Active viscous damping system for control of MDOF structures

The development and applications of a supplemental viscous damping device with active capacity are described. The system of the dampers defined as active viscous damping system (AVDS) is presented herein. Structural control principles defined here as active control theory (ACT) are used to obtain the control forces at each time step during an excitation. Control of the damping forces is possible due to a mechanical structure of the proposed AVDS and do not require the input of large power and energy. This system can be efficiently used to enhance the damping of a structure without adding in stiffness and strength. The added damping forces can be adjusted in a wide range. Its efficiency is demonstrated by a numerical simulation of a seven‐storey building subjected to earthquakes. The simulation shows that the behaviour of the damped structure with the AVDS is significantly improved compared to that of an uncontrolled system. Moreover, the response is better than that of adding either passive viscous dampers or electrorheological damping devices. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于一种新显式时间积分算法的场地非线性地震反应分析

针对线弹性结构动力学方程,作者已提出一种具有良好稳定性的二阶精度单步显式时间积分算法。本文将该方法推广到求解材料非线性结构动力学方程中,采用带误差控制的修正欧拉算法计算单元应力,提高显式时间积分算法的精度。将求解非线性问题的显式算法应用于地震波垂直入射时非线性地震反应分析中,使用黏性边界模拟场地土层底部半空间基岩的辐射阻尼,并考虑地震动输入。与中心差分法计算结果进行对比,以表明新显式算法的有效性。     

Seismic response estimation method for earthquake‐damaged RC buildings

This study proposes a procedure for identifying spectral response curves for earthquake‐damaged areas in developing countries without seismic records. An earthquake‐damaged reinforced concrete building located in Padang, Indonesia was selected to illustrate the identification of the maximum seismic response during the 2009 West Sumatra earthquake. This paper summarizes the damage incurred by the building; the majority of the damage was observed in the third story in the span direction. The damage was quantitatively evaluated using the damage index R according to the Japanese guidelines for post‐earthquake damage evaluation. The damage index was also applied to the proposed spectral response identification method. The seismic performance of the building was evaluated by a nonlinear static analysis. The analytical results reproduced a drift concentration in the third story. The R‐index decreased with an increase in the story drift, which provided an estimation of the maximum response of the building during the earthquake. The estimation was verified via an earthquake response analysis of the building using ground acceleration data, which were simulated based on acceleration records of engineering bedrock that considered site amplification. The maximum response estimated by the R‐index was consistent with the maximum response obtained from the earthquake response analysis. Therefore, the proposed method enables the construction of spectral response curves by integrating the identification results for the maximum responses in a number of earthquake‐damaged buildings despite a lack of seismic records. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

A new analytical approach to reconstruct the acceleration time history at the bedrock base from the free surface signal records

Acceleration time histories of earthquake events are typically measured in seismic stations that are placed close to the soil top surface. These acceleration records are often used as input data for seismic analysis. It may be used for base excitation in seismic analysis of above ground structures with shallow foundations.. However it may not be used for seismic analysis of underground structures, or even for above ground buildings with deep foundations and several underground stories. The required base excitation data of the latter should have been measured below the top surface, at a level that may be determined according to the specific analyzed building geometry or at the bedrock below. If the acceleration time history at the bedrock would have been known, the seismic wave propagation through the soil medium, from the bedrock towards the top surface, could have been carried out and the base excitation of the buried structure could be determined. Since there is no data on the acceleration time history at the bedrock, and the only given data is the acceleration records at the top surface, the goal of this paper is to provide an exact reverse analysis procedure to determine the unknown acceleration time history at the bedrock that would exactly produce the measured acceleration time history at the top surface. Once this goal is achieved, seismic analysis of buried structures may be carried out with the determined acceleration record at the bedrock as input. This paper presents an analytical exact solution of the inverse problem for determination of the acceleration, velocity and displacement time histories at the bedrock base of a layered geological medium that are compatible with the given acceleration record at the soil top surface. This new proposed method is based on analytical solutions of the initial-boundary value problems of the linear wave equation in the case of a layered medium. The relationship between waves in one layer and waves in another adjacent layer is derived considering the continuity of stresses and displacements at the common interface between the layers. The efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method is demonstrated through several examples involving the nonstationary response of the free surface. The case of the San Fernando Earthquake is studied. Excellent agreement is achieved between the recorded free surface time history and the reconstructed signal. This excellent agreement is obtained due to the exact analytical method used in deriving the inverse problem solution. This exact analytical method allows one to obtain an acceleration (velocity/displacement) distribution along all the layers at any time.     

基于流固耦合统一计算框架的三维大规模海域场地地震反应分析?以东京湾为例

海域场地地震响应分析是确定海洋工程结构抗震设计地震动输入的重要环节。然而,针对海水、饱和土、基岩之间的流固耦合分析,目前一般通过对3种介质方程进行离散,然后整体求解或分区耦合求解的方式进行,过程复杂而低效。因此,大规模海域场地地震反应分析仍是一个挑战性问题。本文基于流固耦合统一计算框架求解海域近场波动问题,采用透射边界模拟无限域,通过将海水和基岩视为孔隙率分别等于1和0的广义饱和多孔介质,使得海水、饱和土、基岩之间的相互耦合可在统一计算框架中实现,避免不同介质求解器之间的数据交换。采用集中质量显式有限元并行计算,不同进程之间采用MPI进行数据交换,提高计算效率;采用逐元技术,按单元类别存储单元刚度,大大节省了内存,便于大规模计算。通过自编程,输入界面高程数据和材料参数,实现建模-自由场-三维地震动模拟全流程自动化。以东京湾为例,使用该方法和程序在超级计算机上模拟SV波垂直入射时的地震响应,证实了该方法用于三维大规模海域地震波场模拟的高效性和可行性。     

Optimal placement of dampers for passive response control

The effectiveness of viscous and viscoelastic dampers for seismic response reduction of structures is quite well known in the earthquake engineering community. This paper deals with the optimal utilization of these dampers in a structure to achieve a desired performance under earthquake‐induced ground excitations. Frequency‐dependent and ‐independent viscous dampers and viscoelastic dampers have been considered as the devices of choice. To determine the optimal size and location of these dampers in the structure, a genetic algorithm is used. The desired performance is defined in terms of several different forms of performance functions. The use of the genetic approach is not limited to any particular form of performance function as long as it can be calculated numerically. For illustration, numerical examples for different building structures are presented showing the distribution and size of different dampers required to achieve a desired level of reduction in the response or a performance index. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Evaluation of the measured seismic response of the Mexico City Cathedral

The seismic response of the Mexico City Cathedral built of very soft soil deposits is evaluated by using motions recorded in various parts of the structure during several moderate earthquakes. This unique set of records provides significant insight into the seismic response of this and other similar historic stone masonry structures. Free‐field ground motions are carefully compared in time and frequency domains with motions recorded at building basement. The dynamic characteristics of the structure are inferred from the earthquake records by using system identification techniques. Variation of seismic response for different seismic intensities is discussed. It is shown that, due to the soil–structure interaction, due to large differences between dominant frequencies of earthquake ground motions at the site and modal frequencies of vibration of the structure, and due to a particularly high viscous damping, seismic amplifications of ground motion in this and similar historic buildings erected on soft soil deposits are much smaller than that induced in most modern constructions. Nevertheless, earthquake records and analytical results show that several components of the structure such as its central dome and the bell towers may be subjected to local vibrations that significantly amplify ground motions. Overall, results indicate that in its present state the structure has an acceptable level of seismic safety. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A response spectrum approach for seismic performance evaluation of actively controlled structures

To evaluate and measure the effectiveness of active control schemes in reducing the response of structures subjected to earthquake excitations, it is common to use recorded or artificially generated earthquakes as input motions. This paper introduces the response spectrum analysis to evaluate linear control systems for seismic inputs defined by code‐prescribed or site‐specific ground response spectra. Using such a method one can evaluate a control system in a single analysis for the ensemble of time histories that are represented by the input response spectra. The response spectrum analysis can also facilitate the implementation of comprehensive parametric studies. A generalized response spectrum method is used to analyse systems with non‐symmetrical matrices that are caused by the general nature of the control actions imposed on the structure. The application of the method is demonstrated on several numerical examples of a building structure where the control force is applied through an active tuned‐mass damper. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Earthquake analysis of a class of torsionally-coupled buildings

An effective procedure is summarized without derivation for estimating the maximum response of a class of torsionally-coupled, multi-storey buildings due to earthquake ground motion characterized by response spectra. The analysis procedure is shown to be efficient and to provide insight into torsional coupling effects because the maximum response of such a torsionally-coupled, N-storey building in its njth mode of vibration is determined exactly by analysing (i) the response in the jth vibration mode (j = 1,2, N) of the corresponding torsionally-uncoupled, N-storey system; and (ii) the response in the nth vibration mode (n = 1, 2 for a one-way symmetric plan) of an associated torsionally-coupled, one-storey system. It is also demonstrated that an earlier, simpler approach in which the total (considering all vibration modes) response of the building is determined from the total response of the two simpler systems is strictly valid only under restrictive conditions, which are identified, but the simpler approach leads to results that are accurate to a useful degree.     

Parameter identification of torsionally coupled shear buildings from earthquake response records

This paper presents an efficient procedure to determine the natural frequencies, modal damping ratios and mode shapes for torsionally coupled shear buildings using earthquake response records. It is shown that the responses recorded at the top and first floor levels are sufficient to identify the dominant modal properties of a multistoried torsionally coupled shear building with uniform mass and constant eccentricity even when the input excitation is not known. The procedure applies eigenrealization algorithm to generate the state‐space model of the structure using the cross‐correlations among the measured responses. The dynamic characteristics of the structure are determined from the state‐space realization matrices. Since the mode shapes are obtained only at the instrumented floor (top and first floors) levels, a new mode shape interpolation technique has been proposed to estimate the mode shape coefficients at the remaining floor levels. The application of the procedure has been demonstrated through a numerical experiment on an eight‐storied torsionally coupled shear building subjected to earthquake base excitation. The results show that the proposed parameter identification technique is capable of identifying dominant modal parameters and responses even with significant noise contamination of the response records. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

级配砂石地基条件下核安全级廊道结构地震响应分析

级配砂石处理核安全级廊道结构的软弱地基有良好的发展前景,发展级配砂石地基条件下的廊道地震响应分析模型是评价其抗震安全性的关键问题。以某核电厂废液输送机排放廊道为研究对象,通过引入等价线性法描述近场级配砂石地基的非线性特征,在分析模型底部施加黏性边界模拟半无限空间,在截断边界的两侧施加黏性边界考虑波动的逸散效果,通过无厚度Goodman单元模拟廊道结构与周围地基的摩擦效应,并利用基于有限元法的自由场响应分析实现地震动输入,从而建立了级配砂石地基条件核安全级廊道结构地震响应分析计算模型。最后,通过开展级配砂石与回填素混凝土两种地基处理条件的廊道地震响应对比分析,该模型表现出良好的规律性及工程应用效果。研究成果可为在建项目、后续核电项目此类问题的地基处理提供借鉴与参考。     

Active viscous damping system with amplifying braces for control of MDOF structures

The development and the applications of an active controlled viscous damping device with amplifying braces are described. The system of the dampers, defined as active viscous damping system (AVDS), connected to an amplifying brace (AB) is presented herein. Instantaneous control theory with velocity and acceleration feedback is used to obtain the control forces at each time step during an excitation. Control of the damping forces is possible due to the mechanical structure of the proposed AVDS, and the connection to the AB. The proposed system can be efficiently used to enhance the damping of a structure without modifying its stiffness. The added damping forces can be adjusted in a wide range. The efficiency of the presented system is demonstrated by a numerical simulation of a seven‐storey building subjected to earthquakes. The simulation shows a considerable reduction of control forces required for control to the AVDS with AB, compared to the same system without AB. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Efficient seismic analysis for nonlinear soil-structure interaction with a thick soil layer

The direct finite element method is a type commonly used for nonlinear seismic soil-structure interaction(SSI) analysis. This method introduces a truncated boundary referred to as an artificial boundary meant to divide the soilstructure system into finite and infinite domains. An artificial boundary condition is used on a truncated boundary to achieve seismic input and simulate the wave radiation effect of infinite domain. When the soil layer is particularly thick, especially for a three-dimensional problem, the computational efficiency of seismic SSI analysis is very low due to the large size of the finite element model, which contains an whole thick soil layer. In this paper, an accurate and efficient scheme is developed to solve the nonlinear seismic SSI problem regarding thick soil layers. The process consists of nonlinear site response and SSI analysis. The nonlinear site response analysis is still performed for the whole thick soil layer. The artificial boundary at the bottom of the SSI analysis model is subsequently relocated upward from the bottom of the soil layer(bedrock surface) to the location nearest to the structure as possible. Finally, three types of typical sites and underground structures are adopted with seismic SSI analysis to evaluate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed efficient analysis scheme.     

Influence of the nonlinear behavior of viscous dampers on the seismic demand hazard of building frames

This paper analyzes the influence of damper properties on the probabilistic seismic performance of building frames equipped with viscous dampers. In particular, a probabilistic methodology is employed to evaluate the influence of the damper nonlinearity, measured by the damper exponent, on the performance of structural and nonstructural components of building frames, as described by the response hazard curves of the relevant engineering demand parameters. The performance variations due to changes in the damper nonlinearity level are evaluated and highlighted by considering two realistic design scenarios and by comparing the results of a set of cases involving dampers with different exponents designed to provide the same deterministic performance. By this way, it is possible to evaluate the influence of the nonlinear response and of its dispersion on the demand hazard. It is shown that the damper nonlinearity level strongly affects the seismic performance and different trends are observed for the demand parameters of interest. A comparison with code provisions shows that further investigation is necessary to provide more reliable design formulas accounting for the damping nonlinearity level. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Discussion of user-defined parameters for recursive subspace identification: Application to seismic response of building structures

Structural damage assessment under external loading, such as earthquake excitation, is an important issue in structural safety evaluation. In this regard, an appropriate data analysis and system identification technique is required to interpret the measured data and to identify the state of the structure. Generally, the recursive system identification algorithm is used. In this study, the recursive subspace identification (RSI) algorithm based on the matrix inversion lemma algorithm with oblique projection technique (RSI-Inversion-Oblique) is applied to investigate the time-varying dynamic characteristics. The user-defined parameters used in the RSI-Inversion-Oblique technique are carefully discussed, which include the size of the data Hankel matrix (i), model order to extract the physical modes, and forgetting factor (FF) to detect the time-varying system modal frequencies. Response data from the Northridge earthquake from the Sherman Oaks building (CSMIP) is used as an example to examine a systematic method to determine the suitable user-defined parameters in RSI. It is concluded that the number of rows in the data Hankel matrix significantly influences the identification of the time-varying fundamental modal frequency of the structure. An algorithmic model order selection method using the eigenvalue distribution of RSI-Inversion can detect the system modal frequencies at each appending data window without causing any abnormality.     

某周期比超限偏心结构地震反应控制分析

本文以周期比超限的某偏心结构工程为研究背景,基于SAP2000建立三维有限元模型,采用黏滞阻尼器、黏弹性阻尼器、软钢阻尼器、复合铅黏弹性阻尼器和钢支撑五种减震方案对其进行扭转控制,针对不同扭转控制方案分别进行了模态分析、反应谱分析和动力时程分析,对比研究了多遇地震作用下各控制方案的周期比、层间位移、支撑内力及阻尼器的耗能能力。研究表明:五种控制方案均具有有效抑制结构扭转振动响应的能力,降低结构的最大层间位移角,并使之满足规范要求;后四种控制方案能明显减小结构的周期比,将结构第一扭转反应控制在第三振型;对于此类偏心结构体系的扭转振动控制,本文建议阻尼器设置应尽量远离刚度中心,以达到最佳扭转控制效果。     

System identification of a building from multiple seismic records

This paper describes the identification of finite dimensional, linear, time‐invariant models of a 4‐story building in the state space representation using multiple data sets of earthquake response. The building, instrumented with 31 accelerometers, is located on the University of California, Irvine campus. Multiple data sets, recorded during the 2005 Yucaipa, 2005 San Clemente, 2008 Chino Hills and 2009 Inglewood earthquakes, are used for identification and validation. Considering the response of the building as the output and the ground motion as the input, the state space models that represent the underlying dynamics of the building in the discrete‐time domain corresponding to each data set are identified. The time‐domain Eigensystem Realization Algorithm with the Observer/Kalman filter identification procedure are adopted in this paper, and the modal parameters of the identified models are consistently determined by constructing stabilization diagrams. The four state space models identified demonstrate that the response of the building is amplitude dependent with the response frequency and damping, being dependent on the magnitude of ground excitation. The practical application of this finding is that the consistency of this building response to future earthquakes can be quickly assessed, within the range of ground excitations considered (0.005g–0.074g), for consistency with prior response—this assessment of consistent response is discussed and demonstrated with reference to the four earthquake events considered in this study. Inclusion of data sets relating to future earthquakes will enable the findings to be extended to a wider range of ground excitation magnitudes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Generation of floor response spectra including oscillator-structure interaction

A method is presented for generating floor response spectra for aseismic design of equipment attached to primary structures. The method accurately accounts for tuning, interaction and non-classical damping, which are inherent characteristics of composite oscillator-structure systems. Modal synthesis and perturbation techniques are used to derive the modal properties of the composite system in terms of the known properties of the structure and the oscillator. Floor spectra are generated directly in terms of these derived properties and the input ground response spectrum using modal combination rules that account for modal correlations and non-classical damping. The computed spectra, in general, are considerably lower than conventional floor response spectra due to the effect of interaction. They provide more realistic and economical criteria for design of equipment. The method is accurate to the order of perturbation and is computationally efficient, as it avoids time-history analysis and does not require numerical eigenvalue evaluation of the composite oscillator-structure system. The results of a parametric study demonstrate the accuracy of the method and illustrate several key features of floor response spectra.     

Optimal seismic response control with dampers

The usefulness of energy dissipation devices to reduce seismic response of structures is now well established. For a given installation of such devices in a structure, one can easily compute the level of response reduction achieved. However, the solution of an inverse problem of how many devices one would need to achieve a desired level of response reduction in a structure, or to achieve an expected level of performance from a structural system, is not quite as straightforward and well formulated. In this paper, a method is presented to obtain the amount of viscous and visco‐elastic damping one would need to obtain a desired level of response reduction. The needed supplemental devices are also optimally distributed in the structure to achieve the best performance. To solve the optimal problem, a gradient‐based optimization approach is used. To illustrate the application, numerical results for a 24‐storey building structure are presented where the objective is to achieve the maximum reduction in the performance functions expressed in terms of the inter‐storey drifts, base shear, or floor accelerations. Other forms of performance functions can also be treated similarly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dynamic loading tests and seismic response analysis of a stud-type damper composed of multiple friction units with disc springs

This paper presents an experimental study on the performance of a shear-sliding stud-type damper composed of multiple friction units with high-tension bolts and disc springs. A numerical evaluation of the response reduction effects achieved by the stud-type damper is also presented. In dynamic loading tests, the behavior of stud-type multiunit friction damper specimens was investigated. Three different full-scale damper specimens, which were composed of five, six, or seven friction units with two or four sliding surfaces, were incorporated into loading devices for testing. The stud-type friction dampers demonstrated stable rigid-plastic hysteresis loops without any remarkable decrease in the sliding force even when subjected to repetitive loading, in addition to showing no unstable behavior such as lateral buckling. The damper produced a total sliding force approximately proportional to the number of sliding surfaces and friction units. The total sliding force of the stud-type damper can thus be estimated by summing the contributions of each friction unit. In an earthquake response simulation, the control effects achieved by stud-type dampers incorporated into an analytical high-rise building model under various input waves, including long-period, long-duration and pulse-like ground motions, were evaluated. A satisfactory response reduction was obtained by installing the developed stud-type dampers into the main frame without negatively impacting usability and convenience in terms of building planning.