Light scattering constants for a water cloud

Summary The study of radiative transfer in clouds and fog requires a knowledge of basic radiation constants. For this purpose the volume extinction, scattering, and absorption coefficients, the maximum absorption coefficients for composite spectral lines, and the coefficients used to expand the phase function into a series of Legendre polynomials for analytic representation of the phase function are provided in tabular and graphical format. The analysis for cloud droplets is based upon the rigorous electromagnetic theory. All Mie computations are carried out in an exact manner avoiding any approximations. Absorption line constants as computed here are based upon the investigations ofElsasser withCulbertson [5]³) andWyatt, Stull, andPlass [18]. Tabulations are made on the basis of fifty spectral intervals covering the entire solar and infrared spectra. Polarization effects are disregarded in this study.     

On the propagation of plane waves in a porous visco-elastic material containing a fluid and deformed by a magnetic field

Summary In the present note, an attempt has been made to investigate the wave-motions in a poro-viscoelastic medium traversed by a static magnetic field, by using the equations ofMaxwell, and those ofBiot.     

Propagation of Love type waves in a non-homogeneous layer lying over a vertically semi-infinite homogeneous isotropic medium

Summary The aim of this paper is to study the propagation of love-type waves in a homogeneous half-space overlain by a heterogeneous crust with various types of heterogenety. Frequency equations are obtained in each of the cases and numerical calculations are done in some cases and the results thus obtained are compared with those done byJeffreys andMitra [3]²).     

The electrostatic force between a charged conducting sphere and a charged dielectric sphere in an arbitrarily oriented external electric field

Summary The electrostatic force between a charged conducting sphere and a charged dielectric sphere in a uniform, arbitrarily oriented external electric field is obtained and presented in terms of force coefficients which depend only on the relative geometry of the two spheres and the dielectric constants of the dielectric sphere and the medium. When the dielectric constant of the dielectric sphere is allowed to approach infinity, the resulting computed force agrees with that ofDavis (1964) for two conducting spheres, and when the external field and the charge on the dielectric sphere are set to zero, the resulting force agrees with that ofHall andBeard (1975) for a charged conducting sphere near an uncharged dielectric sphere.     

Free and forced shallow-water oscillations in a rotating channel of parabolic cross-section

Free and forced oscillations of shallow water in an infinitely long rotating channel of parabolic cross-section are analyzed. The pure cross-channel oscillations ofChrystal (1905) and solutions for zero rotation first discussed byProudman (1925) andHidaka (1932) are special asymptotic solutions for the free modes of this model. However, for increasingly large, along-shore wave number, our solutions donot uniformly approach those ofReid (1958) andBall (1967) for a single shore-line and semi-infinite ocean. A method of computing eigen frequencies and eigen functions for the general problem is described, and a sufficient number of these are exhibited graphically to permit visualization of the transitions between the asymptotic regions.The forced problem consists of an incoming wave-train or surge generated at the center of the channel. Amplitude and transports near the shore are computed for a wide range of dimensionless incoming-wave frequencies and rotational frequencies.     

Onlamb's problem in a magneto-elastic initially stressed conducting medium

Summary The object of the present paper is to investigate the so-called planeLamb's problem in an initially stressed magneto-elastic semi-space bounded by a plane. The results obtained in this investigation are in agreement with the corresponding results of the classical planeLamb's problem when the semi-space is supposed to be initially unstressed and non-magnetic.     

Some hydrodynamic problems for a nepheloid zone

Summary A layer of a few hundred meters thickness with suspended matter (a nepheloid zone) was discovered byEwing andThorndike [4]³⁾ near the bottom on the continental slope of the North Atlantic. A downward pressure gradient is produced in this layer due to increment of water density with suspensoid. When only the Coriolis force balances with this pressure gradient, a bottom nepheloid current flows southwestward parallel to the depth contours with a velocity of about 10 (cm/sec) for a slope of one degree. The pressure gradient for fluid with locally variable density above a sloping bottom is treated and an extra term due to density gradient along the slope is derived. The vertical profiles of the nepheloid current with an effect on the vertical eddy viscosity are computed. Two kinds of vertical distributions of eddy viscosity are determined from the observed nepheloid distributions and used in the calculations: constant but different values at two layers and those increasing with height. The effect of the change of density along the bottom is treated by introducing dimensionless variables. Rossby number of the nepheloid current becomes about 10^–2 indicating inertia terms to be negligible. Rossby number of turbidity currents ranges from 2 (in a decaying area) to 5 (developing area), suggesting that inertia terms are more important than Coriolis terms. The trajectories of turbidity currents are computed from motion of a mass of mud under the Coriolis force and friction, and the results are applied to those inferred byHand andEmery [6] in the San Diego Through off California.LGO Contribution Number 925.     

Rayleigh wave propagation in a two-layer anisotropic media

Summary The possibility of propagation of Rayleigh waves in an incompressible crust of constant density and rigidity varying exponentially with depth lying on a semi-infinite transversely isotropic base has been discussed in this paper. Frequency equation has been derived and numerical calculations are made. The result obtained in this case is compared with that ofNewlands [3]²) andDutta [4].     

Dispersion of Rayleigh waves along a mainly Atlantic path

Summary It is shown that the dispersion curve of Rayleigh waves of an Earthquake of Haiti as observed in Budapest agrees well with those obtained byEwing &Press, as well as byBerckhemer for Atlantic route, though the latter related to purely oceanic routes, while with the curves observed at Budapest 80% of the route refer to an oceanic, 20% to continental path.     

The modified pseudo-depth section as a tool in resistivity and IP prospecting — A case history

Following the depths of investigation of different electrode arrays, given byRoy andApparao (1971) andRoy (1972), a modified pseudo-depth section was suggested for any array byApparao andSarma (1981) as a tool in resistivity and IP prospecting. The tool was used for the interpretation of IP and resistivity anomalies obtained in a virgin area—Jonnagiri village, Pattikonda Taluq, Kurnool district (A.P.) India. Two of the four bore holes recommended encountered sulphide mineralization, while the other two met with white altered ashy material at the position of the maximum anomaly contour in the depth sections. The drilling results prove the utility of the modified pseudosections in the interpretation of the field data.     

Transient disturbance produced in an elastic half-space by impulsive shearing traction distributed over a circular region

The displacement produced in a semi-infinite, homogeneous, isotropic elastic medium by the application of shearing traction over a circular portion of the half-space has been evaluated in exact form by Cagniard's Technique (Cagniard, 1962;Gakenheimer andMiklowitz, 1969).     

Perspective of a finite and discrete universe

Summary The anomalies in relativistic theory resulting from the infinities present in Riemannian geometry as used by Einstein are discussed and a better solution proposed by introducing a discrete and indivisible time unit. In considering the approach of non-simultaneity, as recently published in this Journal (Thyssen-Bornemisza andGrayson [11]), all infinities are assumed eliminated in our universe. To fully develop the geodesic of a four-dimensional universe the perspective of discreteness seems a basic requirement.Professor Emeritus, 15 Central Park West, New York (Leaders in American Science, 8th Edition, page 611).     

Flow past spheres and spheroids in the presence of a toroidal magnetic field

Summary Stewartson [1]²) has considered the inviscid flow past a sphere in the presence of a uniform magnetic field andMurray andLudford [2] have investigated a similar problem in which the magnetic field originates from an axially symmetric dipole field situated at the centre of the sphere. In connection with the study of earth's magnetic field, the toroidal part of this field plays a dominant part. This gives rise to the importance of studying the effect of a toroidal magnetic field on flows past different bodies of revolution; specially past spheres and spheroids. In the present note inviscid flows past a sphere, and a spheroid, are considered, for the case of a toroidal magnetic field originating in the fluid. In the case of the sphere the field inside the sphere consists of an electric dipole directed along the axis of symmetry together with a uniform electric field which produces a uniform current along the axis. In the case of the spheroid, the field inside it is due to an electric dipole and quadrupole directed along the axis of symmetry, together with a uniform electric field which produces a uniform current along this axis.     

Magneto-viscoelastic disturbances in a ‘hereditary layer’

Summary The dynamical response due to the interaction of viscoelastic field and magnetic field in a layer ofVito Volterra's hereditary model is analysed by making use of Laplace-transform.     

Theory of dispersion of solutes in non-Newtonian flows through a circular tube

Summary In the present paperTaylor's analysis of the dispersion of a soluble matter in Newtonian flow through a circular tube is extended in the case of non-Newtonian flows of Eyring and Reiner-Philippoff model fluids. It has been shown here that the results for the Newtonian fluid can be deduced from the corresponding results of both the two types non-Newtonian flows. Few specific cases of both the two types of fluids have been studied. Aris modification ofTaylor's analysis is also applicable to non-Newtonian flows discussed here. The results may be useful in connection with the study of the dispersion of soluble salts in blood vessels. It may also be useful to physicians who wish to study molecular diffusion coefficients.     

Contribución de la sismologia a los estudios isostáticos

Resumen En la presente Nota se expone la evolución que la teoria isostática ha seguido desde los fundamentales trabajos deHayford yBowie hasta el momento actual en que las importantes investigaciones deHeiskanen muestran el acuerdo de la teoría deAiry con los datos que resultan de la propagación de las ondas sísmicas, cuyo estudio hecho a fondo en la California meridional por el eminente SismólogoB. Gutenberg permite determinar los espesores de los estratos granítico é intermedios, así como la profundidad de la superficie deMohorovii, lo que permite esperar una contribución esencial de la Sismología, que de solución definitiva al problema isostático.     

The piezomagnetic computation of magnetic anomalies due to ground loading by a man-made lake

Summary A method has been developed to determine the stress distribution and resultant piezomagnetic surface anomaly field due to the load imposed on the earth's crust from filling man-made lakes of variable depths and arbitrary geometries but uniform elastic properties. The dam-magnetic effect observed byDavis andStacey [1] on Talbingo reservoir in the Snowy Mountains of SE Australia is adequately explained in terms of the piezomagnetic effect if more highly magnetic rock than that measured on the surface is present at depth.     

Some characteristics of condensation nuclei stored in a large vessel

Summary The coagulation coefficient, size and charge distribution of condensation nuclei from room air when stored in a 4000 litre rubber balloon gasometer were studied. The results indicate that the acquisition of water vapour contributes to the growth of stored nuclei. A preliminary trial was made to see ifJunge's approximate rule that the number of particles in an aerosol varies inversely as the third power of their radius, also holds forAitken nuclei. Further confirmation of the relationship between the percentage of stored nuclei electrically charged and their average radius was obtained.The measurements were carried out by means of thePollak-Murphy improved version of the photo-electric nucleus counter. A statistical analysis based on over a thousand comparisons of two identical models shows that the agreement ofindividual readings is better than 10 % of nucleus concentration in 80% of all cases. Excessive pifferences have now been eliminated.

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Zusammenfassung Es wurden der Koagulations-Koeffizient, die Grösse und die Ladungsverteilung von Kondensationskernen der Zimmerluft, welche in einem Gummiballon-Gasometer von 4000 Litern Inhalt gespeichert worden waren, studiert. Die Resultate zeigen, dass die Aufnahme von Wasserdampf zum Wachstum der gespeicherten Kerne beiträgt. Eine vorläufige Untersuchung wurde ausgeführt, obJunge's Ansicht, dass die Zahl der Kerne in einem Aerosol umgekehrt proportional der dritten Potenz ihres Radius ist, auch fürAitken-Kerne gilt. Es wurde eine neuerliche Bestätigung der Beziehung zwischen dem perzentuellen Anteil der elektrisch geladenen Kerne, welche in einem geschlossenen Gefäss gespeichert werden, und ihrem durchschnittlichen Radius erhalten.Die Messungen wurden mit dem vonPollak &Murphy verbesserten Modell des photo-elektrischen Kernzählers ausgeführt. Eine auf über tausend Vergleichungen von identischen Modellen gegründete Statistik lehrt, dass die Übereinstimmung vonEinzelmessungen der Kernzahlen besser als 10 % in 80 % aller Fälle ist. Uebermässig grosse Abweichungen sind nun eliminiert.

     

On the heat budget of the moon and the surface temperature variation during a lunar eclipse

Summary The analysis of surface temperature variations of the moon is based on the equations of heat conduction and heat continuity in the interior of the moon andStefan's law. During a well-defined process, as exemplified by a lunar eclipse, the local heat budget equation establishes a boundary condition at the moon surface which must be satisfied by solutions of the thermal diffusion equation in the interior. Three simplified models of the general case are discussed. They are characterized by special assumptions regarding the depth and time dependency of the thermic qualities of the material underlying the moon's surface. In short, the thermal diffusivity is assumed to be constant in the first model, a linear depth function in the second and a time function in the third. A unique solution can be obtained for model No. I such that the absolute surface temperature is approximately inversely proportional to the 6th root of time during the phase of total eclipse.Epstein's conclusion that the average surface of the moon might consist of highly porous rocks or fine dust is confirmed by the order of magnitude of the heat conductivity which produces the best fit between the theoretical curves and a plot ofPettit's observational data during the lunar eclipse of 1939. Existing differences between the observed and theoretical curves during the totality phase of the eclipse can be reduced by the employment of the second model. A crude estimate shows that the average dust cover resting on more solid ground of lunar rocks might possibly have a thickness of approximately 0.5 meters.     

The constant temperature-sum as a basis for forecasting flowering date

Summary Hertlein's thesis is discussed and criticized on points where apparently significance is attached to results which require stronger statistical proofs.