中国南海海水蒸发实验过程中地球化学行径

本文所介绍的是中国南海海水室内等温蒸发过程中析序列、常量及微量元素含量分布规律，着重研究了海水蒸发过程中液相和固相矿物中结晶水氢氧同位素组成变化规律，并与四川盆地深层海源同生卤水进行了对比，从而，对卤水形成机理、资源远景评价综合利用途径等提供了科学依据。     

蒸发皿中水面蒸发氢氧同位素分馏的实验研究

气象要素与蒸发密切相关,通过室内外不同气象条件下的器皿水蒸发实验,获得了水面蒸发氢氧稳定同位素分馏因子与气象要素的关系。实验结果表明,随着蒸发的进行,剩余水体中逐渐富集重同位素;自由水体蒸发同位素分馏在垂线上有分层现象,表层水体同位素值比垂线平均的同位素值略富集;不同温度条件下的室内蒸发实验中,温度越高,液-气间分馏系数越小,相应于同一剩余水体体积比,剩余水体稳定同位素值则越低。室外器皿水自由蒸发实验中得出的蒸发线方程斜率较大地偏离了当地降水线,表明实验期间水体蒸发分馏作用较明显。该研究为进一步揭示水体蒸发分馏规律提供了可靠的实验依据。     

The extent of oxygen isotope exchange between clay minerals and sea water

The extent of oxygen isotopic exchange between detrital clay minerals and sea water was investigated by analyzing $\text{O}{}^{18}\text{O}{}^{16}$ ratios of separated fine-grained size fractions of deep-sea sediments from three North Pacific ocean cores. Isotopic results were interpreted according to models based on the assumption that the extent of isotopic exchange should increase with decreasing particle size and increasing time of exchange between the sediment and sea water. The data indicate that information concerning the provenance and mode of formation of detrital clay minerals can be obtained from the $\text{O}{}^{18}\text{O}{}^{16}$ ratios of the coarser-than-0.1 μm fraction of deep-sea sediments younger than several million years and the finer-than-0.1 μm fraction of deep-sea sediments younger than several tens of thousands of years. Furthermore, if the extent of chemical reaction between detrital clays and sea water is similar to the extent of oxygen isotopic exchange, such reaction may be important in regulating the chemistry of sea water.     

The effect of fluid pressure on oxygen isotope exchange between feldspar and water

The rate of oxygen isotope exchange between adularia and 2 M KCl solution has been measured at 650°C at pressures from 125 to 4000 bar. Isotropie diffusion coefficients calculated from these data show a positive dependence on the fluid pressure. This dependence is opposite to the predicted effect of hydrostatic pressure and is attributed to the activity of ‘water’ (H₂O, H⁺ or OH^?) in the feldspar.     

Platinum solubility in a haplobasaltic melt at 1250°C and 0.2 GPa: The effect of water content and oxygen fugacity

Haplobasaltic melts with a 101 kPa dry eutectic composition (An₄₂Di₅₈) and varying water contents were equilibrated with their platinum capsule at 1523 K and 200 MPa in an internally heated pressure vessel (IHPV) equipped with a rapid quench device. Experimental products were inclusion-free glasses representative of the Pt-saturated silicate melts at the experimental conditions. Platinum concentrations were determined using an isotope dilution multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer and water contents and distribution by Karl Fischer titration and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively.The water content of the melt has no intrinsic effect on platinum solubility, for concentrations between 0.9 wt.% and 4.4 wt.% H₂O (saturation). Platinum solubility increases with increasing water content, but this effect is an indirect effect because increasing water content at fixed f_H2 (imposed by the IHPV) increases the oxygen fugacity of the experiment.The positive oxygen fugacity dependence of Pt solubility in a hydrous silicate melt at 200 MPa is identical to that in anhydrous melts of the same composition determined in previous studies at 101 kPa. This study extends the range of platinum solubilities to oxygen fugacities lower than was previously possible. Combining the data of this and previous studies, Pt solubility is related to oxygen fugacity (in bar) at 1523 K by the equation:

[Pt]_total(ppb)=1389×f_O2+7531×(f_O2)^1/2     

北极夏季海冰表面积雪层内水分含量的时空分布

根据中国第二次北极科学考察实测雪冰温度剖面数据,用一维热传导方程描述雪层温度场,优化辨识了雪层有效热扩散系数和热源。将零热源项作为积雪层中含水和不含水雪层的边界,确定出相应含水和不含水雪层的有效热扩散系数。结合干雪、水物理参数建立雪层内含水量的评估方法并给出北极夏季雪冰温度测试期间雪层内水分含量与温度的关系以及水分变化的时空分布。     

The effect of evaporation on the concentration and distribution of diamondoids in oils

Diamondoids are commonly found in petroleum and sediments and have an inherent resistance to thermal and biological destruction, which means they can provide useful information in situations where conventional biomarkers cannot. Here, we present the results of an investigation of the effects of atmospheric evaporation on the concentration and distribution of low molecular weight diamondoids in four petroleum fractions (gasoline, condensate, diesel and fuel oil). These experiments indicate that both adamantanes and diamantanes evaporate with the other light hydrocarbons from oils and that variations in the concentrations of these compounds during evaporation are controlled by the type of petroleum fraction, the extent of evaporation and the boiling point of the diamondoid compounds within the oil. Evaporation has a significant effect on adamantane concentration ratios, whereas no changes in diamantane concentration ratios occur, suggesting that diamantane-based concentration and distribution indices can be used for the correlation of oils and determination of maturity even if oils have undergone evaporation. Some diamondoid concentration ratios, such as adamantane/1-methyladamantane, 1-methyladamantane/2-methyladamantane, 1-methyladamantane/1-ethyladamantane, 1-methyladamantane/4-methyldiamantane, adamantane/diamantane and 1,3-dimethyladamantane/4,9-dimentyldiamantane, progressively decrease with ongoing evaporation and are independent of petroleum fraction type, indicating that given the original unaltered index value, these indices can be used to deduce the relative extent of oil evaporation. The study also indicates that slight to moderate evaporation of oils leads to an increase in diamantane concentrations that is nearly proportional to the extent of oil evaporation, indicating that these compounds can be used as indices to estimate the extent of oil evaporation.     

油页岩开发地下水资源影响预测与评价

以吉林省汪清县罗子沟油页岩开发为实例．根据参数的确定、地下水资源的估算、坑道排水量的计算、矿坑排水最大水位降的预测．对矿坑排水量进行评价,再运用地下水资源补给模数、潜水调节量及疏干体积法验证排水量的计算．从而达到研究油页岩的开发对地下水资源的影响和评价的目的。     

干密度和含水率对岩溶地区黄壤抗剪强度的影响——以重庆市南川区木渡河小流域为例

选择广泛分布于岩溶地区的黄壤,通过对室内三轴剪切试验,测定含水率和干密度交互作用对土壤抗剪强度指标的影响。试验表明:(1)在相同干密度情况下,黄壤粘聚力c随着含水率的增加呈现出先增加后减小的趋势,在相同土壤含水率水平下,粘聚力c随干密度增大而增大;黄壤内摩擦角φ在各干密度条件下均随着含水率增加呈明显减小的趋势,衰减速率基本一致;同一含水率水平下,内摩擦角φ随干密度变化不明显,土壤干密度为1.6g/cm3内摩擦角相对较大。(2)含水率和干密度的交互作用对黄壤粘聚力c有显著影响,粘聚力c在1.3~1.7g/cm3范围内随着干密度的增大而增大,且每一个干密度都有一个特定含水率与之对应,在这样一个交互作用下粘聚力c达到最大。(3)含水率和干密度的交互作用对内摩擦角φ影响相对较小,同一干密度下,其φ值差异不大,随干密度的增大缓慢增大,相对而言,含水率对内摩擦角φ的影响更明显,黄壤内摩擦角φ随含水率的增大呈非线性下降。      

持续蒸发与补给蒸发过程中水体咸化及同位素分馏的实验研究

蒸发浓缩作用是引起水体咸化的重要原因。利用华北浅层地下水样,设计持续蒸发和补给蒸发两种实验方案,探讨不同蒸发过程中水化学和同位素的演化差异。结果表明,持续蒸发过程中水体盐分浓缩速率明显大于补给蒸发;Ca~(2+)和HCO_3~-在两种蒸发实验下出现分离,主要受方解石沉淀影响,Mg~(2+)、Na~+、K~+、Cl~–和SO_4~(2-)含量随着盐度的升高而增加,在两种蒸发实验中无差异。蒸发过程中,氢氧同位素逐渐富集,与剩余水比例呈指数关系,与阴阳离子呈两段式线性关系。持续蒸发过程中氢氧同位素随着盐分(电导率)的升高逐渐富集,δ~(18)O最大值达20.81‰,蒸发线方程为δD=4.11δ~(18)O–25.23;而补给蒸发过程中,随着盐分(电导率)的增加氢氧同位素富集缓慢,后期相对稳定,δ~(18)O最大值为2.9‰,蒸发线方程为δD=3.41δ~(18)O–28.2。两种实验方案结果说明氢氧同位素在水相的富集不成比例,氢同位素在蒸发过程中富集速率大于氧同位素。     

利用土中水分蒸发特性和微观孔隙分布规律确定SWCC残余含水率

残余含水率在非饱和土渗流理论、强度理论等方面都是重要的参数,然而土-水特征曲线（SWCC）试验测量时一般难以达到残余阶段,常常通过经验法（包括模型拟合法）估算残余含水率,方法的适用性值得论证。以武汉黏性土为研究对象,制备不同初始孔隙比试样,利用压力板仪测量SWCC,通过模型拟合的方法计算残余含水率;进行自然状态下水分蒸发试验,根据失水速率定义了临残时间,依据临残时间确定残余含水率;利用核磁共振技术研究微观孔隙分布特性,解释控制残余含水率大小的微观规律。研究结果表明：模型拟合的方法可估算残余含水率,但准确性与模型选择及残余含水率初步范围的限定直接相关;水分蒸发试验是确定残余含水率有效可行的直接方法;武汉黏性土微观孔隙呈三峰分布,残余含水率与第1峰之前的微观孔隙水分紧密相关,依据弛豫时间小于0.267 38 ms的T2谱面积可较为准确地预测残余含水率,对于其他土体该方法需要进一步论证与完善。     

The effect of organic matter type and organic carbon content on Rock-Eval hydrogen index in oil shales and source rocks

The amount of “gas-prone” kerogen (woody, fungal and “inert”) and the organic carbon content (TOC) are the two predominant factors affecting the hydrogen index (HI) in the 226 samples of lacustrine and marine oil shales and source rocks studied. HI decreases as a function of the amount of “gas-prone” kerogen and increases as a function of TOC. In addition, the type of amorphous kerogen influences the hydrogen index, and this can be roughly estimated from the fluorescence intensity of the amorphous kerogen. Nearly eighty percent of the variation in HI in these samples can be accounted for by the percentage of “gas-prone” kerogen, the TOC content, and the fluorescence of the amorphous kerogen in a multiple regression analysis.Hydrogen index increases as a function of TOC up to about 10% TOC (the relationship can be approximated by a quadratic equation) and then levels off. A possible explanation for this is that the capability of a rock to generate and expel hydrocarbons during pyrolysis increases with TOC. When the retention capacity of the rock matrix is saturated (at about 10% TOC) further increases in TOC have no effect on HI. It is also possible that the quality (i.e. oil-proneness) of the amorphous kerogen is poorer in low TOC samples than in high TOC samples.The samples came from the following oil shales and source rocks: Rundle (Queensland Eocene-Miocene), Mae Sot (northwestern Thailand, Eocene-Pliocene), River River (northwestern Colorado, Eocene), Toolebuc (western Queensland, Late Albian), the “Posidonienschiefer” (southwestern Germany, Toarcian), an Argentinian lacustrine deposit (Eocene-Miocene), the Kimmeridgian sections from four North Sea wells (blocks 21, 30, and 210), Monterey Shale (California, Miocene), and sections from six wells from the Alaskan Tertiary (North Slope, North Aleutian Shelf, Navarin Basin, Norton Sound). Most samples appear to be thermally immature (T.A.I. less than 1.8; R_o less than 0.6%) so they should be considered only potential source rocks.The lacustrine oil shales have a higher conversion ratio (yeild/TOC or S₁ + S₂/TOC) than do the marine oil shales in samples with only amorphous and algal kerogen. These, in turn, have a higher conversion ratio than the marine source rocks. These differences are roughly reflected in the fluorescence intensity of the amorphous kerogen. Free hydrocarbons are higher in the marine source rocks than in the marine oil shales, and are lowest in the lacustrine oil shales.     

表层岩溶带土壤温度和体积含水率对夏季暴雨事件的响应

为揭示表层岩溶带土壤温度和体积含水率对暴雨事件的响应机制,利用HOBO土壤温度和体积含水率监测仪,连续监测2014年7-8月20 cm和70 cm土壤温度与体积含水率。结果表明:研究区域20 cm土壤温度呈日变化,这种日变化格局主要受到大气温度日变化的影响,70 cm土壤温度总体上呈上升趋势,主要受到夏季大气环流使气温升高的影响。夏季暴雨事件降低了20 cm深度的土壤温度、增加其土壤体积含水率,并且导致70 cm处土壤温度先增高后降低、土壤体积含水率升高。土壤体积含水率较低情况下,暴雨事件使得浅层较高温度土壤水快速向下移动引起升温,而后土壤体积含水率到达一定阈值后,便能够快速响应降水事件。研究表明,岩溶地区不同深度土壤温度和体积含水率受到夏季降水事件的影响存在差异。浅层土壤能够快速的响应暴雨事件,深层土壤温度和体积含水率对暴雨事件的响应不仅受到降水量阈值的影响,而且也受到表层土壤温度和体积含水率的制约。      

The water content of nepheline

Summary The water content of nephelines from various localities were studied through thermal weight loss and single-crystal infrared spectroscopy. Typical water contents in nepheline are on the order of 0.2 to 0.5 wt. . The H₂O molecule exists in multiple crystallographic orientations, presumably in the potassium site. Two orientations of water are indicated in the spectrum of nepheline from Monte Somma. When the crystal is heated to 350°C, a third orientation develops.

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Der Wassergehalt von Nephelin

Zusammenfassung Der Wassergehalt von Nephelinen verschiedener Vorkommen wurde über Glühverlustsbestimmung und Einkristall-Infrarotspektroskopie untersucht. Charakteristische Wassergehalte liegen in Nephelinen zwischen 0,2 und 0,5 Gew. %. Das vermutlich in der K-Position liegende H₂O-Molekül kommt in verschiedenen kristallographischen Orientierungen vor. Aus dem Spektrum eines Nephelins von Monte Somma ergeben sich zwei Arten der Wasser-Orientierung. Nach Erhitzen des Kristalls auf 350°C entsteht eine dritte Orientierung.

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With 1 Figure     

初始含水率对水泥固化淤泥效果的影响

通过室内调配不同初始含水率的淤泥,研究了初始含水率对水泥固化效果的影响。研究发现,固化淤泥的无侧限抗压强度随淤泥含水率的增加呈乘幂关系下降,随着初始含水率的增加,固化淤泥的塑性增加,破坏应变增加,而黏聚力降低。随着初始含水率的增加,水分过多导致水化产物在单位体积中的数量较少,难以形成整体强度。在实际工程中,应在满足固化搅拌的施工要求下,尽量降低淤泥的初始含水率以取得较好的经济效益.     

低含水量粘土的加载速率效应与蠕变变形

通过对低含水量藤森粘土(Fujinomori clay)试样的单向固结试验,研究了低含水量粘土的加载速率效应与蠕变变形。所采用的藤森粘土土样有湿润(含水量小于15%)、风干(含水量小于4.5%)与烘干(含水量小于1%)3种。试验中,应变率逐步改变,同时进行了蠕变及加、卸载试验以及小幅度的循环加载试验。试验结果表明:湿润土样、风干土样与烘干土样都有明显的加载速率效应与蠕变变形;在大范围的卸载-重复加载过程中,蠕变变形会由卸载初期的正变形逐步发展为后期的负变形,在这个发展过程中存在着中性点(即蠕变为零,或者无蠕变的点);藤森粘土的加载速率效应随含水量的降低有所降低,即湿润藤森土样的加载速率效应更明显。     

The evaporation of the charged and uncharged water drops suspended in a wind tunnel

A laboratory experiment has been performed to study the effect of ventilation on the rate of evaporation of the millimeter sized charged and uncharged water drops suspended in a vertical wind tunnel. The linear relationship,f _u = 0.907 + 0.282X, observed between the mean ventilation coefficient, f_u, and a non-dimensional parameterX, (X =N _Sc,v ^1/3 N _Re ^1/2 whereN _Sc,uis Schmidt number andN _Reis Reynold’s number) is in agreement with the results of earlier investigations for uncharged water drops. However, in case of charged drops carrying 10^-10C of charge, this relationship gets modified tof _u = 0.4877 + 0.149X. Thus, the rate of evaporation of charged drops is slower than that of uncharged drops of the same size. Oscillations of the drop and the change in airflow around drops are suggested to contribute to lowering of the ventilation coefficients for charged drops. Applicability of the results to a small fraction of highly charged raindrops falling through the sub-cloud layer below thunderstorm is discussed. The relaxation time required for a ventilated drop to reach its equilibrium temperature increases with the drop size and is higher for the charged than for the uncharged drops. It is concluded that in a given distance, charged drops will evaporate less than that of uncharged drops.     

基于裂隙渗流效应的水封油库涌水量预测分析

准确预测洞室涌水量和库区渗流场的空间分布特征是确保地下水封油库施工期安全性和运行期经济性的基础性工作之一。为真实地反映地下水封油库围岩随机分布裂隙的渗流效应对涌水量预测和渗流场空间分布特性的影响,提出了一种基于嵌入裂隙单元模型（EFE模型）的裂隙岩体渗流分析方法,并采用该方法对湛江水封油库的三维渗流场进行了计算分析,通过对比工程实测资料,验证了所提出方法的可靠性,进而预测了实例工程在运行期的涌水量。计算结果表明,EFE模型能够较好地模拟裂隙对洞室岩体局部渗流场的影响,反映库区渗流场及洞室涌水量空间分布不均匀的特性。研究成果可为水封洞库渗控措施的精准设计以及运行期污水处理设施配套设计工作提供参考。     

Reliability of water content estimation by profile probe and its effect on slope stability

Shallow landslide failures are distributed worldwide and cause economic losses and fatalities. A proper evaluation of the possible occurrence of shallow landslides requires reliable characterization of water content. Volumetric water content (θ) is commonly estimated using dielectric sensors, which use manufacturers’ calibration curves developed for specific soil types. In this study, we present the experimental results achieved during a laboratory calibration of a capacitance probe (PR2/6 probe), tested on two sandy soils widely outcropping in Central Italy. The proposed equations demonstrate a more reliable estimation of θ with respect to the generalized soil equation provided by the manufacturer, which overestimates θ by up to 10 percentage points. Such overestimation could affect the evaluation of suction stress in partially saturated shallow soils affecting the slope stability analysis. Although the use of θ from correct calibration equations provides less precautionary factor of safety values, a reliable evaluation of the soil moisture condition is fundamental when mapping and predicting the spatial and temporal occurrence of shallow landslides. The use of the PR2/6 probe with the appropriate soil calibration equations in early warning monitoring systems will provide a more reliable forecast, minimizing the number of false alarms.     

The effect of oxygen fugacity on ionic conductivity in olivine

The oxygen fugacity(f_O2) may affect the ionic conductivity of olivine under upper mantle conditions because Mg vacancies can be produced in the crystal structure by the oxidization of iron from Fe²⁺ to Fe3+. Here we investigated olivine ionic conductivity at 4 GPa, as a function of temperature, crystallographic orientation, and oxygen fugacity, corresponding to the topmost asthenospheric conditions. The results demonstrate that the ionic conductivity is insensitive to f_O2 under relatively reduced conditions(f_O2 below Re-ReO₂ buffer), whereas it has a clear f_O2-dependence under relatively oxidized conditions(f_O2 around the magnetite-hematite buffer). The ionic conduction in olivine may contribute significantly to the conductivity anomaly in the topmost asthenosphere especially at relatively oxidized conditions.