渤海盆地现代构造应力场与强震活动

渤海位于北华北新生代裂陷盆地的东部,是一个晚第四纪形成的内陆海盆. 渤海盆地活动断裂发育,地震活动强烈,交会于渤海中部的NE向营口——潍坊断裂带北段、庙西北——黄河口——临邑断裂带及NW向北京——蓬莱断裂带是主要的活动构造带,将海区分成4个次级新构造区,成为现代应力场作用的构造基础. 综合研究38个震源机制解和75个井区应力场等资料,以及构造应力场二维数值模拟计算结果表明,渤海及其邻区现代构造应力场的压应力方向为NE60～90,张应力为SN——NW30;以水平和近水平应力作用为主;不同构造区主应力方向存在一定的差异. 现今渤海地区地壳发育以NNE——NE和NW——WNW走向的共轭剪切破裂为特征,是控制地震活动的主要构造.     

Texture and tectonic attribute of Cenozoic basin basement in the northern South China Sea

Based on the drilling data,the geological characteristics of the coast in South China,and the interpretation of the long seismic profiles covering the Pearl River Mouth Basin and southeastern Hainan Basin,the basin basement in the northern South China Sea is divided into four structural layers,namely,Pre-Sinian crystalline basement,Sinian-lower Paleozoic,upper Paleozoic,and Mesozoic structural layers.This paper discusses the distribution range and law and reveals the tectonic attribute of each structural layer.The Pre-Sinian crystalline basement is distributed in the northern South China Sea,which is linked to the Pre-Sinian crystalline basement of the Cathaysian Block and together they constitute a larger-scale continental block—the Cathaysian-northern South China Sea continental block.The Sinian-lower Paleozoic structural layer is distributed in the northern South China Sea,which is the natural extension of the Caledonian fold belt in South China to the sea area.The sediments are derived from southern East China Sea-Taiwan,Zhongsha-Xisha islands and Yunkai ancient uplifts,and some small basement uplifts.The Caledonian fold belt in the northern South China Sea is linked with that in South China and they constitute the wider fold belt.The upper Paleozoic structural layer is unevenly distributed in the northern South China.In the basement of Beibu Gulf Basin and southwestern Taiwan Basin,the structural layer is composed of the stable epicontinental sea deposit.The distribution areas in the Pearl River Mouth Basin and the southeastern Hainan Basin belong to ancient uplifts in the late Paleozoic,lacking the upper Paleozoic structural layers.The stratigraphic distribution and sedimentary environment in Middle-Late Jurassic to Cretaceous are characteristic of differentiation in the east and the west.The marine,paralic deposit is well developed in the basin basement of southwestern Taiwan but the volcanic activity is not obvious.The marine and paralic facies deposit is distributed in the eastern Pearl River Mouth Basin basement and the volcanic activity is stronger.The continental facies volcano-sediment in the Early Cretaceous is distributed in the basement of the western Pearl River Mouth Basin and Southeastern Hainan Basin.The Upper Cretaceous red continental facies clastic rocks are distributed in the Beibu Gulf Basin and Yinggehai Basin.The NE direction granitic volcanic-intrusive complex,volcano-sedimentary basin,fold and fault in Mesozoic basement have the similar temporal and spatial distribution,geological feature,and tectonic attribute with the coastal land in South China,and they belong to the same magma-deposition-tectonic system,which demonstrates that the late Mesozoic structural layer was formed in the background of active continental margin.Based on the analysis of basement structure and the study on tectonic attribute,the paleogeographic map of the basin basement in different periods in the northern South China Sea is compiled.     

Basic characteristics of recent tectonic stress field in southwest China

Direction and structure characteristics of 58 tectonic stress tensors have been determined in 41 surveyed areas (points) in the southwestern district of China through a calculation method for inversion of tectonic stress tensors from sliding direction of faults, and, in combination with seismic mechanism solution andin-situ stress measurements, the following characteristics of the recent tectonic stress fields in the southwestern district of China have been defined: (1) the stress fields in this district have remained stable since the end of early to mid-Pleistocene; (2) the effect of such tectonic stresses is mainly horizontal; (3) the orientation of the maximum principal stress axis shows a trend of regular rotation from north to south, i. e. from NEE-SWW in northern Songpan and Longmen Shan areas to sub-EW in the central part of western Sichuan, and further to NNW-SWW or sub-SN in Yunnan; (4) the regional tectonic stress fields are of distinct division character; (5) there is well concordance between the main direction and type of stress structures in the stress tate both in deep and shallow parts of the crust. In addition, studies of staged tectonic stress tensors preliminarily show that in early Quaternary the southwestern district was mainly affected by lateral compression of Indian plate, under which the regional tectonic stress fields mainly display NE-sub-EW compression. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 407–417, 1993.     

Recent tectonic stress field research in Shanxi graben system

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Fault slip and modern tectonic stress field in and around Kunming basin

Kunming basin is a Cenozoic faulted basin under the control of mainly SN-trending active faults. In and around the basin, there are a total of eight major active faults. Seismo-geological survey and fault slip observation show that the SN- and NE-trending active faults are mostly sinistral strike-slip faults, while the NW-trending faults are mostly dextral strike-slip faults. Using stress tensor inversion method with 706 active fault striation data at 22 measurement sites, we determined tectonic stress field of the study area. The result shows that modern tectonic stress field in and around Kunming basin is characterized by NNW-SSE compression, ENE-WSW extension, and strike-slip stress regimes. The maximum principal compressional stress (σ1) is oriented 335o~2o, with an average dip angle of 21°; the minimum (σ3) is oriented 44o~93o, with an average dip angle of 14°, and the intermediate (σ2) has a high, or nearly vertical, dip angle. The inversion result from fault slip data is consistent with the result from focal mechanism solutions.     

Fate of three major rivers in the Bohai Sea: A model study

Huanghe (Yellow River), Haihe and Liaohe are three major rivers flowing into the Bohai Sea and account for more than 80% of the freshwater and land-drained material inputs annually. The fate of three rivers in the seawaters correlates with the transport and distribution of the riverine sediments and nutrients, and further exerts a profound influence on the local marine ecosystem dynamics. Therefore, the evolution of the river plumes under the influence of the freshwater buoyancy, the tidal forcing and the wind stress are examined using a three-dimensional primitive equation ocean circulation model, independently and jointly. It is found that both tide and wind stirring can deteriorate the stabilization of the water column caused by the freshwater buoyancy; however, the processes are different. The tide stirring originates from the seafloor due to the bottom friction as the tidal wave propagates into the shallow waters, and then the turbulent kinetic energy dissipates upward. On the other hand, the wind stirring proceeds in the up-down direction. The influences of different winds on the evolution of the river plumes are also examined. Since the situation of each river mouth is different, the wind influence is also distinct. At last, the fate of three major rivers driven by the combined tidal forcing and climatology winds is reproduced, and the simulated salinity distribution shows a reasonable agreement with that observed, meaning that the river plume evolution plays a crucial role in shaping the salinity distribution in BS.     

Historical earthquakes and a tsunami in Bohai Sea

Quantitative analysis on seismicity showed that there are several seismic dense zones in Bohai Sea. These seismic dense zones of modern small earthquakes behave prominent NE orientation, although a seismic dense zone with NW direction exists actually. Taking 39°N as a boundary, seismicity in the south is different from that in north of Bohai Sea. Almost all strong earthquakes and seismic dense zones are concentrated in the southern part. Based on archives and seismic dense characteristics, we amended the epicenter of strong earthquakes in 1548 and discussed about magnitude of the earthquake in 1888. Possibility of the event in 173 as a tsunami was discussed. The event in 1597 was doubted as a strong earthquake in Bohai Sea.     

渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷应力场的三维数值模拟分析

采用有限元方法模拟了渤海湾盆地黄骅坳陷的现今应力场特征.模型的构建主要基于黄骅坳陷精细三维地震数据体,包括了七个主要层序底面及近真实的断层产状.根据模拟结果,对比已知油气藏的分布位置和断裂的展布方向,定量分析了黄骅坳陷第一主应力、第三主应力、应力强度以及主应力方向的分布特征,并探讨了影响黄骅坳陷构造特征的主要因素.据此,得出以下认识:1)通过改变模型的边界条件发现,在右旋剪切作用下模型中压性应力场低值区的分布特征及主应力方向分别与黄骅坳陷中已知油藏的分布及断裂展布方向具有较好的对应关系.2)黄骅坳陷内构造样式及其构造应力场方向自北向南存在一定的差异,而造成这种差异的原因与地形的变化、沧东断层空间形态的变化、断层组合样式的变化以及滑脱面的变化密切相关.     

Three dimensional tectonic stress field in North China

IntroductionThecrusttectonicstressfieldisoneofthekeyproblemsofgeodynamics,itsmaincontentsareaprobingintospatialdistributionanddynamicevaluationofcrusttectonicstressfield,thentracingtheevolutionprocessofcrusttectonicmovement,learningcontemporarycrusttectoniceventanditsmechanism,thuspredictingthefuturedevelopmentlawoftectonicmovement.Intheendof1970s,aseriesofpaperswerepublishedattheinternationalconferenceonMagnitudeofDeviatoricStressesintheEarth'SCrustandUppermostMantle.Theygavethebriefoutlin…     

中国大陆现代构造应力场与强震活动

依据应力性状和力源特征,中国大陆现代构造应力场可划分为四级应力区.它们分别是2个一级应力区、4个二级应力区、5个三级应力区和26个四级应力区.通过分析中国大陆现代构造应力分区与强震活动之问的关系,初步获得以下结论:①构造应力作用强烈和复杂的地区是强震频发的地区;②应力区边界是强震集中发生的地带;③应力方向、应力结构类型...     

渤海地区地震活动性参数空间分布函数中的确定

以未来各潜在震源区发生各震级的概率作为确定地震活动性参数的空间分布函数为依据。我们应用贝叶斯方法得到各震级档未来发生地震的概率，并以渤海地区为例,说明了本方法的可行性。     

燕山-渤海地震带的现今构造应力环境

应用中小地震的震源机制解资料,分析了燕山-渤海地震带现今构造应力场总体与分区特征.分析发现,该带现今构造应力场总体方向为:主压应力轴方位大约为70～80°,主张应力轴方位大约为340～350°;该带现今以水平、近于水平兼有一定斜向作用的主压应力为主.同时,结合有关资料分析了该带的地震活动.     

北天山中东段活动断层滑动与现代构造应力场

利用北天山中段地区主要活动断裂关键构造部位测得的断层滑动数据,采用断层滑动资料反演构造应力张量的方法,确定了该区现代(最新构造变动时期)构造应力场的基本特征,结果是:应力方向表现为近南北向的挤压;应力结构以逆冲型为主,兼有走滑型。该结果与前人利用震源机制解资料反演得到的区域构造应力场的基本特征一致。两类不同应力资料反演得到的构造应力场特征具有较好的一致性,表明在一个较长的地质时期内研究区的构造应力作用比较稳定。     

Source mechanism of small-moderate earth- quakes and tectonic stress field in Yunnan Province

IntroductionYunnanProvinceislocatedinthesouthofNorth-SouthseismiczoneinChina.ItisoneofthehighseismicactiveregionsinChinesemainland.Morethanonehundredstrongearthquakeswithmagnitude6ormoreoccurredinthisregioninhistory.AsanimportantsoutheasternmarginofTibetanPlateau,YunnanregionisahotspotinstudyonthedynamicsofTibetanPlateau.Theactionsofcompressivestressinnorth-southorientationandgravitationalpotentialcausedlateralextrusionofmaterialintheplateauwiththeupliftingofTibetanPlateau.Severalblocksa…     

新生代渤海中部强烈沉降的物理条件和深部过程

新生代时期渤海中部的强烈沉降,是多种物理条件的共同作用结果,这些条件是由裂谷期和后裂谷期的深部过程产生成的.裂谷期在异常热地幔背景下的渤海地壳隆起、减薄、张裂,地幔热物质上升侵入地壳,莫霍界面位置升高,积累了重力势能;后裂谷期岩石圈（层）的冷却、收缩及下地壳的相变导致密度增大,加上巨厚沉积物的持续增生,使地壳处于重力不平衡状态,向下的垂直力远大于向上的浮托力,同时还有东部后退位移性板块边界和下地壳侧向流动的支持,使渤海中部成为下沉速率最快、沉降幅度最大的凹陷盆地.后裂谷期的早期的盆地下沉具有分散、局部性特征,表现为多个凹陷和凸起交替组合格局;晚期转变为大范围的整体沉降,显示重力均衡和补偿过程是从浅往深发展的.先存的郯庐断裂带对沉降的空间范围有局部边界控制性作用,其本身可能受到盆地发展的强烈改造影响.盆地的基本变形机制是上地壳的水平向脆性张破裂和垂直向或近垂直向的正断层-剪切破裂,地震震源机制解和大地震时的地表破裂表现的水平错动反映中、下地壳的走滑-平移型应力状态及相应的瞬间水平剪切破裂,它与上地壳残留的伸展、下沉相容并存于三维地壳体内.     

Numerical simulation of the crustal stress field by using data of deep geophysical exploration in the northern part of North China

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广东地区4级左右地震前环境剪应力场的变化

根据1993年陈培善等导出的峰值加速度、峰值速度和峰值位移与构造环境剪应力场τ0的关系，利用广东省数字地震记录研究了广东地区4级左右地震前后环境剪应力场的变化。结果显示，地震前并未观察到中短期异常变化，以短临变化为主，震前3～15天应力等级显著上升，应力等级相对主震后余震以及较早前的小震都要高，且个别小震平均应力等级大于3这一异常现象。     

Evolution of 3D tectonic stress field and fault movement in North China

IntroductionThe research on stress field interior the Earth is an either relative old or young branch of geoscience. Early in the 20th century, in order to learn the state of inner stress field, a few scholars had used simple ideal model to analyze big scale tectonic conformations and activities according to tide, gravity, rotation and inner thermal materials. So far, lots of problems on the state of the Earth stress field have not been solved completely yet. The origin of stress field, the d…     

Recent tectonic stress field zoning in Sichuan-Yunnan region and its dynamic interest

In this paper, we have carefully determined the stress zones in the Sichuan-Yunnan region with reference to the in-situ stress data of hydraulic fracturing and the inverted fault slip data by using the step-by-step convergence method for stress zoning based on focal mechanism solutions. The results indicate that the tectonic stress field in the Sichuan-Yunnan region is divided into 3 stress zones by 2 approximately parallel NNW-trending stress transition belts. The area between the 2 belts is the Sichuan-Yunnan stress zone where the maximum principal stress σ1 is just in the NNW direction. The eastern boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan stress zone （the eastern stress transition belt） is basically consistent with the eastern boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block. The western boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan stress zone （the western stress transition belt） is not totally consistent with the western boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block. The northern segment of the western stress transition belt extends basically along the Jinshajiang fault and accords with the western boundary of Sichuan-Yunnan rhombic block, while its southern segment does not extend along the southwestern boundary of the rhombic block, i.e., Honghe fault and converge with the eastern stress transition belt, but stretches continuously in the NNW direction and accords with the Yingpanshan fault. We therefore consider that under the combined influence from the northward motion of India Plate, the southeastward shift of east Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and the strong obstruction of South China block, the tectonic stress field in the Sichuan-Yunnan region might not be totally controlled by the previous tectonic frame and new stress transition belt may have possibly formed.     

Research on thermal structure and thermal stress of the crust in Bohai Sea and its surroundings

In this paper, the three-dimensional thermal structure and the two-dimensional thermal stress caused by the horizontal inhomogeneity of the thermal structure in the crust of the Bohai Sea and its surroundings were analyzed using the geothermal and the crust structural data by means of the finite element method. As resulted, the horizontal distribution of the temperature in the upper crust is obviously different from that in the lower crust in most part of the region. But the horizontal distribution of the heat flow is constant in the crust. There is a belt where the thermal structure of the crust is intensely changed around Tangshan. There are some different characteristics of the thermal stress of the crust around Tangshan, in the North-China plain, in the Bohai Sea gulf, and in the middle part of the Bohai Sea. Utilizing those results, the distribution features of the seismic activity in the region were explained in this paper. The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,14, 29–35, 1992. This project is supported by the Chinese Joint Seismological Science Foundation.