陕北黄土丘陵区威胁窑洞民居的地质灾害问题——以陕西延安地区为例

窑洞是陕北黄土丘陵区民居的一种主要形式.在介绍区内窑洞的类型和分布的基础上,阐述了滑坡、崩塌、塌窑、窑洞透水等主要窑洞民居地质灾害的发育特征.从沟谷发育期、斜坡结构类型、地形特征等方面分析了窑洞灾害形成的主要原因,认为黄土的工程地质特性是灾害发育的物质基础,人类工程活动和降雨是灾害形成的主要诱发因素.最后从窑洞的选址、斜坡的设计、窑洞的防水等几个方面提出了灾害的防治措施.     

陕西延安杨崖滑坡的形成机理及其致灾分析

不合理的人类工程活动是陕北黄土高原地区滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害的主要诱发因素之一,延安市杨崖滑坡是一个典型的多期人为诱发的滑坡。通过对杨崖滑坡力学变形破坏模式和形成因素的分析,认为杨崖滑坡为拉裂－压致滑移式变形过程,是先牵引、后推移的发育破坏过程,滑体的多次强烈扰动与老滑坡滑面的存在为滑坡形成的控制因素,不合理的削坡和人工削坡加载是其形成的诱发因素;对致灾原因进行了分析,选址不当、防灾避灾意识不强和治理措施不当是造成滑坡灾害的主要原因。     

陕北黄土丘陵区威胁窑洞民居的地质灾害问题—以陕西延安地区为例

窑洞是陕北黄土丘陵区民居的一种主要形式。在介绍区内窑洞的类型、分布的基础上,阐述了滑坡、崩塌、塌窑、窑洞透水等主要窑洞民居地质灾害的发育特征。从沟谷发育期、斜坡结构类型、地形特征等方面分析了窑洞灾害形成的主要原因,认为黄土的工程地质特性是灾害发育的物质基础,人类工程活动和降雨是灾害形成的主要诱发因素。最后从窑洞的选址、斜坡的设计、窑洞的防水等几个方面提出了灾害的防治措施。     

中国崩塌,滑坡,泥石流灾害基本特征与防治途径

总结1949—1990年中国崩塌、滑坡、泥石流灾害基本情况,介绍了其主要危害方式和破坏程度;根据灾害分布特征和形成背景条件,将我国分为三大灾害区;分析了年内和多年灾害发育规律;论述了灾害形成条件,并分析了人类社会经济活动对灾害的促进作用;预测了灾害未来发展趋势和主要危险区;提出了灾害防治对策和措施。     

厦门市崩塌滑坡灾害的发育特征及防治建议

区内工程地质灾害主要为崩塌、滑坡和不稳定斜坡,灾害的形成与发展受自然因素和人类经济活动的影响。基于调查资料,系统分析区内地质灾害类型及发育规律。最后针对灾害发育特征提出相应的防治措施和建议。     

邢台西部山区地质灾害形成的成因分析

邢台西部山区每年汛期受降雨因素影响,崩塌,滑坡、泥石流等突发性地质灾害时有发生,危害日趋严重,严重制约着山区国民经济的发展,威胁着人民生命财产的安全.本文根据调查分析邢台西部山区地质灾害发生、发育的特点,对崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等地质灾害形成的成因、暴雨在地质灾害形成中的作用以及暴雨诱发地质灾害的主要影响系统进行了分析,指出地质灾害形成的因素主要有地形地貌、降水和人类活动,地形地貌因素是灾害发生的内在原因,降水是触发灾害的外在条件,人类活动是引发地质灾害的重要因素,暴雨及强降水是促成地质灾害发展的动力条件.高空低槽、中低层低涡、切变线、台风等天气系统是暴雨诱发地质灾害的主要影响系统.     

四川省康定县滑坡灾害发育特征与形成条件

康定县地处四川盆地西缘山地及青藏高原过渡地带。县域内地势险峻,地形切割强烈,地层与地质构造复杂,新构造运动强烈,地震活动频繁。加之降水充沛,致使山地灾害十分发育,其中滑坡灾害占山地灾害的38.32%。通过搜集资料及现场调查,概述了该县县域内滑坡灾害的分布;从行政区划、自然地理及灾害规模等3方面统计分析了滑坡灾害的发育现状;从地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、降雨、地震活动、人类工程活动等方面总结了滑坡灾害的形成条件,并提出防治对策与措施,力求有效地预防与减少滑坡灾害的发生。     

青海省特大滑坡分布特征及影响因素

青海省是我国滑坡灾害密集发育地区之一,在青藏高原与黄土高原过渡带内的湟水、黄河谷地带,特大型红层滑坡密度之高、规模之大,实属罕见.本文阐述了青海滑坡分布特征,分析了其特大滑坡发生的原因,提出了相应的防护治理措施建议.     

安徽省歙县山体滑坡典型实例研究

安徽省歙县是崩、滑、流斜坡地质灾害多发的山区县，尤以山体滑坡为重。本文根据歙县地质灾害调查情况，首先阐述歙县滑坡灾害的发育状况，分析研究其多发的原因，通过对不同物质组成的典型滑坡事例进行分析，探索歙县山体滑坡的发育规律和形成机制，以期对滑坡的预测预报及减灾防灾工作有所借鉴。     

秦岭山区南秦河流域崩滑地质灾害发育特征及主控因素

秦岭山区地质构造复杂、岩体结构破碎、斜坡类型特殊,是中国地质灾害高发区之一。为了查明秦岭山区崩滑地质灾害发育的主控因子,以南秦河小流域为例,通过野外实地调查和室内综合研究,查明区内滑坡、崩塌地质灾害的发育特征,分析灾害发育的孕灾环境。最后得出,长期构造变形作用下的地层奠定了灾害发育的物质基础,多种结构面对崩滑灾害的形成起着控制作用,斜坡结构类型控制着崩滑灾害的成灾模式,构造断裂控制着崩滑灾害的空间分布,人类工程活动加剧了崩塌和滑坡的发育程度,而极端降雨是崩滑地质灾害发生的主要诱因。     

三峡库区白衣庵滑坡地质研究

白衣庵滑坡是一个由古滑坡、老滑坡和新滑坡组成的滑坡群,是川、峡二江在奉节东西贯通形成统一的长江后,三叠系巴东组(T2b)地层在江水强烈下切侵蚀事件的持续作用下导致江岸斜坡逐渐卸荷、倾倒、崩塌和表层滑坡等多期作用形成的古崩滑体。     

Landslides induced by the 2017 Mw7.3 Sarpol Zahab earthquake (Iran)

Landslides are the main secondary effects of earthquakes in mountainous areas. The spatial distribution of these landslides is controlled by the local seismic ground motion and the local slope stability. While gravitational instabilities in arid and semi-arid environments are understudied, we document the landslides triggered by the Sarpol Zahab earthquake (November 12, 2017, Mw7.3, Iran/Iraq border), the largest event ever recorded in the semi-arid Zagros Mountains. An original earthquake-induced landslide inventory was derived, encompassing landslides of various sizes and velocities (from rapid disrupted rockfalls to slow-moving coherent landslides). This inventory confirms the low level of triggered landslides in semi-arid environments. It also displays clear differences in the spatial and volumetric distributions of earthquake-induced landslides, having 386 rockfalls of limited size triggered around the epicenter, and 9 giant (areas of ca. 10⁶ m²) active and ancient deep-seated landslides coseismically accelerated at locations up to 180 km from the epicenter. This unusual distant triggering is discussed and interpreted as an interaction between the earthquake source properties and the local geological conditions, emphasizing the key role of seismic ground motion variability at short spatial scales in triggering landslides. Finally, the study documents the kinematics of slow-moving ancient landslides accelerated by earthquakes, and opens up new perspectives for studying landslide triggering over short (~?1–10 years) and long-time (~?1000–10,000 years) periods.

     

论滑坡分类

在广泛查阅和总结国内外滑坡分类基础上 ,以滑坡监测预报与防治为目的 ,遵从滑坡活动各要素的地位与作用 ,根据分类体系的完备性需要 ,理清了已有各种滑坡分类的性质及其彼此间的关系 ,并对之进行了科学归纳、取舍和补充 ,建立了具有层次系统性的综合性滑坡分类体系。为建立滑坡监测预报地质模型体系奠定了基础 ,并有助于对滑坡活动的全面研究。     

Retrogression characteristics of landslides in fine-grained permafrost soils, Mackenzie Valley, Canada

Thirteen landslides (retrogressive thaw flows) were investigated to study the behavior of thaw retrogression in permafrost in the Mackenzie Valley, Northwest Territories (NWT), Canada. Those landslides are all in fine-grained ice-rich permafrost soils. Such landslides usually start from small-scale slope failures followed by retrogressive thaw flows when ice-rich permafrost soils are exposed to the atmosphere. The landslides were marked with survey stakes to measure their retreat rates for the thawing season of 2007. Two correlations are presented: one is between scarp wall height and retreat rate; another is between overall slope angle and retreat rate. It was found that thaw flow retrogression rate increases with increase in scarp wall height and slope angle up to a certain limit. It was also confirmed that thaw flow retrogression is not influenced by slope orientation.     

西藏满拉水利枢纽左岸塌滑体稳定性研究

西藏满拉水利枢纽坝址位于高海拔、高地震烈度区, 其左岸上、下游均分布有规模较大的坍滑体, 影响边坡稳定和水工建筑物的安全运行。为此对左岸坍滑体进行了专门的勘察和试验研究, 并且在坍滑体上布置变形监测网, 在施工期和水库蓄水期及运行初期对坍滑体的地面变形, 地裂缝张开度和深部分层水平位移进行了监测。今后对上、下游坍滑体继续进行变形监测, 以便对可能产生的塌滑及时作出预报, 保证满拉水利枢纽长期安全运行是很有必要的。     

数据库管理系统在地震滑坡研究中的应用地震滑坡数据库管理系统

地震滑坡资料是深入研究地震滑坡问题的宝贵基础资料,但是目前对这些资料缺乏有效的管理和利用。本文介绍的地震滑坡数据库管理系统可以科学合理地对这些资料进行高效管理,节省科研前期的投入,提高工作效率。本系统界面友好、操作方便,具有良好的可维护性、可扩充性和升级换代能力,可以加速地震滑坡问题的研究步伐,是地震滑坡问题研究的一个有力工具。     

Landslide susceptibility mapping of the Sera River Basin using logistic regression model

Of the natural hazards in Turkey, landslides are the second most devastating in terms of socio-economic losses, with the majority of landslides occurring in the Eastern Black Sea Region. The aim of this study is to use a statistical approach to carry out a landslide susceptibility assessment in one area at great risk from landslides: the Sera River Basin located in the Eastern Black Sea Region. This paper applies a multivariate statistical approach in the form of a logistics regression model to explore the probability distribution of future landslides in the region. The model attempts to find the best fitting function to describe the relationship between the dependent variable, here the presence or absence of landslides in a region and a set of independent parameters contributing to the occurrence of landslides. The dependent variable (0 for the absence of landslides and 1 for the presence of landslides) was generated using landslide data retrieved from an existing database and expert opinion. The database has information on a few landslides in the region, but is not extensive or complete, and thus unlike those normally used for research. Slope, angle, relief, the natural drainage network (including distance to rivers and the watershed index) and lithology were used as independent parameters in this study. The effect of each parameter was assessed using the corresponding coefficient in the logistic regression function. The results showed that the natural drainage network plays a significant role in determining landslide occurrence and distribution. Landslide susceptibility was evaluated using a predicted map of probability. Zones with high and medium susceptibility to landslides make up 38.8 % of the study area and are located mostly south of the Sera River Basin and along streams.     

两河口水电站雅砻江主库区滑坡发育规律

两河口水电站雅砻江主库区滑坡的形成与地层岩性、斜坡地质结构、河谷地貌特征密切相关,滑坡主要发生于板岩及板岩与中薄层状砂岩互层的中陡一陡倾反向层状结构斜坡和板岩陡倾顺向层状结构斜坡中,且多发生于峡谷凹岸及三面临空的脊状山体一侧.滑坡变形破坏方式主要为弯曲一拉裂型.     

多分类支持向量机在滑坡稳定性判识中的应用

如何准确地判识和评价滑坡的稳定性一直是滑坡研究中的关键问题。基于多分类支持向量机的基本理论,利用三峡库区的37个典型滑坡（27个训练样本,10个测试样本）,建立了滑坡稳定性判识的多分类支持向量机模型,并与距离判别分析方法进行了比较。结果表明,SVM模型对测试样本和训练样本的判识准确率均达到100％,而距离判别法对测试样本和训练样本的判识准确率分别为80％和77.8％,前者的判识精度明显优于后者。在此基础上,将SVM模型运用于溪洛渡库区牛滚凼滑坡的稳定性判识中,结果与实际情况吻合较好。     

Spatial characteristics of landslides triggered by the 2015 M<Subscript>w</Subscript> 7.8 (Gorkha) and M<Subscript>w</Subscript> 7.3 (Dolakha) earthquakes in Nepal

High magnitude earthquakes trigger numerous landslides and their occurrences are mainly controlled by terrain parameters. We created an inventory of 15,551 landslides with a total area of 90.2 km² triggered by the 2015 M_w 7.8 (Gorkha) and M_w 7.3 (Dolakha) earthquakes in Nepal, through interpretation of very high resolution satellite images (e.g. WorldView, Pleiades, Cartosat-1 and 2, Resourcesat-2). Our spatial analysis of landslide occurrences with ground acceleration, slope, lithology and surface defomation indicated ubiquitous control of steep slope on landslides with ground acceleration as the trigger. Spatial distribution of landslides shows increasing frequency away from the Gorkha earthquake epicentre up to 130 km towards east, dropping sharply thereafter, which is an abnormal phenomenon of coseismic landslides. Landslides are laterally concentrated in three zones which matches well with the seismic rupture evolution of Gorkha earthquake, as reported through teleseismic measurements.