Wave interpretation of major Baltic inflows

The water dynamics in the straits between the North and Baltic seas during two major Baltic inflows that took place in the January of 1993 and 2003 is investigated using satellite altimetry data. It is found that the water mass surge to the eastern coast of the North Sea occurs before the beginning of the major Baltic inflow, and the sea level difference between the two seas is ~60 cm. Low-frequency fluctuations in the sea level and its wave parameters are studied. The wavelet analysis and the frequency-directed spectral analysis reveal the wave nature of the mechanisms leading to major Baltic inflows. The empirical characteristics of the obtained low-frequency waves are compared with the theoretical dispersion relations for the gradient-vorticity waves. Sea level variations during major Baltic inflows in the Danish Straits are identified as baroclinic Rossby waves. The analysis of cyclonic activity in the Northern Hemisphere demonstrated that stationary cyclones were observed during the inflows; this proves the feasibility of the resonance mechanism of the generation of major Baltic inflows.     

On the spatiotemporal structure and mechanisms of the Neva River flood formation

A comparative contribution of the sea level oscillations of various time scales (long-term, seasonal, synoptic, and mesoscale) to the formation of the Neva River floods is estimated. The identification of the Neva River flood waves as the long gravity ones existing nowadays is called in question. The comparison of estimated characteristics of flood waves with the theoretical variance relations of different types of long waves is carried out. This comparison as well as the results of analysis of meteorological information and numerical experiments carried out before on the basis of the hydrodynamic model of the Baltic Sea demonstrate that the Neva River flood waves are identified as the forced baroclinic topographic waves generated as a result of the resonance between the anemobaric forces in atmospheric cyclones and low-frequency eigenmodes of the open Baltic Sea-Gulf of Finland system.     

寒潮过程中风浪对黄海海气热量通量和动量通量影响研究

采用2009—2013年CFSR(Climate Forecast System Reanalysis)大气和海洋再分析资料对黄海海气间热量通量和动量通量的特征进行统计分析,并通过FVCOMSWAVE浪流耦合模式对典型寒潮过程中风浪的影响效果进行模拟研究与对比分析。统计结果显示,通量受海表大风、海气温差及海洋环流等因子影响,秋冬季节强烈,春夏季节相对较弱,在寒潮活跃的冷季该海域的海流处于弱流期,风浪对海面通量的作用明显增强。海温特征也显示冷季的不稳定性显著强于暖季,因此该海域冷季具有更强的海气热量通量。沿岸站点的比较显示,南部吕泗站面向更开阔的东海海域,其平均波高高出北部20%左右。这与沿海南部通量强于北部特征对应。数值模拟显示,在寒潮过程中,海气界面热量通量和动量通量输送比多年月平均状态显著增强,动量通量增大1~5倍,热量通量增大1~6倍。寒潮过程入海冷锋走向、强度、移动方向显著影响海面热量通量和动量通量大值区的分布。偏北路寒潮纬向型冷锋入海,其强度东部大于西部,造成通量大值区形成在黄海东北部,而偏西路寒潮经向型冷锋入海,其强度南部大于北部,造成通量大值区形成在黄海南部。同时偏北路径寒潮强度大于偏西路径,海气动量通量响应较偏西路径强约25%,热量通量强约50%。耦合风浪作用的模拟显示,海气间热量通量和动量通量明显增大,对不同强度风浪,浪高增加1.5倍,动量通量最大值增大约2倍,热量通量增大10~160 W/m2;浪高减弱至0.5倍,动量通量最大值则减弱约40%,热量通量减小10~55 W/m2。冷锋及其驱动的风浪强烈影响区域海气通量时空特征。     

On the resonance-wave mechanism of major Baltic inflows

The features of the spatiotemporal variability of the sea level in the North and Baltic seas during the periods of formation of major Baltic inflows are investigated using the analysis of satellite altimetry data. It is demonstrated that dramatic drops in the sea level between the Baltic and North seas are observed during a few weeks before major inflows. A process of intensive inflows of the North Sea water to the Baltic Sea is accompanied not only by horizontal motions but also by vertical ones manifested in the increase in convergent flows in the North Sea and divergent flows in the Baltic Sea. A pronounced feature of the low-frequency dynamics of water of the North and Baltic seas is its wave structure. In both seas, low-frequency waves with the periods of 14–36 days propagate with the eastern component of the phase velocity along the isobaths and are identified as barotropic topographic Rossby waves. Phase velocities and lengths of low-frequency waves in the Baltic Sea are smaller by several times than those in the North Sea. Using the data of the analysis of meteorological information, a resonance-wave mechanism of generation of major Baltic inflows is studied.     

A tide in the operational model for short-range forecast of current velocity and sea level in the Barents and White seas

The operational model for the short-range forecast of velocity of currents and the sea level of the Barents and White seas is introduced into the automatic system of operational data processing of Hydrometcenter of Russia and works in the operational mode. The tidal block of the model is verified using eight major harmonics of the tide in the Barents and White seas. It is revealed that the model simulates adequately the large-scale features of tidal circulation in the Barents Sea. The model verification is based on the comparison between the diagnostic computation of the total sea level and the observational data on the sea level from the automatic buoy station. Demonstrated is a good agreement between the total sea level computations and the observations in the area of Teriberka settlement. The model takes account of the ice presence and simulates the ice effects on the currents. It is established that the ice presence affects significantly the amplitude and phase of tidal waves, especially in coastal regions.     

Statistical Characteristics and Modeling of Storm Surges in the North Caspian Sea

The characteristics of storm surges obtained from sea level observations at four hydrometeorological stations in the North Caspian Sea for 2003–2017 are presented. The sea level that by 30 cm exceeds the monthly mean value at the analyzed point of the Caspian Sea was considered as a surge. In total, 370 surges were registered, 83% of them occurred during the cold season (September-April). The maximum surge height was 125 cm, the longest duration was 7 days. The most significant surges on Tyulenii Island were simulated with the operational hydrodynamic model of the sea level and currents of the Caspian Sea using atmospheric forcing from the COSMO model. The mean coefficient of correlation between the simulated and observed sea level is equal to 0.94.     

近海面风场对黄东海域海平面特征影响的分析与模拟

基于1993—2012年TOPEX/Poseidon(T/P)卫星海平面异常SLA(Sea Level Anomaly)数据和FSCR(Climate Forecast System Reanalysis)再分析风场资料,分析黄东海域近20 a海平面的时空分布特征,尤其是不同时间尺度风场影响的变化特征,进而通过区域海洋模式对海面高度短期变化的可能机制进行探讨。结果表明:1)黄东海域海平面多年平均状态为南高北低,近海面季节性风场在岸线分布和海水热膨胀特征下,造成海面冬春季偏低,夏秋季偏高。近20 a黄东海域平均风速逐步减弱,平均海面上升速率为2.9 mm/a。2)风场的短期活动主要为灾害性大风,统计显示冬夏寒潮大风和台风大风均呈频数减少、强度增强的趋势。运用FVCOM(Finite Volume Community Ocean Model)模拟分析台风和寒潮作用下黄东海域海平面的变化,发现台风强风可形成辐散式海流气旋式涡旋,对应海面为下凹负值中心;北路寒潮大风可形成海流反气旋式涡旋,对应海面为上凸正值中心。两类涡旋的强海流部分增强了海面倾斜度。3)强海流部分动能和动量迅速向海水深部下传,无论在深度和强度上,寒潮造成的海流涡旋动能和动量下传比台风涡旋更迅速,更强。这与寒潮降温引起的海洋层结不稳定对流作用有关。     

理想海域中台风引起的潮、流及波的分析 I 开阔海域的情况

采用理论分析与数值计算相结合的方法研究了理想开阔海域中的台风暴潮模型,讨论了开阔海域中移行台风下的海洋响应。分析表明,在开阔的浅海域,台风下的海洋运动以地转流为主,同时又激发出振幅较小的重力惯性流。重力惯性波是由于台风强度或移速的突然变化引起的,其波速通常大于台风移速。台风气压场造成海面升高且基本符合“静压效应”,但产生的正压流场非常微弱。伴随强风的气旋性风场造成的海面下降在台风经过之后可以维持很长时间,从而在台风后面形成一个长达几百公里的尾迹。而台风风应力和气压梯度力的总效果是在台风正前方造成海面上升,正后方造成海面下降。     

夏季东亚副热带西风急流不同尺度波的特征分析

利用1960—2015年NCEP全球再分析日平均资料和中国国家气象站20时的日降水量资料,分析在超长波、长波和天气尺度波的不同尺度纬向风场中,夏季东亚副热带西风急流的空间分布和活动特征,初步研究了不同尺度波的东亚副热带西风急流与典型梅雨异常年降水的关系,通过分析东亚副热带急流的周期性变化,进一步探讨本研究工作的实际应用价值。研究表明,超长波是东亚副热带西风急流扰动的主要成分,与急流位置的演变具有较高的一致性,对于梅雨期间的雨带位置和强度变化均有较好的指示意义;长波、天气尺度波是叠加在超长波上的次低频和中间尺度扰动,后者与梅雨强度的变化有一定对应关系。东亚副热带西风急流与其超长波的位置变化具有明显的单、双周振荡特征,在实际预报业务中可以充分利用超长波的周期性和较高预报技巧,为中期天气分析和预报提供更有价值的参考信息。      

Monitoring sea level changes

Future sea level rise arouses concern because of potentially deleterious impacts to coastal regions. These will stem not only from the loss of land through inundation and erosion, but also from increased frequency of storm floods, with a rising base level, even with no change in storm climatology, and from saltwater intrusion and greater amounts of waterlogging. Current sea level trends are important in formulating an accurate baseline for future projections. Sea level, furthermore, is an important parameter which integrates a number of oceanic and atmospheric processes. The ocean surface demonstrates considerable variability on diurnal, seasonal, and interannual time scales, induced by winds, storm waves, coastal upwelling, and geostrophic currents. Secular trends in sea level arise from changes in global mean temperature and also from crustal deformation on local to regional scales. The challenge facing researchers is how best to extract the climate signal from this noise.This paper re-examines recent estimates of sea level rise, discusses causes of variability in the sea level records, and describes methods employed to filter out some of these contaminating signals. Evidence for trends in long-term sea level records and in extreme events is investigated. Application of satellite geodesy to sea level research is briefly reviewed.     

Drag coefficient and roughness length determinations on an Alaskan Arctic Coast during summer

Field data collected over land and water near Point Lay, Alaska, yielded determinations of the aerodynamic roughness lengths and drag coefficients over three locations on an arctic barrier island and over the Chukchi Sea. The agreement between the results over the sea and previous published results from data taken at approximately the same latitude in the Beaufort Sea is excellent.     

Laboratory simulations of coastally trapped waves with rotation, topography and stratification

We describe observations of the generation and propagation of coastally trapped waves in the laboratory and their comparison with theory, over a range of values of several experimental parameters. The topography and stratification used consisted of a sloping continental shelf and vertical continental slope with three-layer stratification that could be approximated by an extended version of the Gill and Clarke model [Gill, A.E., Clarke, A., 1974. Wind-induced upwelling, coastal currents and sea level changes. Deep Sea Res. 21, 325–345]. The latter was modified to accommodate a central mixed layer, curved geometry, and friction on the shelf. This configuration represents coastal geometry with large Burger number. The experiments were successful in realizing coastally trapped waves that were consistent with the theoretical expectations. However, the waves propagated more slowly, and for narrow shelves were damped more rapidly than predicted by the theory. The first was attributed to: (i) the effect of stratification on fluid on the shelf, reducing the topographic Rossby wave effect; (ii) the parameterization of the viscosity. The second difference was attributed to the mechanism of generation: the paddle used did not always generate sinusoidal waves, and the subsequent dispersion resulted in a net loss of amplitude.     

Recent climate variation in the Bering and Chukchi Seas and its linkages to large-scale circulation in the Pacific

The thermal state of the Bering Sea exhibits interdecadal variations, with distinct changes occurred in 1997–1998. After the unusual thermal condition of the Bering Sea in 1997–1998, we found that the recent climate variability (1999–2010) in the Bering Sea is closely related to Pacific basin-scale atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns. Specifically, warming in the Bering and Chukchi Seas in this period involves sea ice reduction and stronger oceanic heat flux to the atmosphere in winter. The atmospheric response to the recent warming in the Bering and Chukchi Seas resembles the North Pacific Oscillation (NPO) pattern. Further analysis reveals that the recent climate variability in the Bering and Chukchi Seas has strong covariability with large-scale climate modes in the Pacific, that is, the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation and the central Pacific El Niño. In this study, physical connections among the recent climate variations in the Bering and Chukchi Seas, the NPO pattern and the Pacific large-scale climate patterns are investigated via cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function analysis. An additional model experiment using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmospheric Model, version 3, is conducted to support the robustness of the results.     

Simulation and Analysis of Sea Floods in the Don River Delta

Storm surges and wind waves in the Taganrog Bay (the Sea of Azov) are simulated with the ADCIRC+SWAN numerical model, and the mechanisms of the Don River delta flooding are analyzed. It is demonstrated that the most intensive flooding of the Don River delta occurs in case of southwestern wind with the speed of not less than 15 m/s. A storm surge leads to the intensification of wind waves in the whole Taganrog Bay due to the general sea level rise. As a result, the significant wave height near the Don River delta increases by 0.5–0.6 m.     

海冰覆盖度变化下北冰洋海浪研究进展

北冰洋地区海浪的生成和发展会受到海冰范围变化的显著影响.本文介绍了近年来基于浮标、潜标和走航观测,以及卫星遥感和数值模拟等方法开展的不同海冰覆盖度下北冰洋海浪的研究进展,包括海冰覆盖区海浪的传播机制等.北冰洋夏季开阔海域的平均有效波高可达3 m,在风暴期间,波弗特海有效波高可达5 m.除大西洋一侧,夏季北冰洋大部分海域...     

Variations of sea ice temperature from CHINARE 2003 and its application on sea ice model evaluation

Variation of vertical profiles of sea ice temperature and adjacent atmosphere and ocean temperatures were measured by ice drifting buoys deployed in the northeast Chukchi Sea as part of the 2003 Chinese Arctic Research Expedition.The buoy observations (September 2003 to February 2005) show that the cooling of the ice began in late September,propagated down through the ice,reaching the bottom of the ice in December,and continued throughout the winter.In winter 2003/04,some obvious warmings were observed in the upper portion of the ice in response to major warmings in the overlying atmosphere associated with the periodicity of storms in the northeast Chukchi Sea.It is found that the melt season at the buoy site in 2004 was about 15% longer than normal.The buoy observed vertical ice temperature profiles were used as a diagnostic for sea ice model evaluation.The results show that the simulated ice temperature profiles have large discrepancies as compared with the observations.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF OCEANIC ELEMENTS IN THE SCS AND ITS NEIGHBORING SEA REGIONS FROM JANUARY TO AUGUST IN 1998

Studies on oceanic conditions in the South China Sea (SCS) and adjacent waters are helpful for thorough understanding of summer monsoons in East Asia. To have a 3-dimensional picture of how the oceanic currents vary, the oceanic elements in the South China Sea (SCS) and its neighboring sea regions in January～August 1998 have been simulated by using the improved Princeton University Ocean Model (POM) in this paper. The main results are in good agreement with that of ocean investigations and other simulations. The results show that the SCS branch of the Kuroshio Current is an important part in the north SCS from January to August; the SCS warm current is reproduced clearly in all months except in winter; there always exists a large-scale anti-cyclonic vortex on the right of the Kuroshio Current from January to August. In the model domain, the surface currents of the SCS have the closest relations with the monsoon with an apparent seasonal variation. In addition, the developing characteristics of the SST in the SCS and its neighboring sea regions before and after the summer monsoon onset are also well simulated by the improved POM. Those are the foundation for developing a coupled regional ocean-atmospheric model system.     

Determination of parameters of low-frequency internal waves in the coastal zone of a fringing sea using field measurements and basing on the nonlinear theory

A method is presented to determine the quadratic nonlinearity parameter and amplitude of low-frequency internal gravity waves in the coastal zone of a fringing sea, based upon their propagation rate dependence on local value of pycnocline vertical displacement produced by the waves. To test the method, the internal wave field observations in the coastal zone of the Sea of Japan are used. The testing results show that the internal wave parameters calculated using the proposed method and the experimental data are in a good agreement with those calculated from theoretical formulas.     

WAVEWATCHIII模式在渤海海浪预报的应用与检验

大连黄海、渤海海浪数值预报系统采用WAVEWATCHIII模式进行海浪预报,预报产品包括48 h内浪高、周期、浪向的逐3 h预报,并对其进行检验。结果表明：WAVEWATCHIII模式对渤海中部浪高模拟较好,浪高预报TS为71.7 %,对近岸海区浪高模拟相对差些。个例的检验表明,浪高最大值模拟较好,模拟浪高最大值出现的时间与实况基本吻合,浪高变化趋势预报也较好。AVEWATCHIII模式对两个周期个例进行检验,预报误差最低可达到0.17 s,预报效果较好。     

Variability of Fram Strait sea ice export: causes, impacts and feedbacks in a coupled climate model

Analyses of a 500-year control integration of the global coupled atmosphere–sea ice–ocean model ECHAM5.0/MPI-OM show a high variability in the ice export through Fram Strait on interannual to decadal timescales. This variability is mainly determined by variations in the sea level pressure gradient across Fram Strait and thus geostrophic wind stress. Ice thickness anomalies, formed at the Siberian coast and in the Chukchi Sea, propagate across the Arctic to Fram Strait and contribute to the variability of the ice export on a timescale of about 9 years. Large anomalies of the ice export through Fram Strait cause fresh water signals, which reach the Labrador Sea after 1–2 years and lead to significant changes in the deep convection. The associated anomalies in ice cover and ocean heat release have a significant impact on air temperature in the Labrador Sea and on the large-scale atmospheric circulation. This affects the sea ice transport and distribution in the Arctic again. Sensitivity studies, simulating the effect of large ice exports through Fram Strait, show that the isolated effect of a prescribed ice/fresh water anomaly is very important for the climate variability in the Labrador Sea. Thus, the ice export through Fram Strait can be used for predictability of Labrador Sea climate up to 2 years in advance.