青藏高原典型高寒草甸生态系统对气候冻土环境变化的响应

利用青藏高原河南县典型高寒草甸生态系统群体结构、地上生物量、发育期及其气候、冻土环境观测资料,系统研究了高寒草甸生态系统演变特征及其对气候变化和冻土退化的响应机理。研究表明:20世纪80年代后期以来高寒草甸生态系统出现了牧草返青期无明显变化而黄枯期显著延迟致使生长期明显延长、覆盖度总体下降但自2004年后开始回升、地上生物量明显增大等一系列演变特征;气候冻土环境表现出气温升高、降水增加、日照增多等气候暖湿化、季节冻土层温度及热量条件显著升高、冻土层变薄、冻结时间缩短等冻土退化的变化趋势;高寒草甸生态系统对气候变化的响应不及对季节冻土退化的响应敏感,其生长发育的前期主要受水分条件的限制,而在生长发育的旺盛期及后期,则主要受热量条件的制约。     

唐古拉地区高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量特征研究

采用涡动相关法对青藏高原唐古拉地区高寒草甸生态系统在2007年CO2通量及活动层水热动态进行了连续观测。结果表明, 各月CO2通量日变化均呈单峰型, 日通量峰值一般出现在中午, 最大排放峰值出现在5月, 为0.29 g·m-2·h-1; 最大吸收峰值出现在8月, 为-0.25 g·m-2·h-1, 除7月和8月CO2通量日变化表现出吸收特征外, 其余各月均表现为排放特征。与青藏高原连续多年冻土周边地区相比, 唐古拉地区CO2通量日变化峰值明显偏小。CO2通量季节变化呈双峰型, 表现为春\, 秋季强排放、 夏季弱吸收和冬季弱排放。5月为CO2通量全年最大排放月, 排放量为132.4 g·m-2; 8月为CO2通量全年最大吸收月, 吸收量为-37.7 g·m-2。春\, 秋季, CO2通量与5 cm土壤温度和未冻水含量变化呈显著的正相关关系, 而夏季与5 cm土壤温度变化呈显著的负相关关系, CO2通量对光合有效辐射变化基本没有响应。     

青藏高原典型高寒草甸和高寒沼泽湿地植被耗水规律研究

为了揭示青藏高原典型高寒草甸和高寒沼泽湿地耗水特征,以青藏高原玛沁地区高寒草甸和玉树隆宝地区高寒沼泽湿地为观测研究站,以实际蒸散发为研究对象,采用涡度相关系统,通过涡度相关理论进行原始观测数据预处理,分析了实际蒸散发在不同时间尺度和不同下垫面的变化特征,探究了典型环境因子对实际蒸散发的影响。结果表明:(1)高寒草甸和高寒沼泽湿地实际蒸散发主要集中在生长季,平均蒸散发分别为123.46 mm和146.76 mm,小时蒸散发在一天的14:00-15:00(北京时)达到最高值;(2)对于不同下垫面,蒸散发与气象因子的相关关系不同,高寒草甸净辐射对蒸散发的贡献最突出,高寒沼泽湿地土壤热通量对蒸散发的贡献最大,其次为净辐射;(3)不同下垫面水分消耗(The difference between ET and precipitation,IETP)变化特征说明高寒草甸和高寒沼泽湿地下垫面都以水分消耗为主,IETP占比分别为69%和80%。     

陆面模式CLM4.5对青藏高原高寒草甸地表能量交换模拟性能的评估

利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站2013年9月1日至2014年8月31日一个完整年的观测资料,对陆面过程模式CLM4.5在青藏高原(下称高原)高寒草甸下垫面地表能量交换的模拟性能进行了评估。模拟结果表明,CLM4.5能够较好的模拟高原春季、夏季和秋季非冻结期地面长波、反射辐射和地表净辐射、感热和潜热通量以及地表土壤热通量等的季节变化和日循环特征。但对冬季冻结期地表温度的模拟偏低,导致模拟与观测的感热反相,对地面反射辐射模拟偏大。截断冬季降水的敏感性试验进一步指出,模式冬季反射辐射偏大主要是由于积雪引起的地表反照率偏高造成,进而造成地表温度以及感热通量的模拟偏低。因此,高原积雪参数化方案以及与积雪相关的反照率参数化方案还需进一步改进和完善。     

高寒草甸生态系统陆地生物圈模式研究及应用

改进了适合于高寒草甸生态系统的陆地生物圈模式，分析了模式中温度变化与水分运动分层的物理原因，说明了气候状况对地表面能量交换的影响，给出了净辐射和蒸散量新的计算方法，提出了有限差分计算中具有二阶精度的Euler隐式格式，介绍了中国科学院海北高寒草甸生态站的气候概况和野外观测情况。最后利用本模式对高寒草甸生态站地区的土壤－－植被－－大气间水热交换过程进行了数值模拟，模拟值与实测值吻合较好。     

那曲高寒草地长时间地面热源特征及其气候影响因子分析

利用中国科学院那曲高寒气候环境观测研究站2002—2015年自动气象塔(AWS_Tower)和2011—2014年涡动相关系统(EC)的观测资料,基于地表能量平衡组合法和涡动相关法计算那曲高寒草地下垫面湍流通量。利用涡动相关法对地表能量平衡组合法计算的感热通量、潜热通量进行校正,并将校正规律外推得到一个长时间连续的地表通量序列,分析那曲高寒草地下垫面感热通量、潜热通量的长时间变化特征以及地面热源与气候影响因子的关系。结果表明,该序列地表能量闭合度在春、夏、秋以及全年接近1,而冬季辐射观测值偏小导致能量闭合度正偏差较大为1. 34。近14年中,感热通量在年际变化上呈上升趋势;潜热通量呈显著减弱趋势,造成地面热源呈减弱趋势。地面热源与风速、地表温度、土壤湿度以及净辐射通量资料的关系显著。其中地面热源全年对净辐射通量响应显著,对地表温度在春、秋以及冬季响应显著,与土壤湿度在春、夏以及秋季响应明显,与风速在春季响应特征较为突出。季节变化上,感热通量在4月达到全年最大值,在7月为最小值;潜热通量在7月为全年最大值,在1月为最小值。     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡高寒草甸生态系统CO2通量日变化与月变化特征

采用涡度相关法,对珠穆朗玛峰北坡高寒草甸生长季与非生长季(2005年5～7月、10月、11月及2006年2月、3月)的CO2通量进行了观测.分析结果表明,在生长季,CO2通量存在明显的日变化,08:00～19:00(北京时,下同)为CO2净吸收,20:00～09:00为C02净排放.6月,CO2通量峰值出现在11:00左右为-0.61g·m-2·h-1;而7月,CO2通量峰值出现在14:00,达到-0.86g·m-2·h-1.从月变化来看,5月为CO2净排放,月总量为89g·CO2·m-2,6月和7月均为CO2净吸收阶段,月吸收总量分别为70g·CO2·m-2和104g·CO2·m-2;而10月,植物枯黄,生态系统转为碳排放,月排放量约为50g·CO2·m-2,与次年3月份月总量(52g·Co2·m-2)接近,而11月份与次年2月份的月排放量接近(分别是23g·CO2·m-2,25g·CO2·m-2).非生长季(2月)CO2通量日变化振幅很小,除14:00～19:00少量的CO2净排放外(0.14g·m-2·h-1左右),其余时间CO2接近零.     

台风过程对广西红树林净生态系统碳交换的影响研究

为研究台风过程对广西红树林净生态系统碳交换的影响,利用北海红树林生态观测试验站涡度相关系统观测的红树林碳通量和气象观测数据,分析台风"韦帕"登陆前后红树林净生态系统碳交换变化特征及其与气象因子的响应关系.结果表明:(1)红树林净生态系统碳交换碳汇峰值在台风登陆前递增并达到极值,台风登陆时碳汇峰值迅速降低,而在台风登陆后...     

基于通量方差法对青藏高原东侧高寒草甸地表通量的估算

利用位于青藏高原东侧理塘大气综合观测站2008年观测资料,分析了高寒草甸下垫面上地表通量的时间变化特征,确定了温度、水汽和CO₂的归一化标准差在不稳定情况下随稳定度变化的通量方差关系,应用通量方差法对感热、潜热和CO₂通量进行了计算,并与涡旋相关系统的观测结果进行了比较。结果表明：地表通量月平均日变化呈较为规则的日循环特征,季节变化特征也很明显,雨季（5-9月）潜热大于感热,干季则以感热为主,CO₂通量以6-9月值最大。在不稳定条件下,温度、水汽和CO₂的归一化标准差随稳定度的变化均满足-1/3规律,其通量方差相似性常数分别为1.2,1.4和0.9。通量方差法估算出的通量值与涡旋相关观测得到的通量值有较好的一致性,但感热通量的效果优于潜热通量和CO₂通量。该方法高估了感热通量尤其是潜热通量,而低估了CO₂通量。采用直接观测的感热通量值计算潜热通量和CO₂通量可改善计算结果。     

近20年青藏高原典型高寒草甸化草原植物物候变化特征

利用1997-2016年青藏高原东北部中国气象局海北牧业气象观测站典型高寒草甸化草原9种优势植物的物候资料对物候期变化特征进行了研究,并结合物候变化特征分析了青藏高原物候研究中存在的一些问题。结果表明:(1) 9种优势植物中大部分植物的物候变化:在第100～115天之间返青,在第265～285天之间黄枯,开花期出现的时间差异较大,从第120天到第230天不等;(2) 9种优势植物的返青、黄枯和开花等物候期都没有呈现一致的规律性变化,表明植物对气候变化的响应存在明显的种间差异;(3)种间差异将改变群落结构,群落结构的改变又会重塑该生境的种间关系,长期过程中植物和气候变化之间交互影响,动态调整着基本稳定的耦合关系。而大量基于遥感数据的物候研究弱化了对物候变化种间差异的揭示。     

卫星反演降水资料在青藏高原地区的适用性分析

利用2000—2012年青藏高原附近地区251个台站的降水观测资料评估了CMOR.PH、PERSI—ANN、TRMM3B41RT、TRMM3B42RT和TRMM3B42V7等5种卫星反演降水资料在青藏高原地区的差异性和一致性。结果表明,5种卫星反演降水资料均能较好地表征降水量在青藏高原地区从东南向西北递减和夏季降水多、冬季降水少的特征。通过分析相对误差和空间相关系数表明,5种卫星资料在夏季的反演效果最好、冬季最差,白天好于夜间。相对于其他4种资料,TRMM3B42V7资料与观测值之间的差异最小,除了冬季一段较短时间内空间相关系数较低外,一年之中大部分时段空间相关系数都在0.5以上。CMORPH仅次于TRMM3B42V7,在青藏高原地区的适用性也较好;对不同等级降水频数的反演效果表明,CMORPH和TRMM3B42V7反演的小雨降水频数与台站观测值基本一致,高估了大雨和暴雨的降水频数,而TRMM3B42V7对中雨降水频数的反演较为合理。     

Direct Radiative Effect of Aerosols on Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange in the Pearl River Delta Region

The environmental impact of aerosols is currently a hot issue that has received worldwide attention. Lacking simultaneous observations of aerosols and carbon flux, the understanding of the aerosol radiative effect of urban agglomeration on the net ecosystem carbon exchange(NEE) is restricted. In 2009-2010, an observation of the aerosol optical property and CO_2 flux was carried out at the Dongguan Meteorological Bureau Station(DMBS) using a sun photometer and eddy covariance systems. The different components of photosynthetically active radiation(PAR),including global PAR(GPAR), direct PAR(DPAR), and scattered PAR(FPAR), were calculated using the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer(SBDART) model. The effects of PAR on the NEE between land-atmosphere systems were investigated. The results demonstrated that during the study period the aerosol optical depth(AOD)reduced the DPAR by 519.28±232.89 μmol photons · m~(-2)s~(-1);, but increased the FPAR by 324.93±169.85μmol photons ·m~(-2)s~(-1);, ultimately leading to 194.34±92.62 μmol photons · m~(-2)s~(-1); decrease in the GPAR. All the PARs(including GPAR,DPAR, and FPAR) resulted in increases in the NEE(improved carbon absorption), but the FPAR has the strongest effect with the light use efficiency(LUE) being 1.12 times the values for the DPAR. The absorption of DPAR by the vegetation exhibited photo-inhibition in the radiation intensity 600 photons · m~(-2)s~(-1); in contrast, the absorptions of FPAR did not exhibit apparent photo-inhibition. Compared with the FPAR caused by aerosols, the DPAR was not the primary factor affecting the NEE. On the contrary, the increase in AOD significantly increased the FPAR, enhancing the LUE of vegetation ecosystems and finally promoting the photosynthetic CO_2 absorption.     

Satellite observation of surface albedo over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau Region

A method has been developed to determine the surface albedo over the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau region from NOAA polar orbiter AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data. The empirical rela-tionship between clear-sky planetary and surface albedos is established the basis of surface global radiation measurements and the specified ratio between atmospheric reflection and absoption of solar radiation. The method is applied to the Qinghai-Xizang region with several measurements during the period of Sep. to Nov., 1985. A comparison is presented between the estimated surface albedos and that of surface observation. The results show that the presented method is suitable to detecting the spatial and temporal variation of surface albedo and is relevant for climatologies studies. The possible error sources and improvements are discussed as well.     

青藏高原单点地气交换过程的模拟试验

利用GAME-Tibet 1998 IOPs的外场观测资料,采用单点陆面过程气柱模式CLSM对青藏高原的昌都(Amdo)站和改则(Gaize)站的地气交换过程进行了模拟试验,模拟结果与观测分析的对比表明：模式对两个站陆面特征的变化和陆气之间的交换给出了比较合理的模拟结果,模拟结果与观测结果较一致。这在一定程度上表明,CLSM模式具有描述夏季高原地区两种不同下垫面陆面状况基本过程的能力。     

On Measuring Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange Over Tall Vegetation on Complex Terrain

To assess annual budgets of CO₂ exchange betweenthe biosphere and atmosphere over representativeecosystems, long-term measurements must be made overecosystems that do not exist on ideal terrain. How tointerpret eddy covariance measurements correctlyremains a major task. At present, net ecosystemCO₂ exchange is assessed, by members of themicrometeorological community, as the sum of eddycovariance measurements and the storage of CO₂ inthe underlying air. This approach, however, seemsunsatisfactory as numerous investigators are reportingthat it may be causing nocturnal respiration fluxdensities to be underestimated.A new theory was recently published by Lee (1998, Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 91: 39–50) for assessing net ecosystem-atmosphere CO₂ exchange(N_e) over non-ideal terrain. Itincludes a vertical advection term. We apply thisequation over a temperate broadleaved forest growingin undulating terrain. Inclusion of the verticaladvection term yields hourly, daily and annual sums ofnet ecosystem CO₂ exchange that are moreecologically correct during the growing season.During the winter dormant period, on the other hand,corrected CO₂ flux density measurements of anactively respiring forest were near zero. Thisobservation is unrealistic compared to chambermeasurements and model calculations. Only duringmidday, when the atmosphere is well-mixed, domeasurements of N_e match estimatesbased on model calculations and chamber measurements. On an annual basis, sums of N_ewithout the advection correction were 40% too large,as compared with computations derived from a validatedand process-based model. With the inclusion of theadvection correction term, we observe convergencebetween measured and calculated values ofN_e on hourly, daily and yearly time scales. We cannot, however, conclude that inclusion of aone-dimensional, vertical advection term into thecontinuity equation is sufficient for evaluatingCO₂ exchange over tall forests in complexterrain. There is an indication that the neglected term,( c¯/ x), isnon-zero and that CO₂ may be leakingfrom the sides of the control volume during the winter. In this circumstance, forest floor CO₂ effluxdensities exceed effluxes measured above the canopy.     

Estimation of Turbulent Fluxes Using the Flux-Variance Method over an Alpine Meadow Surface in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau

The flux-variance similarity relation and the vertical transfer of scalars exhibit dissimilarity over different types of surfaces,resulting in different parameterization approaches of relative transport efficiency among scalars to estimate turbulent fluxes using the flux-variance method.We investigated these issues using eddycovariance measurements over an open,homogeneous and flat grassland in the eastern Tibetan Plateau in summer under intermediate hydrological conditions during rainy season.In unstable conditions,the temperature,water vapor,and CO2 followed the flux-variance similarity relation,but did not show in precisely the same way due to different roles(active or passive) of these scalars.Similarity constants of temperature,water vapor and CO2 were found to be 1.12,1.19 and 1.17,respectively.Heat transportation was more efficient than water vapor and CO2.Based on the estimated sensible heat flux,five parameterization methods of relative transport efficiency of heat to water vapor and CO2 were examined to estimate latent heat and CO2 fluxes.The strategy of local determination of flux-variance similarity relation is recommended for the estimation of latent heat and CO2 fluxes.This approach is better for representing the averaged relative transport efficiency,and technically easier to apply,compared to other more complex ones.     

青藏高原降雪的气候学分析

青藏高原上的自然天气季节和大气环流与我国东部平原极不相同,因此,高原上的降雪,无论是时空分布,或者是降雪天气系统都有很多特殊性。 本文根据1966—1975年青藏高原气象资料,阐述了高原上自然降雪的时空分布特点和形成的物理条件;归纳出有利于降雪的六种天气型式;分析了大气环流季节变化与高原降雪之间的联系。高原降雪主要集中发生在冬夏环流的转换季节。