干旱半干旱区土壤水分研究进展

土壤水分调控着陆表-大气相互作用过程,是土壤-植物-大气连续体水分和能量交换的重要影响因子,也是影响生态系统水文、生物和生物化学过程的关键因素,是陆地生态系统中不可或缺的组成部分.本文简要回顾和评述了土壤水分点、面尺度的监测、分析方法,系统阐述了干旱半干旱区土壤水分的国内外研究进展,并结合目前的研究进展,提出了未来干旱...     

模拟增温和改变降雨频率对干旱半干旱区土壤呼吸的影响

温度和降水是干旱半干旱区土壤呼吸的重要扰动因子,全球气候变化导致的未来干旱半干旱区增温和降水变率增大对土壤呼吸有着重要影响.研究通过人工设置P16×2.5mm、P8×5mm、P4×10mm、P2×20mm、P1×40mm的降雨频率梯度和增温2℃左右的控制试验,探讨不同降雨频率和增温处理对干旱半干旱区土壤呼吸的影响,以及...     

The progress and prospects of nebkhas in arid areas

Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas. This paper reviews the following aspects, including formation and succession, spatial distribution, shape and surface airflow characteristics, balance between erosion and deposition, ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation, response to precipitation and groundwater, soil properties as well as the protection measures. We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods, and shape characteristics, surface airflow, soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood, which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors. Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation, while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected, which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas. Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation, soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors. In addition, positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed. According to the data got from the above, effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored.     

The progress and prospects of nebkhas in arid areas

Nebkhas are often extensively distributed in arid and semi-arid areas, and play an important role in the stabilization of ecological environment in these areas. This paper reviews the following aspects, including formation and succession, spatial distribution, shape and surface airflow characteristics, balance between erosion and deposition, ecological and physiological characteristics of vegetation, response to precipitation and groundwater, soil properties as well as the protection measures. We found that nebkhas were studied without differentiation of succession periods, and shape characteristics, surface airflow, soil properties as well as vegetation dynamics in different succession periods were not fully understood, which made it difficult to explain the succession dynamics of nebkhas and its affecting factors. Previous studies of nebkhas were over-emphasized for its role as an indicator of land degradation, while its ecological functions in degraded ecosystems were neglected, which was unfavorable for the ecological restorations in arid and semi-arid areas. Future studies should pay more attention to the variation of vegetation, soil as well as hydrological process in the succession of nebkhas and its interaction between different influencing factors. In addition, positive role of nebkhas in degraded ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas should be fully discussed. According to the data got from the above, effective protection measures of nebkhas should be explored.     

干旱对河西走廊植被净初级生产力的影响

干旱对生态系统碳循环具有重要影响,随着气候变暖,全球干旱事件频率不断上升,研究干旱对植被净初级生产力的影响具有重要意义.提高植被净初级生产力(NPP)的时间分辨率是认识干旱对其影响机制的重要途径.基于5天NDVI遥感数据,以河西走廊为研究区,利用CASA模型估算2010-2015年5天步长尺度的NPP,将5天降水为零定...     

Spatial distribution dynamics of topsoil moisture in shrub microenvironment after rain events in arid and semi-arid areas by means of high-resolution maps

Understanding the dynamic patch mosaic of topsoil moisture on arid hillsides has implications for understanding eco-geomorphic processes. The present study used high-resolution maps to investigate the spatial distribution of moisture in the topsoil on the shrub microenvironment scale, and its dynamics during the first days after rain events. These maps were acquired by a thermal infrared (TIR) method, based on close-range TIR imaging and on a model in which spatially consecutive TIR data are converted into soil moisture values. The main results show that, in addition to the general diminishing trend of topsoil moisture content, and in spite of the specific differences between the two research sites, there was, in both arid and semi-arid zones, a general spatio-temporal pattern of topsoil moisture in a shrub microenvironment during the first days after rainfall. This pattern is manifested in the presence of a changing moist patch under the shrub, and diminishing moisture content gradients, from the shrub center towards the bare soil that vary over space and time. An improved understanding of surface water resources is gained from investigations of the spatio-temporal patterns of soil moisture during and following rainfall events.     

干旱区绿洲的成因类型及演变

绿洲是伴随干旱区荒漠环境的形成而形成的。天然绿洲形成与水、土条件关系密切,人工绿洲形成则与水土及矿产资源开发有关。荒漠区绿洲受水、土条件的限制,具有沿河流冲积平原呈带状,在河流出山口呈扇状或点状分布的特点。绿洲分布模式主要有沿河道线状分布、沿河谷阶地层状分布、沿山麓平原片状分布、沿断层或洼地泉水出露地点零星点状分布等4种。基于绿洲形成与水、土关系密切,而地貌及其过程对水、土条件有制约作用的事实,考虑绿洲成因类型及其演变过程,以绿洲“状态成因”为分类原则,选取(1)绿洲的地名;(2)绿洲形成的地貌形态成因类型;(3)天然植被类型与人工绿洲形成结果等为指标,进行绿洲成因类型的划分。各绿洲成因类型的特点不同。在人为与自然因素的综合作用下,绿洲类型常发生由天然绿洲→人工绿洲、绿洲→荒漠或荒漠→人工绿洲演变,其演变模式主要有6种。     

干旱区绿洲生态研究及其进展

随着干旱区绿洲生态研究的进展,对绿洲内涵的认识和理解也不断得以深入和完善.在归纳总结了众多学者对干旱区域绿洲生态研究状况的基础上,从绿洲的定义、生态系统结构以及绿洲生态研究的主要方向进行了较为详尽的阐述.     

甘肃省城乡统筹发展程度地域差异及其机理研究

基于ESDA-GIS的空间分析框架,利用甘肃省2007年87个县(市、区)的统计数据,对其城乡统筹发展水平总体和局部空间差异格局进行了研究。首先对统计数据进行了概括性因子分析,随后对县域统筹发展水平的空间结构进行了探索性分析,最后将城乡统筹发展水平的局域空间自相关系数按县级行政单元进行聚类。结果表明:甘肃省域范围内城乡统筹发展水平呈现西高东低,北高南低的格局,并具有增长极带动下的区域整体发展特点;地区城乡统筹发展空间差异显著,在空间上体现出两极俱乐部趋同的集聚态势;各县级行政单元自身的政府调控水平和建设水平组合特征不均衡,各项指标非平行发展。ESDA-GIS空间分析方法可以清楚地解释城乡统筹发展水平的空间异质性问题,并且具有直观的可视化效果。     

干旱半干旱区山地森林类型的土壤水文特征

处于中国西北干旱半干旱区的山地森林以独特的水文作用成为山前平原及川区绿洲生态经济系统稳定发展的基础。以无林地为对照,对典型山地森林祁连山水源涵养林区4种主要林分类型的土壤水文物理性状、土壤入渗特性及土壤贮水性能进行定位研究,结果表明:(1)不同林分类型的土壤容重、孔隙度和孔隙比等表征土壤水文物理性质的指标明显好于无林地,且0～20 cm土层好于20～40 cm。各指标林地间差异较大,其中青海云杉林和湿性灌丛林好于祁连圆柏林,干性灌丛林较差。(2)乘幂方程能较好的反映研究地区不同林分的土壤入渗过程,有林地入渗性能好于无林地,青海云杉林、湿性灌丛林、祁连圆柏林、干性灌丛林的平均渗透速率值分别是无林地(1.68 mm/min)的15.72,13.39,3.55,1.94倍。(3)有林地的土壤吸持、滞留贮水量、土壤涵蓄降水量、有效涵蓄量均表现为青海云杉林>湿性灌丛林>祁连圆柏林>干性灌丛林>无林地,且0～20 cm土壤贮水性能好于20～40 cm。说明在涵养水源和水分有效性方面,青海云杉林和湿性灌丛林优于祁连圆柏林和干性灌丛林。从涵蓄水分、涵养水源角度来考虑,可优先考虑青海云杉林和湿性灌丛林。