浙江一次江淮气旋后部强对流暴雨过程诊断研究

利用地面降水观测、NCEP/NCAR FNL再分析、ECMWF模式预报场和FY-2H静止卫星TBB资料, 对2020年6月30日浙江省一次暴雨过程进行了综合分析。结果表明: (1) 200 hPa南亚高压强高空辐散、中纬度低槽东移、副热带高压带状稳定的阻塞形势、江淮气旋后部下摆冷空气与暖湿气流交汇形成的冷式切变等共同提供了有利的环境条件; (2)对流层中低层水汽通量向高空伸展、700 hPa正的垂直螺旋度中心都对暴雨落区有示踪作用, 高层正水汽通量散度强于低层负水汽通量散度, 垂直螺旋度和垂直速度中心几乎重合, 先低层强辐合后强垂直上升运动均为本次暴雨的发生提供了重要的水汽和动力条件; (3)暴雨发生在MPV、MPV1和MPV2为正负过渡的零值区, 为对流不稳定和斜压不稳定相结合区域, θ_se线密集区与地面近乎垂直, 湿位涡的高值中心位于θ_se梯度最大处, 高空湿位涡下传触发了位势不稳定能量的释放, 引起大范围的强对流暴雨; (4) 850 hPa冷切变线附近的降水云团, 是由多个块状对流云团合并加强形成完整的带状积雨云团, 而上游不断有新生对流云团生成东移补充消散的老单体, 触发阶段对流云后向传播, 扰动发展阶段对流云团合并过程, 形成对流云串的“列车效应”。      

四川2013年和2015年8月7日暴雨对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和FY—2D卫星TBB资料,对2013年8月7日和2015年8月7日两次四川暴雨过程进行对比分析,结果表明:两次暴雨降雨强度及范围大小的发生与低值系统位置,副热带高压位置和强度,以及低层切变线、地面冷空气、低空急流以及台风位置等相关。不稳定能量的积聚为两次暴雨过程发生提供了有利条件,与强降水落区对应较好,强的不稳定能量更有利于中尺度对流系统强烈发展。暴雨落区上空受高能舌控制,且不稳定能量逐渐增大,暴雨出现在能量释放阶段。强烈的旋转上升运动为强降水提供了良好的的动力条件。两次过程中水汽辐合的中心以及强度对于降水的强度、落区、持续时间具有一定的指示意义。造成两次暴雨过程的对流云团生成和发展有一定的差异,但两次暴雨过程最大降雨均位于对流云团TBB最大梯度区,一般靠近亮云中心。     

一次长江中下游梅雨锋暴雨过程的诊断分析

利用NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、FY-2C卫星云顶亮温(TBB)和中尺度模式WRF输出的15 km高分辨率资料,对2008年影响浙皖赣地区的一次梅雨锋暴雨过程进行了诊断分析.结果表明,青藏高原东侧西风槽和副热带高压之间的相互作用、对流层中低层切变线的维持以及低涡东移、发展是暴雨发生的天气尺度背景.TBB数据显示,在切变线附近不断有中尺度对流云团生成并东移、发展.与暴雨区相对应,在低空西南急流左侧存在多个β中尺度强水汽通量辐合中心,高空西风急流人口区右侧排列着一系列的辐散中心,表明该地区存在较强的水汽辐合上升运动.对流层低层高温高湿、中高层冷空气侵入,导致大气层结处于极不稳定状态.湿位涡的分布与中心位置对暴雨落区及强度具有较好地指示意义.暴雨区附近对流层高、低层都存在较明显的位涡水平平流,导致位涡扰动不断地自上游向下游地区移动.锋区前暖区的对流层中低层存在强垂直位涡柱,引发气旋性环流的发展,从而促进了辐合上升运动.     

崇左市一次强风雹天气过程分析

运用常规气象观测资料、FNL资料以及FY-2G卫星TBB产品资料,对2016年4月10日崇左市强风雹天气过程进行分析。研究表明:高层低槽加深东移、中层干冷空气侵入、低层冷切南压和急流发展以及冷锋南压是该次强风雹天气的有利背景条件。中低层假相当位温高能区和低层假相当位温锋区的重叠区域具有强的层结不稳定,并与两次强风雹发生时间和落区对应较好。上干下湿的大气层结和强垂直风切变为强风雹天气发生提供了良好的环境潜势。风暴相对螺旋度(SRH)大值区以及大水平梯度区对两次强风雹天气系统发展有较好的指示作用。强风雹地点与对流云团的TBB低值中心未有较好对应,而对流云团产生的强降雨中心与其TBB低值中心对应较好。     

副高边缘西安地区一次短时暴雨分析

应用常规观测资料、卫星资料、西安雷达资料和NCEP 1°×1°逐6h再分析资料对2016年7月24日发生在西安的一次暴雨天气过程的特征和成因进行分析。结果表明:此次暴雨过程是在东移短波槽、副热带高压和低层切变共同作用下产生;强降水与对流云团活动密切相关,造成西安地区短时暴雨的β中尺度对流云团具有初生强度大、发生发展迅速等特点;暴雨区水汽通量辐合高值区的形成为暴雨的发生提供了有利的水汽聚积条件;暴雨发生前暴雨区低层暖湿条件增强;暴雨发生前和发生时大气层结维持对流不稳定状态;切变东侧上升气流发展,触发不稳定能量释放,为暴雨的发展提供了有利条件。     

两次高原涡与西南涡作用下的暴雨过程对比分析

利用FY-2D卫星TBB资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料和地面自动站观测资料,对2008年7月20~22日和2012年7月20~22日两次由高原涡和西南涡相互作用,造成四川暴雨过程进行对比分析,结果表明:(1)强降雨落区与引导高原涡移动的高空槽有密切关系,高空槽的移动和变化大致决定了强降雨的落区。(2)造成两次暴雨过程的对流云团生成和发展虽然有一定的差异,但最终会发展合并形成一个MCC;并且强降雨位于对流云团TBB最大梯度区,一般靠近亮云核,并在亮云核的西北部。(3)两次暴雨过程期间,均有低层辐合高层辐散,对应着强的涡度和强的上升运动,并且散度、涡度和垂直速度都是增大的。(4)两次暴雨过程期间水汽来源存在着差异,但水汽是逐渐增强的,并且水汽辐合中心与强降雨落区相对应。     

新疆哈密“7·31”极端大暴雨过程成因分析

2018年7月31日哈密市出现了一次极端大暴雨天气过程,持续强降雨造成了重大人员伤亡和财产损失。利用NCEP再分析资料、地面常规气象观测资料、区域加密自动站降水资料和FY-2G红外云图TBB资料,对此次极端大暴雨进行诊断分析。结果表明:极端大暴雨发生在有利的大尺度环流背景下,南亚高压双体型建立,东部中心强且位置偏北,西太平洋副热带高压较常年明显偏西偏北;高低空急流在暴雨区上空垂直方向形成耦合形势,加强了暴雨区上升运动的维持和水汽的垂直输送;850～200 hPa强盛的偏南暖湿气流为暴雨提供了充足的水汽和动力条件;低层高温高湿,强风速辐合及特殊地形抬升触发对流不稳定产生,为极端大暴雨提供热力和不稳定能量条件;强降水发生在对流云团边缘TBB等值线密集的梯度最大区域,越接近TBB中心梯度最大处,雨强也越大。数值预报产品具有一定的预报能力,但对于降水落区及量级预报偏弱。     

“08.7”襄樊罕见特大暴雨的中尺度观测特征与物理机制分析

利用Micaps常规观测资料、自动站加密观测资料、NCEP再分析资料和GOES卫星资料,从环流背景、水汽条件、动力条件、不稳定机制等方面,重点对2008年7月22日襄樊罕见特大暴雨的中尺度观测特征与物理机制进行分析.结果表明:此次特大暴雨是在副热带高压、高空槽、西南低涡、切变线和地面倒槽的共同作用下发生的:切变线上对流云团在暴雨区合并、加强是造成襄樊罕见特大暴雨天气的直接原因,强降水发生在TBB低值中心;沿低空急流建立的从南海到华中地区的水汽通道,为暴雨发生发展直接输送暖湿空气;低层强烈的水汽输送和水汽辐合使暴雨区大气湿层迅速增厚,为暴雨发生发展提供了有利的水汽条件;低层辐合、高层辐散和整层正涡度的配置以及强的垂直上升运动,为暴雨发生提供了动力条件;能量锋锋生、湿度锋锋生对中尺度对流系统发生发展具有触发作用.     

2009年抚州市一次暴雨天气过程诊断分析

利用常规气象资料、NCEP再分析资料、地面逐时自动站资料和FY-2C气象卫星资料,对2009年7月25日发生在江西抚州市的区域性暴雨、局部大暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析。分析表明;这次暴雨天气在副高突然加强西伸,中低层冷式切变转为静止锋式切变且维持在30°N附近的背景下,由地面辐合线南压触发能量释放而产生;中尺度对流云团不断发展东移并配合地面中尺度辐合线产生暴雨,强降雨中心发生在中尺度辐合线后侧;暴雨落区配合中尺度对流云团,有利降水的增强;大气层结强烈的对流不稳定促使中尺度对流云团强烈发展,造成强降水天气。     

豫东北一次春季大暴雨的环境条件与中尺度特征分析

利用常规观测资料以及卫星云图、雷达产品、区域自动站降水量资料与NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料,对2018年5月15日豫东北罕见大暴雨过程的降水特征、环境条件与中尺度特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)副热带高压西侧西南急流输送、对流层中层短波槽影响、低空急流加强发展及北上、高空强辐散等天气系统合理配置,是这次暴雨过程发生的有利环流背景;强低空急流为暴雨的形成提供了充沛的水汽和位势不稳定条件;低层切变线触发、弱冷空气扩散及地面中尺度辐合线抬升是暴雨形成的动力机制。(2)超低空充足的水汽输送及强辐合、对流不稳定能量偏高、大气层结极不稳定是此次暴雨发生的主要环境特征。(3)强降水过程主要由2个β中尺度对流系统造成,暴雨区上空对流云团新生维持(或移入)是强降水维持较长时间的重要原因。(4)雷达观测显示,在极强对流不稳定环境下,位于对流云团前温度大梯度区的豫北多地不断有γ中尺度回波单体生成,其东移加强并在豫东北强烈发展为线(带)状多单体风暴,形成明显的局地强回波"列车效应",导致豫东北局地大暴雨。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;