大同煤田白洞矿区5号煤层煤相特征

采用光学显微镜、X射线荧光光谱（XFS）和电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）等方法测定了大同煤田塔山井田太原组5号煤的宏观煤岩类型、显微煤岩类型和地球化学参数,探讨了煤的煤岩学、煤地球化学及煤相特征,系统地分析了煤层的原始成煤泥炭沼泽环境及演化规律。研究结果表明,5号煤层有4种煤相类型,即湖沼相、泥炭沼泽相、潮湿森林沼泽相和较干燥森林沼泽相,相应表现为湖泊、障壁岛后潟湖、上三角洲平原和洪泛盆地含煤沉积体系特征。煤层自下而上存在5次比较明显的沉积旋回韵律,与之相随的水介质环境也发生了相应的海陆、咸水、淡水交替变化,从而形成了一套以陆相为主、海陆交互的成煤泥炭沼泽环境,沉积环境逐渐从海相、海陆过渡相向陆相演化。     

平顶山矿区二_1煤层煤相分析

应用煤岩学和煤化学方法,对平顶山矿区二_1煤层的煤相组成、泥炭沼泽类型及其形成条件进行了探讨。将煤相划分为还原相和氧化相。它们具有相应的定性和定量指标。二_1煤层由3～4个周期性相序构成,反映了成煤沼泽由森林沼泽向草本或草本木本混生沼泽的演化过程。这种相序可能代表一种滨海平原环境下的聚煤特征。二_1煤属贫营养的雨成凸起沼泽,基本上为原地堆积成煤。二_1煤层形成于淡水泥炭沼泽,但其顶部曾受过半咸水环境影响。     

华亭矿区5号煤层煤相研究

研究了华亭矿区5号煤层煤岩煤质特征，对其成煤植物、成煤环境、古气候变化进行了综合分析；在此基础上，结合微观煤相标志，划分了5号煤层煤相，共划分出6种煤相类型：陆地苔藓沼泽相；浅覆水-滞流森林沼泽相；中等覆水-滞流森林沼泽相；深覆水-滞流森林沼泽相；浅覆水-滞流草木混生沼泽相和开阔水域沼泽相。并对5号煤层煤相类型在垂向上的演化规律及影响该煤层煤相变化的因素进行了初步分析。     

滇东田坝黔西土城晚二叠世煤系上段煤岩特征及煤相分析

本文通过滇东田坝黔西土城晚二叠世煤系上段沉积相、煤层特征和煤岩煤质的综合研究,系统分析了区内煤层形成时的沉积环境.按成煤的古地理位置分为上三角洲煤相和上、下三角洲过渡带-下三角洲煤相两大类型.根据成煤的原始质料、结构构造、煤岩特征和成煤前后环境,详细划分出八种泥炭沼泽相.着重探讨3号煤层形成时的泥炭沼泽相特征及其变化.     

吉尔嘎郎图凹陷赛汉塔拉组沉积特征与超厚煤层异地成因分析

吉尔嘎郎图凹陷的赛汉塔拉组沉积于基底减速沉降-充填演化阶段,是凹陷进入湖泊萎缩阶段早-中期的产物,其层序地层单元属于水退体系域。自下而上由浅湖相、三角洲相和曲流河相组成。其中的超厚煤层与大量薄层浊积砂岩共生,形成于该凹陷的次级深断槽中,沉积环境应为浅湖和局部较深湖。传统的煤沉积模式难以解释其超厚煤层的成因。通过对煤层和夹矸的沉积学研究,以及凹陷充填序列分析,建立了一种陆相超厚煤层异地成因新模式--“弱风暴及水下泥质、砂质重力流亚模式”,简称为胜利盆地亚模式。推测成煤物质是由远源河流搬运而来的巨量异地高灰泥炭,可能先沉积于滨湖三角洲,后经滑塌和浊流作用转移至浅湖中,并经再次分异、沉积成为超厚的低灰煤层。     

古泥炭沉积环境及其对微量元素的控制:以宁武煤田东露天煤矿11#煤层为例*

古泥炭形成时期沉积环境对煤中微量元素的富集具有重要的影响,而煤相和相关地球化学参数是指示古泥炭沉积环境的重要标志。以宁武煤田平朔矿区东露天煤矿11#煤层为例,利用煤相参数、地球化学参数和矿物学特征对东露天11#煤层的古泥炭沉积环境进行了重建,并探讨了沉积环境对微量元素富集的影响。结果表明: (1)东露天煤矿11#煤层煤相类型包括障壁岛潟湖低位沼泽相、下三角洲平原低位沼泽相和上三角洲平原低位沼泽相3种类型,受海侵影响,沼泽水体pH、古盐度、氧化还原状态和水动力条件呈现动荡变化; (2)11#煤层中元素Li(平均133.50 μg/g)、Zr(平均198.12 μg/g)和Pb(平均60.76 μg/g)含量远高于世界硬煤; (3)微量元素在11#煤层剖面中表现为2种不同的组合,即Li-Zr-Nb-Ta-Hf组合和Pb-Cu-Ga-Ge-Tl-REY组合,前者主要在DLT-11-2、DLT-11-6和DLT-11-10这3个层位富集,这些层位具有相似的沉积环境,为海水(咸水)、酸性、缺氧—还原、水动力较强、硫含量相对较低的障壁岛—潟湖低位沼泽相,而后者主要在DLT-11-0、DLT-11-4和DLT-11-8这3个层位富集,沉积环境也相似,为海水(咸水)、碱性、氧化或缺氧、水动力较弱、硫含量相对较高的下三角洲平原低位沼泽相。该成果将为含煤盆地关键金属矿产资源的勘探开发和煤炭资源的清洁利用提供理论依据。     

New data on palynostratigraphy of the Lipovtsy formation in the Razdol’naya coal Basin (Southern Primorye)

Palynological samples, plant megafossils, and fossil wood taken from the upper Lipovtsy Subformation (Porechye open-pit coal mine in the Il’ichevka coalfield, Razdol’naya River Basin, southern Primorye), as well as coal samples for determining coal-forming plants from dispersed cuticles are analyzed. The taxonomic composition of the identified palynomorphs from the coals and interstratal clastic sediments indicates the Aptian age of host deposits. The palynological spectra from the lower humic–rhabdopissite coal seam are dominated by Gleicheniaceae and Cyatheaceae accompanied by Dicksoniaceae and Ginkgocycadophytus. In the palynological spectra from the upper coal seam, the share of Gleicheniaceae substantially decreases, though they remain dominant; simultaneously, single angiosperm pollen grains appear in them. The spectra from the clastic rocks are dominated by Polypodiaceae and Cyatheaceae. The taxonomical composition of the gymnosperms is relatively diverse, although their abundance is low. The share of angiosperms increases with respect to both their diversity and abundance. The angiosperm pollen, found for the first time in the Aptian deposits of the Razdol’naya River Basin, provides grounds to assume that these pants appeared earlier than previously thought (early Albian). The coal-forming plants of the Il’ichevka coalfield are determined.     

The anatomy of a coal seam split,Durham coalfield,Northeast England

A pronounced coal seam split, one of many within the Lower Westphalian B (Upper Carboniferous) sequence of the Durham coalfield, northeast England, occurs in the vicinity of the village of Burnhope. This feature involves the division of the combined Main/Fivequarter coal into its two component parts, which become separated by up to 8 m of clastic sedimentary rocks over a horizontal distance of 150 m. Three-dimensional outcrop data from an opencast (surface) coal mine straddling the split, supported by extensive subsurface information, have allowed detailed study of the seam split geometry, in addition to that of three overlying coal seams and intervening clastic facies. The study suggests that deposition of the interval as a whole, including the split, was strongly influenced by compaction-controlled subsidence, and not by either contemporary fault movements or channel sedimentation. A substantially greater aggregate thickness of coal is preserved over the five seam interval where the Main/Fivequarter is unsplit than where split. This relationship is consistent with the coal depositional model proposed by Fielding (1984a), which proposed that thick coals in the Durham area are located adjacent to, but not within, coal seam splits. It further implies that attractive sites for future opencast development in the area may be predicted from a regional knowledge of coal seam splits.     

山西西山煤田7号煤层成因类型研究

煤的成因类型通过煤的有机显微组成、矿物成分等来体现。从微观研究的角度出发，以各子样的显微煤岩组分统计值、镜惰比（V/I）、骨基比（F／M）、矿物质含量为依据，对西山煤田屯兰煤矿7号煤进行成因类型划分，分为4类6型，即Ⅰ-①、Ⅲ-①、Ⅲ-②、Ⅳ-①、Ⅳ-②、Ⅴ-①。自下而上对煤层划分了23个成因分层。7煤层以Ⅳ类成因类型为主，沉积了覆水森林沼泽环境。     

Geology of the Niederlausitz Lignite district, Germany

One of the largest brown coal producing districts in the world is the Miocene of Niederlausitz Lignite area in the southeastern part of Germany. Production is in a range of 320 million t/yr. The resources of the first (shallowest) Miocene seam have nearly been exhausted and it is now mainly the second seam which is being mined. A fourth is being explored. The third Miocene and the Oligocene seam, Calau, are unminable. All brown coal is mined in open pits. The rank of brown coal of the second Miocene seam ranges from fuel coal to coking coal. Its heat value (dry) from 22.2 to 23.5 MJ, its ash content (dry) from 6% to 13%, its moisture from 57% to 59%, and its seam thickness from 10 to 12 m. Due to the close relationship between swamp facies and the main coal quality parameters, the coal quality can be directly determined from the drill log.The Oligocene and Miocene brown coal formation was synchronous with the alpine orogenesis and the seafloor spreading of the North Atlantic Ocean, which both caused north and east oriented migrations of the labile basement of central Europe. Periods of compression alternated with longer periods of isostatic subsidence and sedimentation. Additionally, the trends of thickness and facies of sediments were controlled by a block system in the basement of the brown coal district of Niederlausitz, uplifting, subsiding, collapsing, rotating or spreading.The second Lower Miocene seam is situated at sea level in the north of the Niederlausitz area and rises to the south to +150 to +180 m above sea level, due to considerable widespread subsidence and uplifting since the Lower Miocene. Horizontal tectonic movements were caused by the collapse of asymmetric grabens with slight tendency to rotation. Regional shear movements led to block faulting followed by volcanism. Counter-clockwise rotation of the basement blocks is assumed, a hypothesis supported by recent tension measurements and seismic observations. Ice cover in the Pleistocene caused wide destruction zones, narrow and deep channels and intensively folded or imbricated seam structures. Some gravity-induced plastic structures were also formed.     

白布勘探区龙潭组沉积环境及成煤条件分析

贵州大方县白布勘探区煤系地层龙潭组为海陆交互相沉积,厚度177～211m,含煤21～36层,煤层总厚18.04～30.29m,可采煤层6层。根据岩性、岩相特征自下而上分为3段,下段为潟湖—潮坪相沉积,并在大部分地区形成泥炭沼泽,形成了可采的33、28号煤层;中段为三角洲相,泥岩沼泽相多在三角洲分流河道间的湖沼区及湖波浪带基础上发育而成,煤层层位稳定,厚度不大;上段为潮坪三角洲相,该期构造活动趋于平稳,形成的煤层层位稳定,厚度大,6中煤0.39～6.88m,7号煤0～3.09m。三段厚度比较接近,反映该区晚二叠世期间地壳沉降均衡。沉积环境差异是本区成煤条件的主要控制因素。     

Facies and genesis of Carboniferous coal seams of Northwest Germany

In order to get detailed information about the facies and genesis of Upper Carboniferous coal seams of Northwest Germany, maceral analyses of complete seam profiles (Westphalian B-D, mainly Westphalian C) were carried out. Four main facies and twelve subfacies could be distinguished. The main facies are:

1. (1) The sapropelic-coal facies, consisting of fine-grained inertinite and liptinite, which forms from organic sediments deposited at the bottom of moor lakes.

2. (2) The densosporinite facies which is high in inertinite and liptinite and low in vitrinite. Syngenetic pyrites, clastic layers, thick vitrains and fusains do not occur. This facies originates from peats of ‘open mires’ with higher groundwater table and herbaceous vegetation. The ‘open mire’ was situated in the centre of extensive swamps. Consequently, clastic sedimentation did not affect this swamp type and nutrient supply and pH values were low.

3. (3) The vitrinite-fusinite facies, which is high in vitrinite. This is the result of abundant vitrains. Under the microscope, fusains were mostly identified as fusinite. The vitrinite-fusinite facies originates from a forest mire. More or less abundant seam splits and clastic layers show that rivers flowed in the neighbourhood of this area.

4. (4) The shaly-coal facies, which represents the most marginal part of the former swamp frequently affected by clastic sedimentation.

Within the Carboniferous of the Ruhr Region it seems unlikely that the thin coal seams of the Namurian C and Westphalian A1 contain a densosporinite facies. The swamps were situated in the lower delta plain where they were often affected by marine influences. Consequently, coals are high in minerals and sulfur and they are thin and discontinous. The best conditions for the formation of extensive swamps, with open mires (densosporinite facies) in their central parts, prevailed during Westphalian A2 and B1 times. Low contents of sulfur and minerals and high content of inertinite are typical for these coals. Sedimentation mainly took place in the transitional zone from the lower to the upper delta plain. During the Westphalian B2 and C fluvial sedimentation dominated. Within the coal seams minerals, sulfur and pseudovitrinite increase while inertinite decreases. This is the consequence of coal of the densosporinite facies occurring with increased rarity. The coal seams of the Westphalian C2 contain no densosporinite facies because peat formation was restricted by increasing fluvial sedimentation and by a better drainage. As a consequence, extensive swamps with ‘open mires’ in the centre were no longer formed after the formation of the “Odin” seams. Above the “Odin” seams coal of the vitrinite-fusinite facies contains thick-walled torisporinites. Variations and lowering of the groundwater table caused mild oxidative influences during peat formation. This is documented by an increase in pseudovitrinite, the occurrence of torisporinites and the absence of spheroidal sideritic concretions. Sulfur content increases in the absence of the low-ash and low-sulfur coal of the densosporinite facies.In Upper Carboniferous coal seams of the Ibbenbüren Region the inertinite and telocollinite contents are higher than in those of the Ruhr Region. Therefore, variations of the groundwater table have been more pronounced and resulting oxidative influences must have been more severe. Seldom occurring marine and brackish horizons and a higher fusinite (fusain) content indicate a slight elevation of this area. From Early Westphalian D times onward, peat formation was no longer possible because of the better drainage. This resulted in severe oxidative conditions which excluded peat formation.     

A sequence stratigraphic model for the Lower Coal Measures (Upper Carboniferous) of the Ruhr district, north-west Germany

Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures strata have been interpreted traditionally in terms of cyclothems bounded by marine flooding surfaces (marine bands) and coal seams. Correlation of such cyclothems in an extensive grid of closely spaced coal exploration boreholes provides a robust stratigraphic framework in which to study the Lower Coal Measures (Namurian C–Westphalian A) of the Ruhr district, north-west Germany. Three distinct types of cyclothem are recognized, based on their bounding surfaces and internal facies architecture. (1) Type 1 cyclothems are bounded by marine bands. Each cyclothem comprises a thick (30–80 m), regionally extensive, coarsening-upward delta front succession of interbedded shales, siltstones and sandstones, which may be deeply incised by a major fluvial sandstone complex. The delta front succession is capped by a thin (<1 m), regionally extensive coal seam and an overlying marine band defining the top of the cyclothem. (2) Type 2 cyclothems are bounded by thick (≈1 m), regionally extensive coal seams with few splits. The basal part of a typical cyclothem comprises a thick (15–50 m), widespread, coarsening-upward delta front or lake infill succession consisting of interbedded shales, siltstones and sandstones. Networks of major (>5 km wide, 20–40 m thick), steep-sided, multistorey fluvial sandstone complexes erode deeply into and, in some cases, through these successions and are overlain by the coal seam defining the cyclothem top. (3) Type 3 cyclothems are bounded by regionally extensive coal seam groups, characterized by numerous seam splits on a local (0·1–10 km) scale. Intervening strata vary in thickness (15–60 m) and are characterized by strong local facies variability. Root-penetrated, aggradational floodplain heteroliths pass laterally into single-storey fluvial channel-fill sandstones and coarsening-upward, shallow lake infill successions of interbedded shales, siltstones and sandstones over distances of several hundred metres to a few kilometres. Narrow (<2 km) but thick (20–50 m) multistorey fluvial sandstone complexes are rare, but occur in a few type 3 cyclothems. Several cyclothems are observed to change character from type 1 to type 2 and from type 2 to type 3 up the regional palaeoslope. Consequently, we envisage a model in which each cyclothem type represents a different palaeogeographic belt within the same, idealized delta system, subject to the same allogenic and autogenic controls on facies architecture. Type 1 cyclothems are dominated by deltaic shorelines deposited during a falling stage and lowstand of sea level. Type 2 cyclothems represent the coeval lower delta plain, which was deeply eroded by incised valleys that fed the falling stage and lowstand deltas. Type 3 cyclothems comprise mainly upper delta plain deposits in which the allogenic sea-level control was secondary to autogenic controls on facies architecture. The marine bands, widespread coals and coal seam groups that bound these three cyclothem types record abandonment of the delta system during periods of rapid sea-level rise. The model suggests that the extant cyclothem paradigm does not adequately describe the detailed facies architecture of Lower Coal Measures strata. Instead, these architectures may be better understood within a high-resolution stratigraphic framework incorporating sequence stratigraphic key surfaces, integrated with depositional models derived from analogous Pleistocene–Holocene fluvio-deltaic strata.     

四川古叙矿区石屏二矿龙潭组沉积特征及控煤因素分析

通过石屏二矿勘查区含煤地层实测剖面及钻井岩心沉积学分析,认为龙潭组为陆相-海陆过渡相沉积,其中以海陆过渡相沉积为主,自下而上形成了风化残积体系、湖泊沉积体系、三角洲沉积体系及潟湖-潮坪沉积体系;C25煤层形成于泥炭沼泽相,C24煤层形成于滨湖相,C20、C19、C17、C14形成于三角洲平原相及分流间湾相,C11煤层形成于潟湖-潮坪相;勘查区最有利的聚煤环境为风化残积沉积和三角洲沉积体系,主要煤层除受沉积环境影响外,还受控于层间滑动断层及上覆砂岩冲刷作用的影响。     

各向异性煤层裂隙流体因子及地震波速度响应

煤层中瓦斯和水的赋存及运移与裂隙的密度、走向、填充物类型等因素密切相关,为了预防和控制矿井突水、瓦斯突出等灾害性事故,进行煤层裂隙的识别和预测研究,对煤矿开采的安全性评价有重要指示作用。基于裂隙等效模型理论,将Schoenberg线性滑动模型与煤层干裂隙（气充填）和饱水裂隙相结合,分析煤层缝隙中流体因子随不同充填物与裂隙弱度参数（裂隙密度、纵横比、体积模量、剪切模量、拉梅系数）的变化特征,并通过对含垂向裂隙的煤储层进行地震波各向异性速度的响应计算。从HTI型煤层理论模型的正演模拟结果可知,模型中裂隙流体因子与裂隙密度和几何形态呈正相关函数关系,而与充填流体体积模量呈负相关。HTI型煤层P波群、相速度对裂隙中的气、水都比较灵敏,SV波群、相速度对干裂隙（气充填）不敏感,SV波群速度对裂隙中的水很灵敏。通过HTI型煤层裂隙流体因子与各向异性速度等参数的响应分析实现煤层裂隙流体预测的可行性,为分析裂隙型煤层地震波传播特征打下基础,为煤层裂隙流体预测提供理论支持。     

地震相分析技术在煤田地震勘探中的应用

地震相分析技术日渐成为煤田岩性地震勘探的一门新技术。阐述了基于波形分类的地震相分析方法,通过人工神经网络地震相检测技术对不同的波形进行分类,达到区分不同目标体的目的。以圈定火成岩发育范围、预测煤层冲刷变薄带和识别断层、陷落柱等地质异常体为例,讨论了地震相分析技术在煤田岩性地震勘探方面的效果。     

乌达矿区高硫煤层的聚积环境与煤中硫的分布

对乌达矿区高硫煤层的沉积相、煤相和煤中硫在平面上的分布进行了研究。结果表明,１０煤层泥炭聚积时的古水系对煤中硫的分布有明显的影响,９煤层泥炭聚积时的三环境决定了煤中硫的分布,浅水陆棚或分流间湾环境中形成的煤层具有较高ＧＩ、Ｖ／Ｉ值和硫含量,在障壁砂坝中形成的煤层具有高的硫含量、低的ＧＩ、Ｖ／Ｉ值,在泻湖中具有高ＧＩ、Ｖ／Ｉ值和相对较少的硫含量。     

呼吉尔特矿区矿井涌水特征及其沉积控制

鄂尔多斯盆地呼吉尔特矿区属于“水压高、水量大、富水性不均一”的深埋侏罗纪煤田区,各矿井面临较严重的水害防治压力,为了弄清该地区矿井涌水特征及其沉积控制条件,开展了沉积相与顶板钻孔出水层位、钻孔涌水量、工作面涌水量等方面的相关性研究,结果表明：呼吉尔特矿区导水裂缝带范围内,主要发育曲流河沉积相的延安组真武洞砂岩段和直罗组七里镇砂岩段,岩性为细粒-中粗粒砂岩。直罗组早期发育了一套河流相沉积,对延安组顶部的强烈冲刷侵蚀,导致矿区中部的门克庆、母杜柴登井田范围内2^-1煤层缺失,并形成了较厚的七里镇砂岩段;矿区两侧的2^-1煤层较完整,其上覆七里镇砂岩较薄。七里镇砂岩含水层是工作面回采过程中的最主要充水含水层,各矿井的工作面顶板疏放水钻孔涌水量差异显著,古河床冲刷带中部的矿井钻孔涌水量普遍大于古河床冲刷带两侧,与顶板地质沉积相有较好的对应关系。煤层顶板地质条件（沉积相）的差异性,控制了各矿井工作面回采过程中涌水量大小;直罗组古河流冲刷带两侧广泛发育的富水条带,则影响工作面涌水量的变化规律。     

先锋盆地小龙潭组巨厚煤层煤相特征

通过２９个煤样的显微组分观察和定量分析,结合氯仿沥青“Ａ”族组分分析和饱和烃气相色谱分析,对先锋盆地上第三系中新统小龙潭组（Ｎ１ｘ）巨厚煤层的煤相特征进行了研究。结果表明该厚煤层形成期间泥炭沼泽经历了一次大的由浅变深、又由深变浅的水深变化,总体上属于低位沼泽。该厚煤层具有以陆生高等植物为主、以水生高等植物为辅的混合生源,山间盆地优越的气候水文条件、良好的聚集场所和充足的成煤原始物质最终在中新世早期稳定下沉的泥炭沼泽环境中形成了巨厚煤层     

补连塔煤矿中生界高分辨率层序地层与沉积环境演化

通过多口钻孔岩心、测井等资料,结合区域地质背景,对补连塔煤矿中生界进行层序地层及微相划分,总结其沉积环境演化规律。研究结果表明：补连塔煤矿中生界可以区分出7个长周期基准面旋回,13个中周期基准面旋回,在全矿区均可对比。从下向上,侏罗系延安组为三角洲沉积相,侏罗系直罗组和安定组为河流沉积相,白垩系志丹群为冲积扇沉积相。中生代从早到晚,补连塔煤矿由近坳陷湖盆三角洲沉积环境逐渐演化为远坳陷湖盆的河流沉积环境（河流—冲积平原）以及凹陷盆地冲积扇沉积环境,其水平面具有两次加深—变浅的旋回性变化过程。地层组合序列变化记录了盆地沉积演化的地质历史,反映了一个陆相坳陷盆地初始形成、扩张、萎缩到消亡和一个凹陷盆地的形成、发展和萎缩的叠合过程。长周期基准面下降半旋回晚期出现的煤层具有条带状冲刷减薄现象,在掘进中重点预防厚煤层顶板层状剥落现象;而在长周期基准面上升半旋回与下降半旋回转换处（最大水泛面处）沉积煤层具有分叉、合并现象,在掘进中需要重点预防顶板塌陷现象。