基础隔震结构的耗能分析

采用Bouc-wen模型,利用状态空间迭代法,对基础隔震结构进行了多质点的弹塑性时程分析,并根据此结果,利用能量方程,求得隔震结构的各项能量,绘制了各能量项时程曲线。以一实际工程为例,求得隔震结构的各项耗能情况,说明了基础隔震结构以减少地震输入和隔震层滞回耗能来减小对上部结构的损坏。     

Seismic energy dissipation under variable amplitude loading for rectangular RC members in flexure

The energy dissipation characteristics of reinforced concrete members that exhibit both strength and stiffness deterioration under imposed displacement reversals were investigated. To do this, 24 symmetrically reinforced concrete rectangular specimens were tested under stable variable and random variable amplitude inelastic displacement cycles. Stable variable amplitude tests were employed to determine the low‐cycle fatigue behavior of specimens where the loading sequence was the major variable. A 2‐parameter fatigue model was developed in order to express the variation of the dissipated energy in displacement cycles with the cumulative hysteretic energy. This model was then used to predict the energy dissipation of test specimens subjected to random variable amplitude displacement cycles simulating severe seismic excitations. It has been demonstrated that the remaining energy dissipation capacity for the next displacement cycle was dependent on the relative relationship between the maximal displacement cycle and the energy dissipated along the completed displacement path. The plastic energy dissipation capacity of reinforced concrete members is both displacement path dependent and cumulative hysteretic energy dependent.     

非线性黏滞阻尼减震结构基于位移的设计方法

结合我国抗震设计规范,提出非线性黏滞阻尼减震结构基于位移的设计方法.根据减震结构的特点,将其性能划分为使用良好、人身安全和防止倒塌3个水平,并用层间位移角限值予以量化;以简化的方法计算非线性黏滞阻尼器的等效阻尼比.在此基础上将结构转化为等效单自由度体系,利用基于位移的设计方法对非线性黏滞阻尼减震结构进行设计,通过算例,介绍用该方法对框架结构进行非线性黏滞阻尼减震设计的设计过程.实例分析表明,提出的非线性黏滞阻尼减震结构基于位移的设计方法是可行的,并且与时程分析得出的平均结果吻合较好,而且该方法简单实用,便于操作,能够控制减震结构在不同强度水准地震作用下的性能.     

不同阻尼体系地震能量输入及阻尼能量耗散计算分析

本文给出了复阻尼体系地震能量输入及阻尼能量耗散计算公式。利用天津、E1Centro、迁安记录及Mexico地震Cale记录计算了复阻尼及粘性阻尼体系的地震能量输入及阻尼能量耗散,并绘制了相应的时程曲线。计算所用阻尼比取0．1及0．05,周期分别取0．3s,0．5s,1s,1．5s及5s。通过计算我们观察到,除迁安记录外,在其它几个地震作用下,对固有周期小于1s的短周期结构,复阻尼体系能量输入及阻尼能量耗散时程曲线值高于相应的粘性阻尼体系(对迁安记录固有周期需小于0．5s)。对中周期结构,两组曲线相近,对于长周期结构,复阻尼体系的能量时程曲线值低于相应的粘性阻尼体系值。对于每个地震记录,有一个临界值,体系的固有周期小于此值时,不同阻尼模型的能量输入、阻尼能量耗散时程曲线值无大差异,当周期大于此值时,不同阻尼模型的能量输入及阻尼能量耗散时程曲线差异较大。复阻尼体系对周期的敏感程度远大于粘性阻尼体系。当周期不变,阻尼比增大时,在峰值点之后,复阻尼体系能量时程曲线基本无大的变化,粘性阻尼体系能量时程曲线有抬高趋势。     

Non-linear seismic analysis of base-isolated RC frame structures

In this paper, seismic analysis of plane RC frame structures with High Damping Rubber Bearings (HDRBs) base-isolation systems is performed in the non linear range. For RC members, a modified version of hysteretic Park model is used. For HDRB isolators, a new hysteretic model is presented, which is able to accurately predict the mechanical response in the large strain range. The dynamic equilibrium equations are solved making use, at each time step, of a block iterative Newton–Raphson scheme: the frame is divided into superelements (beams and columns) with master nodes at the extremities and internal local nodes for the computation of relations between end moments and relative rotations at superelement extremities. The effectiveness of HDRB base-isolation systems to reduce inelastic deformations in the RC superstructures is investigated through some numerical examples. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非线性粘滞阻尼器消能结构减振效果分析

应用并完善了非线性粘滞阻尼器消能结构地震反应预测的反应谱方法,通过与时程分析计算结果对比证明了方法的可行性。利用本方法研究了支撑刚度及阻尼器参数对非线性粘滞阻尼器减振效果的影响。通过数值分析,给出了位移降低率达到最佳时支撑刚度取值的建议式。提出了为保证剪力降低率不大于1时非线性粘滞阻尼器参数的控制方法。     

消能支撑框架结构的低周往复水平荷载试验仿真分析方法

本文提出了低周往复水平荷载试验仿真分析方法，该法既不同于弹塑性地震反应时程分析，又不同于常见的弹塑性静力分析。它能模拟低周往复水荷载试验的过程，既避免了地震波频谱的影响又体现了水平荷载的往复作用，可用于计算结构和构件的滞回曲线、截面的屈服顺序及相应的荷载和位移，尤其适用于分析消能支撑框架结构等耗能减震结构。本文用此方法分析了在框架柱轴压比超过限值要求时消能支撑的作用。     

摩擦消能支撑钢框架结构的弹塑性地震反应时程分析

本文分析了摩擦消能支撑及框架主体结构弹塑性本构关系，并给出了动力时程分析的计算方法。同时，对六层钢框架模型做了各种工况下的地震反应时程分析。结果表明，摩擦消能支撑钢框架（FEDBF）比抗弯钢框架（MRF）的地震作用明显降低，尤其在强震作用下效果更加明显。     

Validation of nonlinear time history analysis models for single‐storey concentrically braced frames using full‐scale shake table tests

The concentrically braced frame (CBF) structure is one of the most efficient steel structural systems to resist earthquakes. This system can dissipate energy during earthquakes through braces, which are expected to yield in tension and buckle in compression, while all other elements such as columns, beams and connections are expected to behave elastically. In this paper, the performance of single‐storey CBFs is assessed with nonlinear time‐history analysis, where a robust numerical model that simulates the behaviour of shake table tests is developed. The numerical model of the brace element used in the analysis was calibrated using data measured in physical tests on brace members subjected to cyclic loading. The model is then validated by comparing predictions from nonlinear time‐history analysis to measured performance of brace members in full scale shake table tests. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the performance of the CBF to different earthquake ground motions is investigated by subjecting the CBF to eight ground motions that have been scaled to have similar displacement response spectra. The comparative assessments presented in this work indicate that these developed numerical models can accurately capture the salient features related to the seismic behaviour of CBFs. A good agreement is found between the performance of the numerical and physical models in terms of maximum displacement, base shear force, energy dissipated and the equivalent viscous damping. The energy dissipated and, more particular, the equivalent viscous damping, are important parameters required when developing an accurate displacement‐based design methodology for CBFs subjected to earthquake loading. In this study, a relatively good prediction of the equivalent viscous damping is obtained from the numerical model when compared with data measured during the shake table tests. However, it was found that already established equations to determine the equivalent viscous damping of CBFs may give closer values to those obtained from the physical tests. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

非线性粘滞阻尼器消能结构设计方法探讨

在建立非线形粘滞阻尼器消能结构性能曲线的基础上，建议了依据减震性能目标确定阻尼器参数的概略设计方法。提出了多自由度非线性粘滞阻尼器消能结构的等效阻尼比计算公式。在此基础上建议了适用于多自由度非线性粘滞阻尼器消能结构地震反应预测的模态叠加法，方法与时程分析结果对比吻合良好。为使各层阻尼器参数更好地满足减震性能要求，提出了将概略设计得到的层阻尼器参数依据减振性能目标进行调整的方法。     

恢复力模型研究现状及存在问题

恢复力模型是根据大量从试验中获得的恢复力与变形的关系曲线经适当抽象和简化而得到的实用数学模型，是结构构件的抗震性能在结构弹塑性地震反应分析中的具体体现。对迄今为止国内外关于钢筋、混凝土和钢筋混凝土结构构件的恢复力模型的研究成果进行了汇总和简要评述，分析了现有恢复力模型存在的主要问题，在此基础上提出恢复力模型今后的研究建议。     

Evaluation of plastic energy dissipation capacity of steel beams suffering ductile fracture under various loading histories

The energy dissipation capacity of a structure is a very important index that indicates the structural performance in energy‐based seismic design. This index depends greatly on the structural components that form the whole system. Owing to the wide use of the strong‐column weak‐beam strength hierarchy where steel beams dissipate the majority of earthquake input energy to the structures, it is necessary to evaluate the energy dissipation capacity of the beams. Under cyclic loadings such as seismic effects, the damage of the beams accumulates. Therefore, loading history is known to be the most pivotal factor influencing the deformation capacity and energy dissipation capacity of the beams. Seismic loadings with significantly different characteristics are applied to structural beams during different types of earthquakes and there is no unique appropriate loading protocol that can represent all types of seismic loadings. This paper focuses on the effects of various loading histories on the deformation capacity and energy dissipation capacity of the beams. Cyclic loading tests of steel beams were performed. In addition, some experimental results from published tests were also collected to form a database. This database was used to evaluate the energy dissipation capacity of steel beams suffering from ductile fracture under various loading histories. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Development of a novel sacrificial-energy dissipation outrigger system for tall buildings

The frame-core tube-outrigger structural system is widely used in tall buildings, in which outriggers coordinate the deformation between the core tube and the moment frame, leading to a larger structural lateral stiffness. Existing studies indicate that outriggers can be designed as “fuses” of tall buildings through dissipating seismic energy after yielding, to protect the main structure. To date, both conventional and buckling-restrained brace (BRB) outriggers have been applied in practice. Subjected to the maximum considered earthquake (MCE), the hardening effect of BRB outriggers increases the damage of other structural components. Meanwhile, conventional outriggers are difficult to repair, owing to the local buckling-induced severe deterioration and damage. To overcome these problems, this study proposes a novel sacrificial-energy dissipation outrigger (SEDO) to improve the seismic resilience of tall buildings. The chords of SEDO are made of high-strength steel and remain elastic. The inclined braces of the SEDO are composed of a sacrificial part and an energy-dissipating part. Therefore, the SEDO remains elastic under design-based earthquakes (DBEs) and dissipates inelastic energy under MCEs. Moreover, the detailing of this novel SEDO is proposed on the basis of experimental studies. The optimal strength ratio between the sacrificial part and the energy-dissipating part is determined in the range of 6:4 to 4:6 on the basis of nonlinear time history analyses (THAs) and parametric studies. Afterwards, the SEDOs are used in an actual tall building to verify their seismic performances through nonlinear THAs. The results indicate the proposed SEDO is able to protect other structural components and effectively improve the seismic resilience of tall buildings.     

A two‐step direct method for estimating the seismic response of nonlinear structures equipped with nonlinear viscous dampers

The insertion of fluid viscous dampers in building structures is an innovative technology that can improve significantly the seismic response. These devices could be very useful also in the retrofit of existing buildings. The effect of this typology of damping system is usually identified with an equivalent supplemental damping ratio, which depends on the maximum displacement of the structure, so that iterative procedures are required. In this paper, a simplified direct assessment method for nonlinear structures equipped with nonlinear fluid viscous dampers is proposed. The method proposed in this study is composed by two steps. The first one yields the direct estimate of the supplemental damping ratio provided by nonlinear viscous dampers in presence of a linear elastic structural response. The second step extends the procedure to structures with nonlinear behavior. Both graphical and analytical approaches have been developed. The proposed method has then been verified through several applications and comparisons with nonlinear dynamic analyses. Moreover, an investigation has been performed with regard to the influence of the relations that define the damping reduction factor and the hysteretic damping. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings for earthquake excitation

The Rayleigh damping model, which is pervasive in nonlinear response history analysis (RHA) of buildings, is shown to develop ‘spurious’ damping forces and lead to inaccurate response results. We prove that a viscous damping matrix constructed by superposition of modal damping matrices—irrespective of the number of modes included or values assigned to modal damping ratios—completely eliminates the ‘spurious’ damping forces. This is the damping model recommended for nonlinear RHA. Replacing the stiffness‐proportional part of Rayleigh damping by the tangent stiffness matrix is shown to improve response results. However, this model is not recommended because it lacks a physical basis and has conceptual implications that are troubling: hysteresis in damping force–velocity relationship and negative damping at large displacements. Furthermore, the model conflicts with the constant‐damping model that has been the basis for fundamental concepts and accumulated experience about the inelastic response of structures. With a distributed plasticity model, the structural response is not sensitive to the damping model; even the Rayleigh damping model leads to acceptable results. This perspective on damping provides yet another reason to employ the superior distributed plasticity models in nonlinear RHA. OpenSees software has been extended to include a damping matrix defined as the superposition of modal damping matrices. Although this model leads to a full populated damping matrix, the additional computational demands are demonstrated to be minimal. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the response of yielding seismically isolated structures

This paper investigates the seismic response of yielding isolated structures. To establish a general understanding of the nonlinear response of seismically isolated structures, this study first investigates the nonlinear response of isolated structures subjected to steady‐state harmonic motion and nonlinear transient ground excitation. The response of both viscously damped and hysteretically damped isolation systems is investigated in three phases. Initially, basic insights are gained through simple nonlinear two degrees of freedom (2‐DOF) models subjected to harmonic motion of varying frequencies. Next, the transient response analysis of the nonlinear 2‐DOF model is investigated for a wide range of isolation system and superstructure properties. The results obtained from both approaches indicate that the yielding behavior of a structure on an isolation system is significantly different from that of the comparable fixed‐base structure. Finally, the response of the nonlinear 2‐DOF system model is compared with that of a 15‐story, three‐dimensional model. Based on the results of these analytical investigations, some important considerations for the design of seismically isolated structures are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

设置黏滞阻尼器的钢结构实用减震设计方法

黏滞阻尼器作为一种有效的消能减震装置,已在钢结构建筑中得到了大量应用.然而由于钢结构的延性和阻尼特征,实用的钢结构附加黏滞阻尼器设计方法仍需深度探讨.文中提出一种基于黏滞阻尼器延性需求的减震设计方法.首先,根据钢结构需求量化层间位移角性能目标及目标附加阻尼比,计算黏滞阻尼器延性需求,并确定黏滞阻尼器布置数量、进行控制效...     

Cyclic behavior and failure mechanism of self‐centering energy dissipation braces with pre‐pressed combination disc springs

A new type of bracing system composed of friction energy dissipation devices for energy dissipation, pre‐pressed combination disc springs for self‐centering and tube members as guiding elements is developed and experimentally studied in this paper. The mechanics of this system are explained, the equations governing its hysteretic responses are outlined and large‐scale validation tests of two braces with different types of disc springs are conducted under the condition of low cyclic reversed loading. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed bracing system exhibits a stable and repeatable flag‐shaped hysteretic response with an excellent self‐centering capability and effective energy dissipation throughout the loading protocol. Furthermore, the maximum bearing force and stiffness are predicted well by the equations governing its mechanical behavior. Fatigue and destructive test results demonstrate that the proposed bracing system can maintain stable energy dissipation and self‐centering capabilities under large deformation cyclic loading even when the tube members exceed the elastic limit and that a larger bearing capacity is achieved by the system that has disc springs without a bearing surface. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Discussion of ‘Modelling viscous damping in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings for earthquake excitation’ by Anil K. Chopra and Frank McKenna

This discussion deals with recommendations in the paper on appropriate damping formulations for use in nonlinear response history analysis of buildings. Concern over potentially excessive damping forces and moments should extend beyond the damping moments produced by the stiffness proportional part of Rayleigh damping that corresponds to rotational springs used to explicitly model plastic hinges. The key to an appropriate damping formulation for nonlinear analysis is a realistic mechanism that allows all damping forces and moments to be meaningfully assessed. Then features can be added to keep these forces and moments within reasonable bounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.