不同类型热液金矿系统的流体包裹体特征

针对当前一些文献未能较好解释包裹体研究结果的科学涵义,甚至出现矿床地质描述与流体包裹体研究结果自相矛盾的现象,本文试图以金矿床为例,建立科学而简便易行的矿床地质与包裹体特征之间的链接.为此,本文简单评述了现有金矿床成因分类方案(表1),建议以主导成矿系统发育的地质作用特征划分5种类型:①浆控高温热液型,包括斑岩型、爆破角砾岩型、铁氧化物型、夕卡岩型等岩浆热液型矿床;②造山型,即变质热液型;③浅成低温热液型--陆相火山岩-次火山岩中的改造热液型;④微细粒浸染型(卡林型或/类卡林型)--沉积岩容矿的改造热液型;⑤热水沉积型(VMS型和SEDEX型)--水下喷出地表的改造热液型'VMS型和SEDEX型.指出了各类矿床成矿构造模型(图1)     

大兴安岭北部小伊诺盖沟金矿床流体包裹体特征及地质意义

小伊诺盖沟金矿床位于大兴安岭北部额尔古纳地块,其地质、地球化学特征与产于大兴安岭中生代火山岩地区的浅成低温热液型金矿床具有明显区别。本文通过矿床流体包裹体岩相学、显微测温学和包裹体激光拉曼光谱分析研究成矿流体性质,探讨矿床成因类型。研究结果表明,流体包裹体有气液两相、含CO2三相和纯CO2包裹体3种类型。气相成分以CO2为主,其次是H2O,总体属NaCl-H2O-CO2体系;流体包裹体的盐度低,介于2.1%~8.5% NaCl eqv之间;包裹体均一温度介于169~493℃之间,平均为295℃,属中温热液矿床。其成矿压力为38~172MPa,平均93MPa,对应的成矿深度为4~11km,平均8km。小伊诺盖沟金矿床的地质-地球化学特征与世界造山型金矿类似,应属造山型金矿,其形成于蒙古-中朝板块与西伯利亚板块之间的陆-陆碰撞造山环境。     

湖南新宁星子岩锑矿流体包裹体特征及矿床成因

湖南新宁县星子岩锑矿位于钦杭结合带中段湘中盆地内,脉状矿体受NE向硅化破碎带控制,直接容矿围岩为下寒武统香楠组碳质板岩和硅质板岩。文中对星子岩锑矿进行系统的矿物生成序列研究,将成矿过程分为两期3个阶段,即沉积期以碳质板岩内球状黄铁矿为代表,热液期早阶段脉状辉锑矿石英脉(局部夹围岩角砾)和晚阶段辉锑矿方解石脉。为进一步限定其成因,选取热液期与辉锑矿共生的早阶段石英和晚阶段的方解石进行流体包裹体研究。包裹体岩相学研究表明,热液期石英和方解石内广泛发育流体包裹体,主要类型为纯H2O型和CO2-H2O型流体包裹体。激光拉曼测试表明,CO2-H2O型包裹体气相主要成分为CO2,液相主要成分为H2O。显微测温过程中,当降温时可见CO2-H2O型包裹体由气液两相变为三相,其初熔温度为-60.0~-56.6 ℃,CO2部分均一温度为3.7~28.5 ℃,完全均一温度介于113~266 ℃,CO2笼合物熔化温度为3.0~9.6 ℃,对应的流体盐度w(NaCleqv.)为0.8%~12.0%。星子岩锑矿流体包裹体的中低温、低盐度和含CO2的特征与造山型金矿的变质流体成矿特征相吻合。综合星子岩锑矿的成矿大地构造背景、矿床地质和成矿流体特征,星子岩锑矿的精细成矿过程为：钦杭结合带在印支-燕山期发生强烈的陆壳叠置作用,富碳质含黄铁矿的寒武系地层发生变质变形脱挥发分作用,形成中低温、低盐度、富CO2和富集锑元素的变质热液;变质热液向上运移过程中,温度压力降低发生相分离,导致CO2逸失和流体沸腾作用,大量辉锑矿沉淀,最终形成有经济价值的矿体。湖南星子岩锑矿的矿床地质特征和成矿过程与造山型金矿一致,因此其成因类型为造山型锑矿。     

新疆西天山托克赛铅锌矿床叠加成矿作用——来自流体包裹体及H-O同位素的制约

托克赛中型铅锌矿位于西天山成矿带赛里木微地块。矿床成矿过程划分为喷流沉积、变质改造和岩浆热液3个时期。喷流沉积期具典型SEDEX矿床特征,"岩控性"与"层控性"明显,成矿流体以海水为主;变质改造期发育富液相包裹体,包裹体均一温度210℃～271℃,w(NaCleq)为12.7%～13.6%,成矿流体主要来源于变质热液;岩浆热液期发育富气相、富液相和含子矿物包裹体,包裹体均一温度190℃～341℃、w(NaCleq)为4.8%～40.8%,成矿流体主要为岩浆水与大气水的混合。矿床的矿源层形成于古元古代的海底喷流沉积环境,后期经历了变质改造和岩浆热液叠加成矿作用。     

福建德化地区东洋浅成热液金矿床成矿作用与成因研究

为揭示福建德化东洋金矿床的成因,进行了矿床地质、流体包裹体和氢-氧、硫、铅同位素的系统研究。结果显示成矿流体接近于大气降水;硫元素具有深源硫的特征;铅同位素表明成矿物质来源于古老下地壳。综合研究结果表明该矿床的初始成矿流体为中高温、低密度、低盐度的岩浆热液,沸腾作用以及大气水混合是成矿物质卸载的主要因素,矿床成因属于与次火山岩岩浆作用有关的浅成热液低硫化型金矿床。     

新疆萨热阔布金矿床流体包裹体研究及矿床成因

新疆萨热阔布金矿床位于阿尔泰造山带南缘克兰火山-沉积盆地内,矿体呈脉状产于康布铁堡组上亚组地层中(D1k2)。不同成矿阶段石英脉中广泛发育流体包裹体,可划分为H2O-CO2包裹体(C型)、纯CO2包裹体(PC型)、水溶液包裹体(W型)及含子矿物多相包裹体(S型)四类。测温结果显示,成矿早阶段主要发育C型和PC型包裹体,均一温度范围为271～446℃,流体盐度介于5.9%～8.4%NaCleqv之间;中阶段主要发育C、PC、W和S型包裹体,均一温度低于早阶段,为236～374℃,流体盐度介于4.8%～15.0%NaCleqv之间;晚阶段主要发育W型包裹体,均一温度范围为139～264℃,流体盐度介于1.1%～6.9%NaCleqv之间。对成矿压力和深度的估算表明,成矿压力为90～330MPa,成矿深度为9～12km。综上所述,萨热阔布金矿成矿流体具有富CO2、中低盐度的变质流体特征,流体沸腾导致了成矿物质的沉淀。结合矿床地质特征,萨热阔布金矿床属于造山型金矿床。     

阿拉善碱泉子金矿矿床地质和流体包裹体特征及其与小秦岭文峪金矿床的对比

论文通过对碱泉子金矿床和文峪金矿床成矿地质背景的认识,得出了两矿床的矿床地质特征都显示了明显的造山型热液金矿床的矿床地质特点。在此基础上对比研究了两矿床的流体包裹体特征及氢氧同位素组成特征。研究结果表明,两矿床的成矿流体均以中温、低盐度、高CO2含量为特征,这些特征也吻合了典型的造山型热液金矿床成矿流体的基本特征;两矿床氢氧同位素组成的数据投影点主要落在变质水与岩浆水的混合区附近、并有向大气降水漂移的趋势。基于以上分析结果,推断出两矿床在成矿机制方面也有很大的相似性,并由此探讨了碱泉子金矿床的成矿机制特点。     

辽南隈子金矿成矿地质特征及成因讨论

隈子金矿床与辽河群盖县组合金硅质体关系密切，硅质体属于变质分异而成。矿床成因类型为变质－岩浆热液叠加改造型。矿床的形成过程可分为三大阶段：原始分散型矿源体阶段、变质再生型矿源体阶段、岩浆热液叠加改造型成矿阶段。辽南大多数金矿床的形成过程与隈子金矿相似。初步建立了这类与变质－岩浆作用有关的系列金矿床成矿模式。     

河南省栾川县石窑沟钼矿床地质特征和流体包裹体研究

为探讨石窑沟钼矿床的矿床成因,本文开展了系统的地质及成矿流体特征研究。根据矿脉穿切关系,将热液成矿过程分为早、中、晚3个阶段,其矿物组合分别为石英-钾长石-黄铁矿-辉钼矿、石英-多金属硫化物和石英-方解石±黄铁矿。研究发现,成矿早、中阶段产出的石英中有水溶液包裹体、纯CO2包裹体、H2O-CO2类包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体,而成矿晚阶段产出的石英中仅有水溶液包裹体;对不同阶段包裹体的显微测温和激光拉曼测试结果显示,成矿早阶段成矿流体以高温、高盐度、高氧化性、富CO2为特征;中阶段流体发生沸腾,导致CO2逃逸,还原性增强,成矿物质沉淀;晚阶段流体以低温、低盐度、贫CO2为特征。流体沸腾可能是引起辉钼矿沉淀的重要原因。     

西藏班-怒带西段荣那铜（金）矿床流体包裹体特征及矿床成因

荣那铜(金)矿床是班公湖-怒江缝合带西段新发现的矿床,是多龙矿集区的重要组成矿床之一,已探明储量达大型规模,具有超大型矿床的成矿潜力。荣那铜(金)矿床矿石矿相学与岩相学研究显示其具有典型高硫化型浅成低温热液型矿床的矿物组合(明矾石、硫砷铜矿等)和矿化蚀变特征。通过资料收集与野外观察,本文将荣那铜(金)矿床的成矿过程划分为石英-黄铁矿阶段、石英-多金属硫化物阶段与碳酸盐阶段,其中石英-多金属硫化物阶段为主成矿阶段。为查明该矿床的成矿流体特征,进一步确定矿床成因类型,对取自深部矿石中的石英脉(均为主成矿阶段含黄铁矿、黄铜矿石英脉)开展了流体包裹体的岩相学观察、显微测温和激光拉曼光谱分析。结果表明,上述矿物中主要发育富液相、富气相和含子矿物三相包裹体;富液相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为:80~440℃和4.63%~11.95%NaCl eqv;富气相包裹体的均一温度和盐度分别为:320~440℃和5.55%~10.74%NaCl eqv;含子矿物三相包裹体的均一温度与盐度分别为200~400℃和29.4%~32.56%NaCl eqv;富液相与富气相包裹体的气体成分除少量N2外,气体成分均为H2O。综合分析认为,荣那矿床成矿流体发生了强烈的沸腾作用,流体沸腾作用是该矿床的重要成矿机制。可见,荣那矿床具有高硫型浅成低温热液矿床的矿物组合及蚀变特征,但主成矿阶段石英脉流体包裹体特征与典型斑岩型铜(金)矿床的流体包裹体特征相似。因此,推测荣那高硫型浅成低温热液铜金矿的深部存在斑岩型铜金矿化,该矿床应属浅成低温热液型-斑岩型铜金矿床。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861