳成分为主），Ｒｖ的岩浆则具陆内交代－亏损地幔与较多的下地壳物质混合源的成因特征。     

武当地块基性岩墙群及耀岭河群基性火山岩的Sr,Nd,Pb,O同位素研究

武当地块基性岩墙群与耀岭河群基性火山岩的Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ、Ｐｂ同位素特征反映它们具相同的混合地幔源区。前者的（＾８７Ｓｒ／＾８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．６９０５￣０．７０６１,εＮｄ（ｔ）＝－１．９￣５．０,Δ＾２０８Ｐｂ／＾２０４Ｐｂ＝３５．４９￣１９０．２６,Δ＾２０７Ｐｂ／＾２０４Ｐｂ＝４￣８５,Ｔｈ／Ｔａ低,Ｌａ／Ｙｂ变化大;后者的（＾８７Ｓｒ／＾８６Ｓｒ）ｉ＝０．６４８７￣０．７０７５,εＮｄ（ｔ）＝０     

鞍山3.8Ga奥长花岗质岩石的地球化学和Nd,Sr同位素组成及其意义

鞍山地区至少存在两种类型的３．８Ｇａ陆壳岩石。白家坟奥长花岗质岩石具有正片麻岩的性质,它们相对高ＳｉＯ２、Ｎａ２Ｏ,低下ＦｅＯ、ＭｇＯ、ＣａＯ,稀土含量和轻重稀土分离程度都很低。岩石Ｎｄ、Ｓｒ同位素组成存在很大变化,其中ｔＤＭ和εＮｄ（３．８Ｇａ）分别为３．０７￣３．８７Ｇａ和０．８２￣１２．２３。它们是由更早期但地壳滞留时间不长的ＴＴＧ花岗质岩石部分熔融形成。Ｎｄ、Ｓｒ同位素组成变化与后期扰动有     

冀北水泉沟杂岩体的同位素地球化学特征及其成因意义

水泉沟杂岩体的δ１８Ｏ‰值除个别样品高于１０‰或低于５．５‰外，大多数在５．５‰～１０．０‰之间。其三组铅同位素比值明显高于本区古界桑干燥变质岩，并位于上地慢和下地壳铅增长线之间，利用Ｒｂ－Ｓｒ等时线求得锶同位素初始值为０．７０６１８±０．０００１４，利用Ｆａｕｒｅ提出了的二元混合锶模型求得岩浆源区由约６４％的上地幔组分和约３６％的地壳组分组成。通过对其Ｏ，Ｐｂ和Ｓｒ同位素综合分析得出，岩浆起源于     

冀西北水泉沟正长岩杂岩体的成因

水泉沟碱性正长岩杂岩体侵入于太古宇桑干群变质岩中，岩体主要由碱性长石正长岩、角闪碱长正长岩、正长岩、石英碱长正长岩等组成，属碱性岩系列，在岩石的石英颗粒中见有熔融包体的存在。岩石的稀土元素分布模式呈平滑的右倾模式，无明显的铕异常。岩石的Ｐｂ同位素组成为２０６Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ＝１６．４５７～１８．２８６、２０７Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ＝１５．２７０～１５．４７２、２０８Ｐｂ／２０４Ｐｂ＝３６．５３９～３７．３９３，石英的δ１８Ｏ值为８．０‰～８．５‰，（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｉ≈０．７０５，岩石的ｔＤＭ为１．６～１．９Ｇａ，εＮｄ（ｔ）为－７．４５～－１３．１，明显大于区域基底的εＮｄ（ｔ）值（－２０±）。以上结果表明，岩体为上地幔和下地壳物质部分熔融的产物。岩体角闪石３９Ａｒ－４０Ａｒ年龄３２７Ｍａ，为海西期岩浆作用的产物     

南秦岭宁陕地区花岗岩类Pb,Sr,Nd同位素组成及其深部地质信息

本文报道了南秦岭印支期（—２００Ｍａ）宁陕岩体群中８个花岗岩类岩体的Ｐｂ、Ｓｒ、Ｎｄ同位素组成。宁陕岩体群花岗质岩石以低放射成因Ｐｂ同位素组成为特征，初始（８７Ｓｒ／８６Ｓｒ）ｔ比值变化于０．７０４９５—０．７０９０８之间，εＮｄ（ｔ）值变化于－２．４１—－８．５５之间，Ｎｄ同位素模式年龄（ＴＤＭ）变化于１．２０—１．７１Ｇａ之间，从该岩体群的东部到西部，呈现εＮｄ（ｔ）逐渐降低而ＴＤＭ逐渐增高的规律变化。宁陕岩体群的岩浆源区主要来自于南秦岭的深部地壳，在岩浆源区中，类似南秦岭耀岭河群的基性火山岩占有主要比例，南秦岭较古老的地壳物质仅有少量参与，然而，从该岩体群的东部到西部，这种古老地壳物质参与比例逐渐增高。根据花岗岩对深部地壳物质组成的指示，佛坪穹窿的深部地壳主要由垫托于佛坪群之下的晚元古代基性岩浆物质组成。从该穹窿的东部到西部，地壳深部含有古老地壳物质的比例逐渐增高，由此反映佛坪穹窿的深部地壳物质呈现出东西分带，具南北向构造，这不同于佛坪穹窿地表浅部物质的环形分布特征。     

冀北水泉沟杂岩体的同位素地球化学特征及其成因意义

水泉沟杂岩体的δ１８Ｏ‰值除个别样品高于１０‰或低于５．５‰外，大多数在５．５‰～１０．０‰之间。其三组铅同位素比值明显高于本区太古界桑干群变质岩，并位于上地幔和下地壳铅增长线之间。利用ＲｂＳｒ等时线求得锶同位素初始值为０．７０６１８±０．０００１４，利用Ｆａｕｒｅ［１］提出的二元混合锶模型求得岩浆源区由约６４％的上地幔组分和约３６％的地壳组分组成。通过对其Ｏ、Ｐｂ和Ｓｒ同位素综合分析后得出，岩浆起源于上地幔的顶部和下地壳底部的过渡带，同时岩浆在高位岩浆房中和上升过程中也发生了不同程度的同化混染作用     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.