黄河三角洲新生湿地磷分布特征及吸附解吸规律

采用改进的 Hedley 磷分级方法研究了黄河三角洲新生湿地由河向海过渡带表层土壤磷形态变化和分布特征,并通过等温吸附解吸实验阐明了沿程土壤对外源磷的持留能力和释放风险。结果表明,各样点无机磷占总磷93%以上,是磷的主要存在形态。土壤中有机磷含量较低,可能与较低的有机质含量有关。无机磷中稀盐酸磷是最主要存在形态,与各样点Ca/Al含量密切相关。有效磷含量在18.6~33.4 mg/kg之间,仅占总磷的3.2%~5.9%,可能会限制湿地植物的生长。覆有植被的土壤中有效磷含量显著高于河滩和海滩土壤,说明植被存在对有效磷的积累有一定促进作用。由吸附解吸实验可知,加入较低浓度（0.05~5 mg/L）的外源磷时,随着初始磷浓度的升高,土壤对磷的吸附量增加,吸附率为70%~99%,解吸率小于7%,这说明各样点土壤的除磷能力较强,且流失风险较低。     

Spatial variability of soil available phosphorus in a typical watershed in the source area of the middle Dan River,China

Phosphorus is an essential and common limiting element for plants. Phosphorus losses from agricultural production systems are known to contribute to accelerated eutrophication of natural waters. In this study, soil available phosphorus (SAP) content and SAP density were estimated based on a soil survey of a small watershed in the Dan River, China, and the spatial heterogeneity of SAP distribution and the impacts of land-use types, elevation, slope and aspect on SAP were assessed. Field sampling was carried out based on a 100 m × 100 m grid system overlaid on the topographic map of the study area, and samples were collected in three soil layers to a depth of 40 cm. A total of 190 sites were sampled, and 539 soil samples were collected. The results showed that classical kriging could successfully interpolate SAP content in the watershed. SAP content showed a downward trend with the increase in soil depth and the extent of SAP variability in the three soil layer is moderate. There were significant differences among the three soil layers (P < 0.01). The land use had a great impact on the SAP content. ANOVA indicated that the spatial variation of SAP contents under different land-use types was significant (P < 0.01). The SAP density of different land-use types followed the order of cropland > forestland > grassland. The mean SAP density of cropland, forestland and grassland at a depth of 0–40 cm was 4.28, 3.74 and 2.81 g/m², respectively. SAP and topographic factors showed that SAP content increased with decreasing altitude and slope gradient. The soil bulk density played a very important role in the assessment of SAP density. In conclusion, the soils in the source area of the middle Dan River would reduce SAP with conversions from cropland to forest or grassland.     

黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤水分安全阈值

基于盆栽试验测定了多水分梯度下黄河三角洲芦苇湿地3种生态型芦苇(淡水沼泽芦苇、盐化草甸芦苇和咸水沼泽芦苇)快速生长期叶片的光合-光响应过程,比较各生态型芦苇适宜的土壤水分条件.结果表明:在相对含水率为95.6%时,淡水沼泽芦苇最大净光合速率比渍水条件显著升高(p<0.05),而盐化草甸芦苇和咸水沼泽芦苇这一差异并不显著(p<0.05).不同生态型芦苇净光合速率对土壤水分的变化存在不同的响应阈值.从适宜土壤水分的阈值看,淡水沼泽芦苇对水分胁迫的耐受能力高于盐化草甸芦苇和咸水沼泽芦苇,生境盐度差异可能是造成这一差异的重要原因.     

Spatial variations and distributions of phosphorus and nitrogen in bottom sediments from a typical north-temperate lake,China

Concentrations and vertical distributions of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and their different forms in sediments obtained from nine locations of Lake Dalinouer in September 2008 were analyzed. The results demonstrated that TP in surface sediments ranged from 0.493 to 0.904 g/kg, and inorganic phosphorus was the main fraction of total phosphorus, ranging from 335 to 738 mg/kg. Simultaneously, the autogenetic calcium phosphorus (ACa-P) was the main fraction of inorganic phosphorus, ranging from 145.4 to 543.2 mg/kg. Vertical distribution of different phosphorus forms in different sediment cores was distinguishing, and most of them tended to increase toward the surface sediment, indicated that the phosphorus concentration was related to the humanity with a certain extent. The relationships between TP and occluded phosphorus and ACa-P were significant. Nitrogen in the sediment was composed mainly of organic nitrogen, accounting for grater than 80 % of TN. NO₃ ^?-N was the dominate fraction of inorganic nitrogen in the surface sediment, ranging between 51 and 346 mg/kg (151.1 ± 104.4 mg/kg), and accounting for between 2.2 and 17.7 % of total sediment nitrogen (6.2 ± 5.6 %). The ratio of organic carbon and TN in sediment was in range of 6.0–25.8 and presented a tendency of lake centre >lake sides, indicating that nitrogen accumulated in the sediments from lake sides came mainly from terrestrial source and nitrogen was mainly autogenetic in lake centre. Ratio of N:P in all sampling sites was below 14, indicated that N was the limiting nutrient for algal growth in this lake.     

Natural and anthropogenic hazards in the Yellow River Delta,China

Natural Hazards - In China, the Yellow River Delta is a unique region with vulnerable ecosystems, and it is under the largest pressure from various risk sources. In recent years, this region has...     

Characterization and mechanism of regional land subsidence in the Yellow River Delta, China

In this paper, we discuss historical and recent land subsidence in the Modern Yellow River Delta. Integrated analysis of leveling and relevant background data, including groundwater level, oil extraction, and geological structure, has revealed that land displacement is driven by natural and induced components acting at various depths. Since the 1950s, intense settlements occurred in the modern estuary delta lobes. Between 2002 and 2008, the subsidence center of Dongying and Guangrao exhibited a typical subsidence area with subsidence rates of 28.2 and 64.7 mm/years, respectively. Higher magnitudes are associated with groundwater withdrawals and oil–gas field exploitations, which induce the compaction of a deep clayey layer. There existed a significant linear positive correlation between groundwater level and elevation in the center of the deep groundwater depression cone. The major contributor of natural subsidence is tectonic movements, while moderate sinking due to the natural consolidation of the recent delta subsoil is still acting.     

Wetland loss and degradation in the Yellow River Delta, Shandong Province of China

Environmental degradation of wetlands is a major issue in the Yellow River Delta of China. Natural threats and human activities, such as flow cut-off of the Yellow River and droughts, population growth and urbanization, cause wetlands degradation of the delta during the last century, especially in the recent 50?years. Wetland degradation in the Yellow River Delta was investigated and its causation was analyzed. The results indicated that landscape changes of wetlands were mostly tremendous in the whole delta, namely loss of wetland area, surface water and groundwater pollution. Some new degradation control measures based on traditional and scientific knowledge must be used to reverse the wetlands degradation in the Yellow River Delta.     

基于包气带水分运移数值模型的黄河三角洲蒸发量研究

蒸发是重要的水循环过程,在野外试验和室内分析的基础上,建立了黄河三角洲地下水浅埋区观测试验场土壤水分运移数值模拟模型,模型中对上边界条件处理采用了考虑气象因素、地表覆盖条件和表层土壤含水量的Penman Wilson公式。利用模型对试验点1999年、2000年、2002年的蒸发量进行了数值模拟计算,计算并分析了裸地、棉花地、芦苇地不同地表植被条件下,地表蒸发量(包括棵间裸地蒸发量和植物蒸腾量)的变化规律。从时间上看,黄河三角洲7、8月是蒸发量较高的时期, 1、2月是蒸发量最低时期,一般日蒸发量在0~8 mm/d。影响地面蒸发的主要因素除气象因素外,还有植被类型和覆盖程度、地下水位埋深等因素。植被覆盖程度越高、地下水位埋深越浅,则蒸发量越大,从而导致裸地蒸发量相对较小,农田年蒸发量稍大,而芦苇地蒸发量最大。研究表明,土壤水分运移模型是估算各种复杂条件下蒸发量的有效工具。     

The variation of soil temperature and water content of seasonal frozen soil with different vegetation coverage in the headwater region of the Yellow River, China

The variation and distribution of temperature and water moisture in the seasonal frozen soil is an important factor in the study of both the soil water cycle and heat balance within the source region of the Yellow River, especially under the different conditions of vegetation coverage. In this study, the impact of various degrees of vegetation coverage on soil water content and temperature was assessed. Soil moisture (θ _v) and soil temperature (T _s) were monitored on a daily basis. Measurements were made under different vegetation coverage (95, 70–80, 40–50 and 10%) and on both thawed and frozen soils. Contour charts of T _s and θ _v as well as a θ _v–T _s coupling model were developed in order to account for the influence of vegetation cover and the interaction between T _s and θ _v. It was observed that soil water content affected both the overall range and trend in the soil temperature. The regression analysis of θ _v versus T _s plots indicated that the soil freezing and thawing processes were significantly affected by vegetation cover changes. Vegetation coverage changes also caused variations in the θ _v–T _s interaction. The effect of soil water content on soil temperature during the freezing period was larger than during the thawing period. Moreover, the soil with higher vegetation coverage retained more water than that with lower coverage. In the process of freezing, the higher vegetation coverage reduced the rate of the reduction in the soil temperature because the thermal capacity of water is higher than that of soil. Areas with higher vegetation coverage also functioned better for the purpose of heat-insulating. This phenomenon may thus play an important role in the environmental protection and effective uses of frozen soil.     

大夏河甘南段河流湿地土壤节肢动物群落特征及季节动态

采用国际通用采样方法,在春、夏、秋三季对大夏河甘南段河流湿地6个样点土壤节肢动物群落进行了调查研究,比较分析了土壤节肢动物群落组成、多样性及其季节动态特征.结果表明：共捕获土壤节肢动物8 743只,隶属于3纲9目33科35类,其中,大型土壤节肢动物2 743只,占捕获量的35.52%;中小型土壤节肢动物6 000只,占64.48%;大型土壤节肢动物的优势类群为摇蚊科幼虫和长足虻科幼虫;中小型土壤节肢动物的优势类群为绥螨科、绒螨科、等节跳属和原等跳属. 在不同样点土壤节肢动物类群数和个体数量表现出了明显季节变化,其高低顺序为秋季>夏季>春季;不同样点土壤节肢动物的垂直分布具有明显的表聚特征,即从地表向下,随着土壤深度的增加土壤节肢动物类群数和个体数量逐渐减少.研究结果为进一步开展高原寒区河流湿地土壤节肢动物生态学研究提供了基础资料.     

Delta progradation and chenier formation in the Huanghe (Yellow River) delta,China

To clarify Holocene development of the Huanghe (Yellow River) delta and the relationship between delta progradation and chenier formation, detailed sediment analyses and high-resolution radiocarbon dating were done on borehole samples taken from two sites on the present Huanghe; H9601 (Latitude 37°40.5′N and Longitude 118°28.7′E with an altitude of +5.5 m) and H9602 (Lat. 37°47.8′N and Long. 118°54.3′E, +4.8 m). Downcore changes of sediment facies and accumulation rate show that delta progradation occurred at least twice during ca 2.6–1.2 C-14 yrBP and 1855–present at the two borehole sites. These phases of progradation correlate with Superlobes 6 and 7 and Superlobe 10 respectively, of ten superlobes composing the Holocene Huanghe Delta shown by C. Xue (Historical changes in the Yellow River delta, China, Marine Geology 113, 321–329, 1993). The boundary of these sediments at H9602 is sharp and erosional, and correlates with cheniers located between borehole sites on the delta plain. The diastem period between these phases of progradation almost coincides with the periods when the river mouth of the Huanghe was located in the northwestern part of the Bohai Sea during 1048–1128 AD (Superlobe 8), and the Jiangsu region facing the Yellow Sea during 1128–1855 (Superlobe 9). This suggests that chenier formation and delta progradation are linked, and controlled by sediment supply and river course shifts of the lower reaches of the Huanghe.     

Spatial variability of soil nitrogen and phosphorus of a mixed forest ecosystem in Beijing,China

Spatial patterns of soil nutrient (N and P) were examined using geostatistical analysis in three different soil horizons (A, B, C) in a mixed forest in Beijing China. Soil nutrients (total nitrogen or TN, total phosphorous or TP, and available nitrogen or AN) were high near the surface and lower with depth. In general, the spatial correlation in soil nutrient content varied by depth. Soil nutrient content was also strongly influenced by vegetation type and elevation. These results consist of a set of simple statistical models that could provide information for the planning of the forest management and long-time research in this area.     

黄河三角洲滨海湿地演化过程中的碳埋藏效率及其控制因素

2007年在黄河三角洲布设了一口浅钻ZK4,孔深28.3 m,对获取的岩心样品进行了详细的沉积学观测及含水量、有机碳、总碳和营养成分的实验室分析测试。通过ZK4孔的地层分析,将其划分为7种沉积环境,揭示了滨海湿地地质演化过程。并利用AMS14C测年方法,结合黄河改道的历史记录,运用历史地理学和沉积地质学综合分析的方法对黄河三角洲沉积环境进行了年代划分,并计算了黄河三角洲不同沉积环境沉积物的沉积速率和碳的加积速率。结果表明:总碳和有机碳与除硫和磷元素以外的各营养成分都呈良好的线性相关;碳、氮、磷的加积速率与沉积物的沉积速率呈极显著正相关关系(R0.89,p0.01),沉积物的沉积速率是碳、氮、磷的加积速率的主控因素;虽然现代黄河三角洲沉积物有机碳浓度较低(1%),但由于沉积物的高沉积速率,现代黄河三角洲沉积物有机碳的平均加积速率达到2878.23 g/(m2·a),远高于世界其他高有机碳浓度的湿地,因此是很好的碳汇地质体。     

黄河三角洲沉积物重金属、氮和磷污染研究①

黄河三角洲河流、沼泽、潮坪环境主要为粉砂质沉积,重金属Cd、Pb、Zn和Hg的含量范围分别为0.07～0.30 μg/g,9.7～36.3 μg/g,37.4～110 μg/g和0.01～0.25 μg/g, Cu、 Ni、Cr和Mn的含量范围分别为18.4～58.0 μg/g,17.9～43.7 μg/g,38.7～80.7 μg/g和 423 ～980 μg/g.由于Pb、Zn、Cd和Hg的含量较低,Cu、Ni、Cr和Mn的含量与背景值无明显差别 ,黄河三角洲沉积可能未遭受明显的污染.黄河三角洲富粘土粒级的粉砂质沉积明显富集重金属.但若排除其影响,黄河口沉积物剖面从下至上Pb、Zn、Cd和Hg含量仍呈现上升趋势, 反映出自八十年代以来黄河流域经济快速增长对环境的影响.黄河三角洲沉积物的总氮含量一般较低(110～670 μg/g),其中NH3态氮的比例仅为0.01～0.06.沉积物中总磷含量为4 30～760 μg/g,主要为钙磷酸盐,以FePO4和AlPO4形式存在的磷的含量仅分别占0.00 ～0.08和0.00～0.03.因此,沉积物中的氮和磷不会对环境产生较严重的影响.     

黄河三角洲饱和地基土地震响应数值分析

根据黄河三角地区特殊土层的力学性质,以天津波水平向加速度时程曲线为输入地震波,在3 %,10 %和63 %三种超越概率情况下,对黄河三角洲20 m深度土层的地震反应进行数值分析,研究了孔压和动剪应力的变化。与室内动三轴试验得到的破坏孔压和动剪应力进行比较,判断土层的液化破坏情况。研究结果表明,在3 %超越概率下大部分地层均液化,在10 %超越概率下少部分地层被破坏,在63 %超越概率下大部分地层均不液化。采用破坏动剪应力比和破坏孔压比的判别结果相吻合。     

黄河三角洲南部宁海—西双河叶瓣潮滩沉积物粒度特征与季节变化分析

根据15个表层沉积物丰、枯季粒度数据,综合运用Pejrup粒度三角图、粒径-标准偏差曲线以及粒度参数分析法,对现代黄河三角洲南部宁海西双河叶瓣潮滩丰、枯季沉积物粒度特征进行了分析.结果 表明:沉积物粒度存在季节性变化,且空间分布不同.丰季由于降水量大,总体沉积环境相对稳定;枯季沉积环境相对动荡,受现代黄河影响明显.粒度...     

Impact of monsoonal climatic change on Holocene overbank flooding along Sushui River,middle reach of the Yellow River,China

In the semiarid loess regions, slackwater deposition of overbank flooding over the piedmont alluvial plains was episodic and alternated with dust accumulation and soil formation throughout the Holocene. The records of past hydrological events are therefore preserved within the architecture of loess and soils and are protected from subsequent erosion and destruction. Several Holocene loess–soil sequences with the deposits of overbank flooding over the semiarid piedmont alluvial plains in the southeast part of the middle reaches of the Yellow River drainage basin were investigated by field observation, OSL and C¹⁴ dating, measurement of magnetic susceptibility, particle-size distribution and chemical elements. This enables the reconstruction of a complete catalog of Holocene overbank flooding events at a watershed scale and an investigation of hydrological response to monsoonal climatic change as well. During the Holocene, there are six episodes of overbank flooding recorded over the alluvial plain. The first occurred at 11,500–11,000 a BP, i.e. the onset of the Holocene. The second took place at 9500–8500 a BP, immediately before the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum. After an extended geomorphic stability and soil formation, the third overbank flooding episode came at about 3620–3520 a BP, i.e. the late stage of the mid-Holocene Climatic Optimum, and the floodwater inundated and devastated a Bronze-age town of the Xia Culture built on the alluvial plain, and therefore the town was abandoned for a period of ca 100 years. During the late Holocene, the alluvial plain experienced three episodes of overbank flooding at 2420–2170, 1860–1700 and 680–100 a BP, respectively. The occurrence of these overbank flooding episodes corresponds to the anomalous change in monsoonal climate in the middle reaches of the Yellow River drainage basin when rapid climate change or climatic decline occurs. During at least the last four episodes, both extreme floods and droughts occurred and climate departed from its normal condition, which was defined as a balanced change between the northwestern continental monsoon and southeastern maritime monsoon over time. Great floods occurred as a result of extreme rainstorms in summers caused by rare intensive meridianal airflows involving northwestward moving tropical cyclone systems from the Pacific. These results could be applied to improve our understanding of high-resolution climatic change, and of hydrological response to climatic change in the semiarid zones.     

Spatial variability assessment of soil nutrients in an intense agricultural area,a case study of Rugao County in Yangtze River Delta Region,China

Topsoil samples (0–20 cm) (n = 237) were collected from Rugao County, China. Geostatistical variogram analysis, sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS), and principal component (PC) analysis were applied to assess spatial variability of soil nutrients, identify the possible areas of nutrient deficiency, and explore spatial scale of variability of soil nutrients in the county. High variability of soil nutrient such as soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available P, K, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, and B concentrations were observed. Soil nutrient properties displayed significant differences in their spatial structures, with available Cu having strong spatial dependence, SOM and available P having weak spatial dependence, and other nutrient properties having moderate spatial dependence. The soil nutrient deficiency, defined here as measured nutrient concentrations which do not meet the advisory threshold values specific to the county for dominant crops, namely rice, wheat, and rape seeds, was observed in available K and Zn, and the deficient areas covered 38 and 11%, respectively. The first three PCs of the nine soil nutrient properties explained 62.40% of the total variance. TN and SOM with higher loadings on PC1 are closely related to soil texture derived from different parent materials. The PC2 combined intermediate response variables such as available Zn and P that are likely to be controlled by land use and soil pH. Available B has the highest loading on PC3 and its variability of concentrations may be primarily ascribed to localized anthropogenic influence. The amelioration of soil physical properties (i.e. soil texture) and soil pH may improve the availability of soil nutrients and the sustainability of the agricultural system of Rugao County.     

The spatial distribution characteristics of soil salinity in coastal zone of the Yellow River Delta

In coastal area, salinization is a common and serious problem for crop cultivation and ecological restoration of degraded wetlands. Therefore, the soil salinity has attracted increasing attention from farmers, government and environmental scientists. The factors controlling the soil salinity distribution have become a hot point in saline soil studies. In this study, statistics and geostatistics were used to explore the distribution of soil salinity in the Yellow River Delta (YRD) based on 150 soil samples that were collected in June 2010. Besides the experimental work, a geographical information system technique was adopted in this study. The results showed that the soil salinity ranged from 0.11 to 10.50 dS m^?1 and the salinity in topsoil was higher than that in subsoil in the YRD, indicating that the salt in subsoil moved up and accumulated in topsoil as a function of evaporation. There was a significant difference among soil salinity spatial variances from different soil depths in the YRD. Generally, soil salinity of the topsoil was higher than that of the subsoil. Meanwhile, there were significant positive correlations in soil salinity between different soil depths. In addition, landforms, land uses, soil types and soil texture were important factors affecting soil salinity. The current distribution of soil salinity resulted from the comprehensive effects of anthropogenic activities and natural processes. The present study results suggest that the impacts of human activities were critical factors for salt redistribution in the coastal wetlands, which should be valuable for agricultural management and ecological restoration in the YRD.