Connections between surface sensible heat net flux and regional summer precipitation over China

Using the observed monthly precipitation and NCEP (National Centers for Environmental Prediction)reanalysis surface flux data from 1951-2000, the connections between the seasonal SSHNF (Surface Sensible Heat Net Flux) over the Asian continent and the regional summer precipitation of China were examined.The patterns of collective and individual correlations were identified. The results indicate that the responseof the regional summer precipitation of China to the seasonal SSHNF over the study area varies according to region and season. The interannual variability of summer precipitation anomalies over Xinjiang, the northernmost Northeast China, and the North China Plain are most sensitive to the anomaly of the seasonal SSHNF. There are significant collective correlations between the interannual anomalies of the seasonal SSHNF and summer precipitation over these regions. In contrast, the Southeast Tibetan Plateau,Huaihe River Valley, and surrounding areas exhibit the least significant correlation. Significant individual correlations exist between the summer precipitation over the southernmost Northeast China, East Inner Mongolia, South of the Yangtze River and South China and the seasonal SSHNF in certain seasons over the following areas: near Lake Baikal and Lake Balkhash, near Da Hinggan Mountains and Xiao Hinggan Mountains, as well as the Tibetan Plateau.     

GAME/Tibet实验中感热通量计算方法的讨论

回顾了前人对感热通量的分析研究，详细分析了计算感热通量公式的推导过程。结合GAME／Tibet那曲近地面通量观测站1998年6月6日到9月13日的观测资料验证了近地面层逆梯度热输送现象的存在；并比较了两种不同计算感热通量的方法。同时，对简化生物圈模式(SiB2)计算感热通量方案进行了分析。主要结论有：(1)由于用涡旋相关法测量得到的总体感热通量本身已经包含了非局地热(冷)泡运动的影响，所以在非均匀下垫面上，传统的闭合方案必然会“遭遇”能量不平衡。这里，非均匀下垫面可能是导致能量不平衡的关键所在。(2)在今后的有关热通量研究中，有必要仔细研究非局地热(冷)泡运动对热通量的贡献，而为了更好地理解这种贡献，应用陆面过程模式研窑能量平衡是必需的。     

基于LAS观测的城镇感热通量时空特征及影响因素

利用2018年4月—2019年4月南京盘城大孔径闪烁仪(Large Aperture Scintillometer,LAS)观测数据,分析了城镇感热通量的时空变化特征及影响因素。结果表明:1)南京城镇感热通量呈单峰型日变化特征,白天明显大于夜间,且白天晴天明显大于阴天,夜间晴天略小于阴天,晴、阴天小时感热通量年平均分别在2.25～200.53 W·m^-2、13.10～132.52 W·m^-2波动。2)城镇感热通量夏季明显大于冬季,8月昼、夜分别为112.19、23.54 W·m^-2,2月昼、夜分别为35.57、11.57 W·m^-2。3)晴天白天条件下,不同风向(通量贡献源区)城镇感热通量存在显著差异,即随着不透水层占比的增加,净辐射分配到感热通量的比例明显提高,当占比大于60％时提高趋势不明显。4)以莫宁-奥布霍夫长度判断大气稳定度为标准,C²_n法在计算感热通量的5种大气稳定度判断方法中的误判率较低且数据源于LAS,是比较适宜城镇夜间大气稳定度的判断方法。5)在影响城镇感热通量的地表参数中,有效高度变化的影响最大,风速变化的影响较大特别在秋冬季节更为明显,波文比变化对城镇感热通量的影响较小,温度、地表粗糙度和零平面位移变化的影响可忽略不计。     

A Variational Method for Estimating Near-Surface Soil Moisture and Surface Heat Fluxes

A variational data assimilation method is proposed to estimate the near-surface soil moisture and surface sensible and latent heat fluxes.The method merges the five parts into a cost function,i.e.,the differences of wind,potential temperature,anti specific humidity gradient between observations and those computed by the profile method,the difference of latent heat fluxes calculated using the ECMWF land surface evaporation scheme and the profile method,and a weak constraint for surface energy balance.By using an optimal algorithm,the best solutions are found.The method is tested with the data collected at Feixi Station (31.41°N,117.08°E) supported by the China Heavy Rain Experiment and Study (HeRES) during 7-30 June 2001.The results show that estimated near-surface soil moistures can quickly respond to rainfall,and their temporal variation is consistent with that of measurements of average soil moisture over 15-cm top depth with a maximum error less than 0.03 m~3 m~(-3).The surface heat fluxes calculated by this method are consistent with those by the Bowen ratio method,but at the same time it can overcome the instability problem occurring in the Bowen ratio method when the latter is about-1.Meanwhile,the variational method is more accurate than the profile method in terms of satisfying the surface energy balance.The sensitivity tests also show that the variational method is the most stable one among the three methods.     

春夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量的时空分布特征及相互联系

伊朗高原和青藏高原热力作用对东亚区域气候具有重要影响。基于1979—2014年欧洲中心ERA-interim月平均再分析地表热通量资料,分析了春、夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量的时、空分布特征以及春、夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量的关系。结果表明,春、夏季青藏高原与伊朗高原地表热通量在季节、年际和年代际尺度上具有不同的时、空分布特征。对于青藏高原,春、夏季地表感热呈西部大东部小、地表潜热呈东部大西部小;地表感热在春季最大且大于地表潜热,地表潜热在夏季最大且大于地表感热。在年际时间尺度上,春、夏季青藏高原地表热通量异常的年际变化在东、西部不一致,青藏高原西部,地表感热与地表潜热有较强的负相关关系。青藏高原地表感热异常具有很强的持续性,当春季地表感热较强（弱）时,夏季高原地表感热同样较强（弱）。青藏高原东部与西部地表热通量的年代际变化有明显差异,春（夏）季青藏高原东部地表感热呈显著的年代际减弱趋势,1998（2001）年发生年代际转折,由正异常转为负异常;而青藏高原西部地表感热在春季则有显著的增大趋势,2003年发生年代际转折,由负异常转为正异常。青藏高原东部地表潜热仅在春季为显著减弱趋势,2003年出现年代际转折,由正异常转为负异常;青藏高原西部地表潜热在春、夏季都有显著减弱趋势,年代际转折出现在21世纪初,由正异常转为负异常。对于伊朗高原,春、夏季地表热通量的空间分布在整个区域较一致,地表感热在夏季最大,地表潜热在春季大、夏季小,但各季节地表感热都大于地表潜热。相对于青藏高原地表感热,伊朗高原地表感热在各月都更大。在年际时间尺度上,春、夏季伊朗高原各区域地表热通量异常的年际变化较一致;地表感热与潜热有很强的负相关关系;伊朗高原地表感热、潜热异常都具有持续性,当春季地表感热（潜热）通量较强（弱）时,夏季地表感热（潜热）通量同样较强（弱）。伊朗高原北部与南部地表热通量的年代际变化存在差异。其中,春、夏季伊朗高原北部地表感热（潜热）呈显著增强（减弱）趋势,在20世纪末发生了年代际转折,春、夏季北部地表感热（潜热）由负（正）异常转为正（负）异常。而伊朗高原南部春、夏季地表热通量无显著变化趋势,但春季地表感热、潜热与夏季地表感热同样在20世纪末存在年代际转折,地表感热（潜热）由负（正）异常转为正（负）异常。春、夏季两个高原地区地表热通量的关系主要表现为:就春季同期变化而言,伊朗高原地表感热与青藏高原西部地表感热具有同相变化关系,与青藏高原东部地表感热具有反相变化关系,伊朗高原地表潜热与青藏高原东部地表潜热具有同相变化关系;就非同期变化而言,春季伊朗高原地表感热与夏季青藏高原东部地表感热存在反相变化关系。      

西北地区一次沙尘暴过程的地表热通量特征

利用NCEP日平均全球再分析网格点资料,对我国西北地区晴天日与沙尘暴日地表感热通量及潜热通量的差异进行了对比分析.结果表明:沙尘暴爆发前和爆发时,地表感热通量迅速增大,潜热通量急剧减小,地面空气处于一种干热状态,为一热源区,有能量的散失.     

半干旱区农田和草地与大气间二氧化碳和水热通量的模拟研究

集成生物圈模型(IBIS)是目前最复杂的基于动态植被模型的陆面生物物理模型之一。通过应用该模型对国际协调强化观测计划(CEOP)半干旱区基准站之一的吉林通榆观测站(44°25′N,122°52′E)草地和农田生态系统2003年全年的CO2和水、热通量变化进行模拟,并将结果与涡度相关法测定的观测值进行了对比分析,以检验IBIS模型在半干旱区的模拟能力。对比结果表明:除CO2通量模拟结果不够理想外,IBIS模型较好地模拟了通榆观测站的感热通量和潜热通量。模拟与观测比较的相关系数均通过了0.05以上显著性水平的信度检验。总体上看,模型对农田生态系统模拟的偏差小于对退化草地的模拟。     

东亚副热带西风急流与地表加热场的耦合变化特征

利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料，采用奇异值分解方法分析200 hPa纬向风场与东亚地表加热场的空间耦合变化特征，揭示影响东亚副热带西风急流位置及强度变化的加热关键区域。研究结果表明，冬季西太平洋黑潮暖流区是表面感热、潜热通量场的大值区，其加热强度主要影响东亚副热带西风急流的强度变化，当加热增强（减弱）时，急流加强（减弱）。热带和副热带地区地表加热的反相变化对应纬向风的整体一致变化，且影响关键区在热带地区， 这种耦合分布型主要体现为年代际的变化特征。夏季，海陆感热加热差异主要影响中低纬纬向风的变化，而影响急流位置南北移动的加热关键区位于阿拉伯海及印度半岛北部，这种加热分布体现感热的局地性变化，可能与高原大地形分布有关。由于夏季降水的不均匀性，潜热加热与200 hPa纬向风场的耦合关系较为复杂。通过分析加热异常年的环流形势差异发现，对流层中上层经向温差对地表加热场异常变化的响应是导致高层纬向风变化的原因，这种地面加热变化导致高层温度场及流场的响应可通过热力适应理论得到较好的解释。     

青藏高原4月感热通量异常对长江以南夏季降水的影响

基于1980—2015年青藏高原、长江以南地区的站点资料,利用EOF、小波分析等方法,分析了青藏高原及各分区4月的感热通量和长江以南地区夏季降水特征,以及它们之间的相关性。结果表明:喜马拉雅地区(关键区) 4月感热通量可以作为长江以南地区夏季降水的预报因子之一;青藏高原4月感热通量和长江以南地区夏季降水均存在4 a主周期和8 a副周期,在1998年、2011年前后出现转折;高原整体、E区、G区4月感热通量均与长江以南地区夏季降水呈负相关;高原关键区4月感热通量偏弱时,长江以南地区高空(850 hPa)处于深槽槽前,西部配合有切变线系统,斜压性很强,空气相对湿度很大,利于长江以南地区降水,反之亦然。     

5月青藏高原5套地表感热通量资料的对比分析

基于1979-2017年5月青藏高原地区149个站点观测资料计算的地表感热通量（OBCH）和4套再分析资料提供的地表感热通量,对比分析了青藏高原地表感热通量的时空变化特征。结果表明：5月各地表感热再分析资料在高原主体部分（3 000 m以上部分）的气候平均值均为正值,说明高原主体5月为同一热源,且均呈高原西部（90°E为界）感热通量偏大,东部偏小的特征。5月高原主体各套平均地表感热通量均呈减弱趋势,除ERA感热表现为增强外,其余3套再分析资料在高原西部均表现为减弱,减弱趋势显著;5套资料在高原东部均表现为减弱趋势,除OBCH资料外,均表现为显著减弱。EOF分析发现,除了ERA-Interim资料,其余4套资料在高原主体第一模态主要表现为一致性变化,第二模态空间分布呈明显差异。从各套资料与OBCH资料的时间相关来看,ERA-Interim资料与OBCH资料相关系数可达0.70,说明二者在5月具有较好的年际变化一致性特征,而NCEP2资料与OBCH资料相关系数仅为0.33,说明二者具有较大的年际变化差异。     

基于不同陆面参数化方案的高温天气数值模拟

基于3种不同的陆面过程方案(SLAB、NOAH和RUC方案)利用WRF模式对2009年7月发生在江苏沿江及苏南地区包括沪宁高速公路在内的一次高温天气过程进行了对比模拟和分析.结果表明:①WRF模式中耦合陆面参数化方案后的试验结果更接近实况,且模拟的高温天气过程对不同陆面方案的选择较为敏感;②SLAB、NOAH、RUC ...     

6种地表热通量资料在伊朗—青藏高原地区的对比分析

基于JRA25、ERA40、ERA-Interim、NCEP1、NCEP2和20CR,对比了不同资料中气候平均(1979—2008年)伊朗—青藏高原感热通量和波文比的季节演变,以及夏季高原感热的年际变率和线性趋势。6套资料均表明,由春到夏亚洲大地形区域地表热状况的季节演变存在明显差异,青藏高原东南部低空气旋生成,一方面增多了局地降水,减弱了地表西风,造成潜热加强,感热减弱,波文比减小;另一方面加强了伊朗高原的东北风,抑制了当地降水,令感热加强,波文比增加,构成了青藏—伊朗高原感热通量季节演变的纬向非对称分布。虽然近30 a来伊朗高原(青藏高原)夏季感热线性增加(减小)的趋势一致,但不同资料所反映的伊朗—青藏高原夏季感热通量的年际变化差别明显。     

欧亚中高纬陆面感热异常影响我国夏季气候的数值模拟

使用区域气候模式RegCM4.4.5.7,通过改变春季欧亚大陆中高纬地区的陆面感热通量,对欧亚中高纬感热异常影响中国夏季气候进行模拟分析,并探讨其影响机制。试验结果表明:当春季欧亚中高纬陆面感热通量加强时,我国长江流域和东北东部夏季气温降低,降水偏多;华北地区气温升高,降水偏少。春季陆面感热增强引起近地面和对流层低层大气热力状况异常,进而导致高度场和环流场的异常,长江流域和东北地区有气旋环流,对流运动旺盛,结合充足的水汽条件,对应降水偏多,而华北地区则相反,有反气旋环流和微弱的气流辐合,对应降水偏少。研究表明欧亚中高纬陆面感热异常是影响我国夏季气候的一个不可忽视的因子。     

Interdecadal Variations of the Western Pacific Subtropical High and Surface Heat Flux over East Asia and Their Relationship

The interdecadal variation of intensity of the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH) during the period 1951-2001 is studied by using data from the National Climate Center(NCC),China Meteorological Administration.The characteristics of the circulations at 500 hPa and the surface heat flux over East Asia are also analyzed based on the NCEP/NCAR monthly reanalysis data.The results reveal that the WPSH and the circulations exhibit interdecadal variations around 1978,with enhancing intensities.The interseasonal persistence of the WPSH intensity alters correspondingly to some extent,which is more significant during 1978-2001 than during 1951-1978.The surface heat flux over East Asia also displays a remarkable interdecadal variation,which leads that of the WPSH intensity.The key variation areas of the surface sensible heat flux(SSHF) are mainly located over the eastern and western Tibetan Plateau around the late 1960s.However,the difference of the SSHF between the eastern and western Plateau exhibits a change in the mid 1970s,close to the time of the abrupt climate change of the WPSH intensity.The SSHF of the Plateau stably increases in the west and decreases in the east before the mid-late 1960s,while it stably increases in the east and decreases in the west after the mid-1970s.On the other hand,the key variation area of the surface latent heat flux(SLHF) is mainly situated over the West Pacific(WP),where the SLHF anomaly in spring changes from positive to negative in the south before 1978,but from negative to positive in the north after 1978;while in summer it turns from positive to negative all over the WP after 1978.The interdecadal variation of SLHF in both spring and summer corresponds well to the interdecadal variation of the WPSH intensity in the same season.The notable correlation between the WPSH intensity and SSHF(or SLHF) maintains without any change although each of these qnantities varies on the interdecadal scale.     

Coherent eddies and temperature structure functions for three contrasting surfaces. Part II: Renewal model for sensible heat flux

Sensible heat, latent heat, and other scalar fluxes cannot be measuredwithin short dense canopies, e.g., straw mulches, with standard approachessuch as eddy correlation, Bowen ratio-energy balance, aerodynamic, andvariance methods. However, recently developed surface renewal models, thatare based on the fact that most of the turbulent transfer within and abovecanopies is associated with large-scale coherent eddies, which are evidentas ramp patterns in scalar time series, offer a feasible solution. Wepresent a new air renewal model that calculates sensible heat flux atdifferent heights within and above a canopy from the average cubictemperature structure function, sampled at a moderate rate, and measuredaverage friction velocity. The model is calibrated and tested with datameasured above and within a Douglas-fir forest and above a straw mulch andbare soil. We show that the model describes half-hour variations ofsensible heat flux very well, both within the canopy and roughnesssublayers and in the inertial sublayer, for stable and unstable atmosphericconditions. The combined empirical coefficient that appears in the modelhas an apparently universal value of about 0.4 for all surfaces andheights, which makes application of the model particularly simple. Themodel is used to predict daytime and nighttime sensible heat flux profileswithin the straw mulch and within a small bare opening in the mulch.     

淮河流域典型地面水热通量的观测分析

根据1998年淮河流域能量和水循环试验加密观测(HUBEX-IOP)获得的资料,用三种微气象方法计算该地区的感热通量和潜热通量状况,比较了不同方法所估算结果的异同,并以梯度法的资料为主分析了其变化特征.结果表明:(1)梯度法估算的潜热通量与用波文比-能量平衡方法的估算值比较接近,与涡度相关方法估算的值之间有一定的差异.(2)感热通量和波文比在梅雨(6月28日～7月4日)前较大,在后期较小.大部分辐射能用于地面蒸发.     

陇中黄土高原夏季地表能量平衡观测研究

利用2003年6～8月的实际观测资料,分析了陇中黄土高原夏季地表通量特征。在春小麦下垫面,无论晴天或阴天,能量主要消耗于农田蒸散。在裸地下垫面各能量通量表现出同样的变化特征,但由于降雨量的增加,导致潜热占净辐射的比例比春小麦地的还高。在晴天或阴天地气之间能量传输引起土壤温度变化的深度,主要出现50cm以上,其日变化均呈现准正弦曲线形式,50cm以下的土壤温度不存在日变化。在半干旱区云和降水对地表辐射和能量平衡造成的影响不容忽视。波文比在日出以后逐渐增大,到正午达最大值;春小麦下垫面时的波文比大于裸地时的值,两者的极值分别是1．01和0．75。     

洋面动量、感热和潜热通量计算的研究

整体传输公式是一种常用的计算洋面海气通量的方法。在作气候平均计算时,存在两种平均方法:方法一F_1=AB及方法二F_2=AB。显然,方法一是合理的,而方法二是对方法一的近似。本文利用COADS资料针对不同的平均时间计算分析了方法二对方法一的近似程度,结果表明:利用方法二计算长期气候平均,平滑时间超过5天则对计算结果必须进行订正;对感热和潜热通量,月平均方法二在20％的精度内可代替方法一,而旬平均方法二则可在10％的精度内代替方法一;动量通量月平均和旬平均精度分别为40％和20％。因此方法二在计算月平均动量通量时必须作订正,或直接用方法一进行计算,本文同时计算比较了1972年(E1 Nino年)和1975年(非E1 Nino年)太平洋洋面的各项能量及总能量收支,发现1972年洋面能量收支年变化幅度比1975年小得多,其差别主要决定于感热和潜热的变化。     

Variability of Surface Sensible Heat Flux over Northwest China

The present study documents the variability of surface sensible heat flux over Northwest China using station observations for the period 1961 2000.It is found that the afternoon and nighttime sensible heat flux variations are remarkably different.The variability of the instant flux in the afternoon is much larger than in the nighttime.The afternoon and nighttime flux anomalies tend to be opposite.The diurnal and seasonal dependence of sensible heat flux variations is closely related to the diurnal cycle of mean land-air temperature difference.The relationship of sensible heat flux with land-air temperature difference based on the instant value differs from that based on the daily mean.The present study indicates the importance for the models to properly simulate mean land-air temperature difference and its diurnal and seasonal variations in order to capture surface sensible heat flux variability over Northwest China and predicts its plausible impacts on climate.