南海北部神狐海域营养盐浓度与结构的分布特征及影响因素

生源要素是海洋初级生产的基础,其在海洋环境中的循环受到多种物理、化学和生物过程的影响,对其浓度分布、结构特点及影响因素的认识是理解海洋生态系统动力学的基础。于2019年2月在南海北部神狐海域进行了现场考察和海水样品采集,对海水中的溶解态无机营养盐浓度进行了分析,并结合温度、盐度、叶绿素a(Chl a)、pH和溶解氧(DO)等水文环境参数,研究了神狐海域海水中营养盐浓度与结构的分布特征及影响因素等。在0～30 m的海水中各营养盐浓度均很低,随着深度的增加,营养盐浓度逐渐增大。在水深3 000 m左右处,无机氮、磷酸盐和硅酸盐浓度分别达到了38.02μmol/L、2.71μmol/L和149.07μmol/L。温度、pH和DO与各营养盐浓度均具有显著的相关性,表明环境因素影响着营养盐的生物地球化学过程。此外,在75 m深度,研究区域东北方向的站位营养盐浓度相对较低,并呈现向西南方向逐渐增大的变化趋势,可能与高温、高盐和低营养盐的黑潮水入侵有关。根据端元混合模型计算所得保守混合浓度与实测值的差值显示,在75 m深度硅酸盐和磷酸盐以生物消耗为主,而硝酸盐存在添加。随磷酸盐浓度增加,各站位无机氮...     

北极楚科奇海北部特征水团对浮游植物空间分布的调控

通过楚科奇海北部–加拿大海盆西侧交接地带的生态调查,我们发现0～150 m海域水体中以融冰水(MW,0～20 m)、白令海夏季水(s BSW)和阿拉斯加沿岸流(ACW)等水团为主。水温和营养盐变化与水团息息相关,物理–生化的耦合作用进一步影响了浮游植物分布和群落结构。叶绿素a浓度最大值多位于约50 m深、富含营养盐的s BSW和ACW暖水团中。sBSW和ACW中分别以小型(占比约74%)和微微型(占比约65%)浮游植物为主。藻华初期,溶解无机氮(DIN)虽呈相对限制状态,但仍高于浮游植物生长所需阈值。双单元混合模型显示：浮游植物对氮去除明显,氮吸收量与叶绿素a浓度呈正比,且在温度略高的ACW水团中氮吸收量高于s BSW水团。在北极变暖、波弗特流涡增强以及ACW和sBSW营养盐补给下,该区域的浮游植物的叶绿素a浓度(均值：(0.327±0.163)mg/m³,范围：0.04～0.69 mg/m³)与历史数据相比有所提高。这将增加北极海区的碳吸收通量,有利于其作为碳汇区的发展。     

2008 年秋季胶州湾两航次生源要素的分布特征及其来源初步探讨

利用2008年秋季胶州湾两个航次的调查结果,对该海域营养盐等生源要素的分布特征进行了分析,并通过相关性分析及陆海同步调查数据对其来源做了初步探讨.结果表明,胶州湾秋季两个航次的叶绿素、营养盐、化学需氧量、温度、光照、盐度、溶解氧等各调查要素相应的平面分布趋势基本相同,除盐度和温度外均表现出由河口向离岸逐渐降低的趋势.秋季可能成为胶州湾浮游植物生长限制因子的要素与叶绿素 a 相关性强弱顺序如下(“**”和“*”分别代表置信水平 P=0.01和 P=0.05):活性磷酸盐:0.889(**)、溶解无机氮:0.724(**)、溶解有机氮:0.549(**)、溶解有机磷:0.523(**)、颗粒态氮:0.474(**)、温度:–0.696(**)、活性硅酸盐:0.410(*)、颗粒态磷:–0.191、浊度:–0.096.由相关性分析结果及陆海同步调查结果可初步得出与叶绿素 a 相关性较强的各要素来源如下:化学需氧量、盐度、溶解无机氮、活性磷酸盐、溶解有机氮、溶解有机磷具有明显的陆源输入特征,颗粒态氮以浮游植物新陈代谢产生为主.     

2012年长江口及其邻近海域营养盐分布的季节变化及影响因素

根据2012年3、5、8和12月4个航次长江口及邻近海域的调查数据,研究了氮、磷、硅营养盐及总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)的浓度特点,及其与盐度的相关性和叶绿素a的变化特征。结果表明,总溶解无机氮(DIN)、硅酸盐(Si O3)和TN的浓度分布均表现出自长江口至外海迅速降低的特征,且与盐度呈现显著负相关性。磷酸盐(PO4)的浓度降低程度随远离河口而减弱,且与盐度的相关性相对较弱,可能存在外海水补充;而TP则在长江口浑浊带海域呈现出较高浓度,且与盐度的相关性不明显,可能是受浑浊带泥沙吸附所致。在调查海区内,DIN与TN的平均值在夏季较低,结合叶绿素a数据分析,认为浮游植物吸收作用降低了DIN和TN的浓度。通过分析各营养盐之间的比值特征,进一步考察了营养盐来源及其对浮游植物生长的可能限制情况,其中N/P比值的变化同样揭示了N主要来自于长江水而P有部分来自于外海水的特征。该比值呈现远离河口而降低的特征,且在浑浊带无明显季节变化。春季和夏季有超过90%的调查站位显示潜在P限制,且均位于外海区。与历史资料对比发现,春季和夏季潜在P限制站位的比例明显升高,而潜在Si限制站位比例在春季和夏季降低。本文研究认为,营养盐含量及组成结构反映了该海域浮游植物群落组成和优势种的演替。     

山东半岛南部近岸海域富营养化状况的多元评价研究

于2006年至2007年分四个季度月对山东半岛南部近岸海域(35.5°~36.7°N,119.8°~121.3°E)的营养盐和叶绿素a进行了设站调查,分析了该海域上述因子时空分布特征,同时应用主成分分析(PCA)和潜在富营养化评价方法对该海域的富营养化状况进行了分析,初步确定了影响该海域富营养化状况的主要驱动因子。结果表明:(1)在时间分布上,总氮、总磷、活性磷酸盐、溶解态氮与总无机氮和活性硅酸盐的季节变化类似,均表现出秋冬季浓度较高而春夏季较低的趋势,而总磷、溶解态磷的浓度则在冬季最高,在夏秋季较低,叶绿素a浓度的季节变化趋势为春夏季较高,而冬季最低;该海域营养盐与叶绿素a浓度空间分布以胶州湾和丁字湾为中心,总体呈现出由近岸向离岸海域逐渐递减的趋势;(2)应用主成分分析对调查结果进行分析,结果显示10项调查指标(营养盐与叶绿素a)可以转换提取4个主成分,解释82.00%的结果。主成分综合得分可以作为富营养化程度的评价指标,据此得到调查海域富营养化状况的季节变化趋势由高到低依次为秋季、冬季、春季、夏季,总体呈现出以胶州湾和丁字湾为中心,沿岸及北部海域富营养化程度较高的格局;分析结果还表明总无机氮是该海区富营养化形成的主要驱动因子;(3)利用潜在富营养化评价方法对调查海域富营养化状况进行了初步分析,结果表明该海区仅于秋季表现为总体中度营养,在其他季节总体趋势均为贫营养,胶州湾与丁字湾附近海域在春秋季表现为磷限制潜在富营养化。主成分分析法较潜在富营养化评价方法更敏感,不仅能够定量表述海区富营养化状况,而且能够有效确定富营养化驱动因子。     

广西近海营养盐的时空分布特征

利用2006～2007年4个航次的大面调查数据,分析讨论了广西近海4个季节营养盐的时空分布变化特征。结果表明,该海域在春、夏、秋三季,活性硅酸盐和溶解无机氮分布趋势是近岸高,远岸低,由北向南呈梯度快速递减,高值区主要出现在廉州湾、铁山港和茅尾海三个区域;夏季磷酸盐在雷州半岛与涠洲岛之间出现高值;冬季3类营养盐在调查海区内分布均匀且为一年最低值。对该海区营养盐结构分析表明,硅在该海区过剩,溶解无机氮基本能满足浮游植物的生长需要,但在春季溶解无机氮和磷浓度都较低,属于寡营养型;夏季该海区磷浓度充足,在秋冬两季磷为该海区的限制性元素。     

渤海冬夏季营养盐和叶绿素a的分布特征

在2000年8月和2001年1月对渤海进行的两个航次的调查取样的基础上,分析渤海营养盐和叶绿素a的分布特征,各海区营养盐的结构以及营养盐和叶绿素a的关系。结果表明,冬季营养盐的浓度高于夏季,硅酸盐有明显的垂向结构,40多年来渤海中部硝酸盐呈现增加趋势;莱州湾浮游植物生长处于磷限制,其它海区处于氮限制;冬季叶绿素a的浓度也高于夏季,叶绿素a的季节差异可能与夏季浮游动物对浮游植物的大量摄食有关。     

胶州湾叶绿素的浓度、分布特征及其周年变化

2003年6月-2004年5月对胶州湾及邻近海域水体中叶绿素a浓度变化及其空间分布进行了周年调查.结果表明,调查海域叶绿素a全年平均浓度为2.81mg/m^3,月平均浓度变化范围为0.73-8.44 mg/m^3.整个海域叶绿素a浓度周年变化呈现双峰型,分别在夏季8月和冬季2月出现两个高峰,但是不同区域的变化幅度不同,其水平分布格局为湾内高于湾外,湾内北部高于南部.营养盐浓度变化与叶绿素a浓度的变动未发现明显的相关性,但是在局部海域硅酸盐对冬季浮游植物水华的进一步发展具有一定的限制作用.综合分析营养盐、叶绿素a和浮游动物的周年变化及其之间的关系显示,下行控制（Top-down control）在胶州湾浮游植物的数量变动中起着重要的调控作用.     

2019年夏季长江口及邻近海域锋面控制下叶绿素a的分布特征及其环境影响因素分析

长江口外潮汐混合和低盐度羽流形成的泥沙锋和羽状锋对浮游植物与环境因子的空间分布具有重要控制作用。本研究依据2019年夏季长江口及邻近海域典型断面叶绿素a (Chl-a)浓度和环境因子的调查结果,以锋面为边界,探讨了不同区域Chl-a浓度与环境因子的分布特征及相互关系,以期深入了解锋面的生态效应。结果表明,在泥沙锋以内的近岸区域,水体垂直混合均匀;受长江径流输入和泥沙锋"屏障"作用影响,总悬浮物(TSM)和营养盐浓度最高,其中TSM为220.0±275.3 mg/L,溶解无机氮(DIN)、溶解无机磷(DIP)和溶解硅酸盐(DSi)分别可以达到94.7±21.2μmol/L、0.85±0.33μmol/L和95.3±22.6μmol/L;高浓度TSM引起显著的光限制效应,导致Chl-a浓度较低(1.7±0.5μg/L)。在羽状锋以外的区域,出现垂直层化现象;表层海水的TSM和营养盐显著降低,其中TSM为5.1 mg/L,DIN、DIP和DSi分别为1.0μmol/L、0.03μmol/L和2.4μmol/L;Chl-a浓度受到营养盐供应不足的影响,浓度仅为0.2μg/L。高浓度的Chl-a (7.5±4.1μg/L)主要出现在泥沙锋和羽状锋之间的过渡区域,该区域营养盐得到长江径流与上升流的补充;同时,由于大量TSM在泥沙锋快速沉降,缓解了水体的光限制效应,有利于浮游植物的生长和积累。研究结果验证了泥沙锋和羽状锋对TSM与营养盐的重要控制作用,这对于理解长江口及邻近海域藻类灾害高发区的成因具有科学参考价值。     

长江口南支水域营养盐和叶绿素a的潮周期变化

2007年8月于长江口南支4个站位进行了营养盐和叶绿素a浓度的定点连续观测,结果表明:调查站位的营养盐和叶绿素a浓度垂直变化不大,分层不明显,表中底层平均值的相对标准偏差在0～29.86%之间,且整个潮汛期的变化基本上不具规律性,少数营养盐(如亚硝酸盐和铵盐)呈现出半日周期的变化,即高潮时浓度达到谷值,低潮时浓度出现峰值;位于长江口南支水域南部S2和S4站位的硅酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐在整个潮汛期的平均值都小于北部的S1和S3站位,且S1站位的硅酸盐、磷酸盐和硝酸盐在大小潮之间平均值差异不明显,而S2站位的硅酸盐和硝酸盐大潮时平均值要高于小潮,磷酸盐则相反,此外,S4站位的叶绿素a平均值都大于其他3个站位;4个连续测站的表层叶绿素a浓度与营养盐(NO2--N、PO34--P、SiO23--Si、NO3--N、NH4+-N)相关系数低(-0.6584～0.5494),叶绿素a浓度与营养盐的周日波动相关性不明显;观测区域硅酸盐、磷酸盐、硝酸盐、亚硝酸和铵盐的平均通量分别是238.62、1.36、84.10、1.031、0.55kg.s-1。     

Nutrient fluxes in a semi-arid microtidal mangrove wetland in the Gulf of California

Nutrient (C, N and P) fluxes were monitored in a microtidal semi-arid mangrove system, which links a semi-enclosed shallow coastal lagoon with the Gulf of California. We assessed the role of the mangrove ecosystem as a nutrient sink/source and determined how mangrove litterfall rates, tidal regime and climate factors influence these fluxes. Despite high seasonal differences in DOC, POC, N-NO₃⁻ and TP levels, nutrient concentrations were only marginally influenced by either hydrological variables or the concentration of these fractions in the adjacent lagoon. The carbon budget appeared to be balanced throughout the study. Retention rates in the mangrove system were related to litterfall rates. Export of DIN was observed mainly in the wet season due to the low nitrogen assimilation efficiency of the system. Import of organic nitrogen was related to the high retention efficiency of particulate organic nitrogen. Phosphorus fractions were imported and retained in the mangrove supporting previous findings that mangroves are phosphorus sinks. Finally, through a simple meta-analysis we tested the quantitative importance of main variables (tidal flow, tidal elevation, tidal range, rainfall, mangrove catchment area, litterfall) controlling mangrove nutrient dynamics. Although results suggest that generalizations can be made about factors regulating nutrient export from mangroves, the lack of statistical significance highlights the relative importance of the local environment for the magnitude of nutrient exchange in mangroves. Future research should focus on finding mechanistic models to explain these general patterns, taking into account the main biogeochemical processes and their roles in coastal ecosystem ecology.     

Transport of nutrients and organic matter in a mangrove swamp

Field observations of the tidal transport of nutrients and organic matter in a mangrove swamp on Ishigaki Island, Okinawa, Japan revealed that groundwater flow from the swamp plays a significant role in increasing concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorous and organic matter in a major channel. In contrast, dissolved inorganic nitrogen is transported from the mangrove swamps via surface water flow in the small channels of the swamp.     

Macrofauna along the Sudanese Red Sea coast: potential effect of mangrove clearance on community and trophic structure

Mangroves along the Sudanese Red Sea coast are under constant anthropogenic pressure. To better understand the influence of mangrove clearance on the intertidal benthic community, we investigated the composition, biodiversity and standing stock of the macrofauna communities at high‐, mid‐ and low‐water levels in three contrasting habitats: a bare sand flat, a cleared mangrove and an intact mangrove. In addition, a community‐wide metric approach based on taxon‐specific carbon and nitrogen isotope values was used to compare the trophic structure between the three habitats. The habitats differed significantly in terms of macrofaunal standing stock, community composition and trophic structure. The high‐ and mid‐water levels of the intact mangroves showed a distinct macrofaunal community characterized by elevated densities and biomass, largely governed by higher decapod and gastropod abundances. Diversity was similar for cleared and intact mangroves, but much lower for the bare sand flat. Community‐wide metrics indicated highest trophic diversity and community niche breadth in the intact mangroves. Differences between the cleared and intact mangroves can be partly attributed to differences in sediment characteristics resulting from mangrove clearance. These results suggest a significant impact of mangrove clearance on the macrofaunal community and trophic structure. This study calls for further investigations and management actions to protect and restore these habitats, and ensure the survival of this ecologically valuable coastal ecosystem.     

Spatiotemporal variations in the organic carbon accumulation rate in mangrove sediments from the Yingluo Bay,China, since 1900

Mangroves can not only provide multiple ecosystem service functions, but are also efficient carbon producers,capturers, and sinks. The estimation of the organic carbon accumulation rate(OCAR) in mangrove sediments is fundamental for elucidating the role of mangroves in the global carbon budget. In particular, understanding the past changes in the OCAR in mangrove sediments is vital for predicting the future role of mangroves in the rapidly changing environment. In this study, three dated sediment cores from interior and fringe of mangroves in the Yingluo Bay, China, were used to reconstruct the spatiotemporal variations of the calculated OCAR since 1900 in this area. The increasing OCAR in the mangrove interior was attributed to mangrove flourishment induced by climate change characterized by the rising temperature. However, in the mangrove fringe, the strengthening hydrodynamic conditions under the sea level rise were responsible for the decreasing OCAR, particularly after the1940 s. Furthermore, the duration of inundation by seawater was the primary factors controlling the spatial variability of the OCAR from the mangrove fringe to interior, while the strengthened hydrodynamic conditions after the 1940 s broke this original pattern.     

1991—2011年廉江红树林分布及变化的遥感分析

利用1991年的1景TM遥感数据,2000年的ETM+遥感数据和2011年HJ-1A遥感数据进行廉江红树林信息的提取。结果表明：1991,2000和2011年廉江的红树林分布面积分别为131.6,628.7和1 056.2 ha。自1991年至2011年红树林呈增加的趋势,共增加924.6 ha,20年间研究区域的红树林约增加了7倍。湛江红树林国家自然保护区的建立对于红树林湿地生态系统的保护和恢复起到极大的促进作用,研究区域红树林造林恢复成果显著,种植了大量的人工红树林。     

粤港澳大湾区红树林时空分布演变及现存林龄遥感分析

红树林作为热带、亚热带以红树植物为主体的海岸带生态系统,是重要的海岸湿地类型之一。本文使用多源、多时相遥感数据,形成了1969-2020年粤港澳大湾区岸线、围填海、养殖区、红树林分布数据图集,并利用联合红树林识别指数(CMRI)对大湾区现存红树林进行时序分析得到红树林林龄数据集。结果表明,通过多源遥感数据解译得到现存红树林数据集,结合CMRI时序数据可以建立现存红树林变迁历史,进而有效估算红树林林龄。粤港澳大湾区红树林的时空分布发生了明显变迁,现存红树林面积约为3 316 hm²,大湾区内部各地区存量林龄差异较大,整体林龄均值为20 a。近50年间,岸线整体向海移动,岸线变迁、围填海和养殖区变化显著影响红树林面积、空间分布及林龄大小,人工种植是近20年红树林恢复的主因。     

Water circulation dynamics, water column nutrients and plankton productivity in a well-flushed tropical bay in Kenya

Water circulation, water column nutrients and plankton productivity were studied in a tropical bay with high rates of water exchange (60% to 90% per tide) and short residence times (3 to 4 h). The water circulation is predominantly affected by the semi-diurnal tides, which cause strong and reversing currents in the mangrove creeks (0.60 m·s⁻¹) and currents of low magnitude in the neighbouring seagrass and coral reef zones (< 0.30 m·s⁻¹). Tidal asymmetry, with relatively stronger ebb than flood flows in the mangrove creeks, promotes the net export of nutrients from the river mouth and of organic matter from the mangroves to the seagrass beds. The main sources of the dissolved inorganic nutrients are two rivers (the Kidogoweni and Mkurumuji) which discharge (up to 17.0 m³·s⁻¹) in the upper and lower regions of the bay. The increased input of nutrients did not cause eutrophic conditions since nutrients were rapidly flushed out of the bay. The mangrove biotope generated small amounts of dissolved nutrients which are likely to be used for primary production within the mangrove zone. The production of nutrients in the mangrove zone was masked by high rates of flushing, such that no appreciable nutrient signal was detected in the dry season when the influence of the rivers diminished. The rates of primary production were low in the mangrove, seagrass, and coral reef biotopes in the dry season. Primary production increased slightly during the rainy season. The level of chlorophyll a in the mangrove biotope increased during ebb tides and decreased during flood tides. The highest zooplankton densities, which could not be related directly to primary production in the water-column, occurred at the seagrass station during the wet season.     

Influences of Nutrient Outwelling from the Mangrove Swamp on the Distribution of Phytoplankton in the Matang Mangrove Estuary, Malaysia

Distributions of dissolved nutrients and Chl. a were investigated in the Sangga Besar River Estuary in the well-managed Matang Mangrove Forest in West Malaysia. In the estuary, spring tide concentrations of ammonium, silicate and phosphate were higher than those in the neap tide, which suggests that these nutrients are flushed from the mangrove area by the inundation and tidal mixing of the spring tide. Ammonium comprised over 50% of the dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the spring tide, while nitrite tended to dominate in the neap tide, indicating the predominance of nitrification inside the estuary in neap tides. Nutrient concentrations in the creek water were higher than those of estuarine water, indicating the nutrient outwelling from the mangrove swamp and ammonium regeneration from mangrove litter in the creek sediments. The maximum concentration of Chl. a in spring tides reached 80 g/l while it was below 20 g/l in the neap tides. These variations in the phytoplankton biomass and nutrients probably reflect the greater nutrient availability in the spring tide due to outwelling from the mangrove swamp and creek.     

Effects of urban wastewater on crab and mollusc assemblages in equatorial and subtropical mangroves of East Africa

Mangrove forests are known to accomplish crucial ecosystem functions and services. They are nursery areas for fish, prawns and crabs, which provide coastal communities with a variety of food, timber and chemicals, and protect coasts from catastrophic events, such as tsunamis. Recently, a novel ecological service has been proposed for mangrove systems, namely natural wastewater treatment wetlands. This hypothesis was based on experimental data collected mainly in Chinese mangrove systems, which proved that mangrove soils were efficient in absorbing nutrients. Moreover, sewage loading seemed harmless to both plants and benthic communities in these systems. However, before promoting the use of natural mangroves as pollution buffers, or constructed mangrove wetlands as sewage treatment facilities, more data are needed on their overall tolerance to organic loading. Differences in macrobenthos patterns were thus investigated between peri-urban mangroves and sites not affected by sewage disposal in East Africa. We assessed differences in epifaunal assemblages, comprising crabs and molluscs, employing multivariate ACI unbalanced analyses to compare peri-urban mangrove swamps with those characteristic of non-urban mangroves with similar ecological traits. The sampling design was spatially nested, replicates being assessed at equatorial (southern Kenya) and subtropical (southern Mozambique) sites. The results manifested a consistent increase in crab biomass at the peri-urban sites in both Kenya and Mozambique. Moreover, the peri-urban systems were richer than the non-urban mangroves, both in terms of fiddler crabs (Uca spp.) which feed on benthic microalgae and bacteria, and sesarmids, such as Perisesarma guttatum and Neosarmatium meinerti, which feed on both substratum and leaf litter. The abundance of gastropods, in contrast, decreased significantly, especially in Kenya, mainly due to the disappearance of the mud whelk Terebralia palustris. The results thus indicate that, in East African mangrove systems, domestic wastewater has detectable effects on crabs and molluscs, suggesting their usefulness as bioindicators of its effects in mangroves. Transformed benthic patterns at the peri-urban sites indicated the need for further study of the actual potential of natural mangrove forests to absorb pollution in sewage treatment.     

基于HY-1C卫星CZI数据的红树林长势遥感监测

红树林是一种以耐盐的红树植物为主体的潮滩湿地林生物群落,其生长状态对于海岸带具有重要意义,利用遥感技术对红树林进行监测已成为目前主要手段之一。本文以广西北海山口红树林为例,利用HY-1C卫星的海岸带成像仪数据,结合其纹理参数,提取红树林信息,并对红树林植被指数进行分析。结果表明:2018年10月至11月间,红树林的RVI值均大于1,其中部分区域大于5;红树林的NDVI值的变化处于0~0.01之间,NDVI均值都大于0.5;红树林的EVI指数值主要集中在0.2~0.7之间。不同的植被指数计算结果均表明山口红树林长势良好。