中国地质构造发展历程

<正> 中国位于亚洲大陆的东南部,地跨几个洲际性构造单元的交汇部位。在地质历史上,它经历了多次构造变革逐步演化为目前这种复杂的构造格局。北部的准噶尔—兴安构造带属中亚—中蒙地槽褶皱带的一部分;中部为塔里木—中朝地台;青藏高原的大部分属巨型古地中海构造带中段,喜马拉雅地区属印度地台北缘;东部则隶属于中新生代的环太平洋构造带。     

中国一些主要金属矿床类型及其时空分布规律问题

中国已发现了许多规模较大的金属矿床，其中以铁-铜-镍、锌-铅、锰-铝和钨-锡-钼十种四组矿床最具特色。它们分别产于前寒武纪古陆和显生宙的地槽褶皱系中。比较发育的成矿期是太古一早元古代、中元古代、晚古生代和中生代。根据许多矿床分别产于以海相喷出沉积为主和喷出、侵入均极发育的不同地质构造环境中，说明一些金属矿床的形成是严格地受地质构造环境控制的。在地质构造演化历史过程中，类似的地质构造环境虽然可以形成近似的矿床，但这仅是少数矿床类型，总的说成矿作用是由简而繁，显生宙比隐生宙出现更多的新矿床类型。因此中国一些金属矿床的时空分布是明显地具有一定的规律性的。     

MESOZOIC GRANITIC MAGMATISM AND METALLOGENY IN THE KHENTEY RANGE,MONGOLIA

1 Introduction Petrogenesis of Mesozoic granitoids in Mongolia that comprise the Mongol-Okhotsk foldbelt was studied during more than 40 years.This belt is well known province of the Mesozoic magmatism and mineralization including gold,copper and molybdenum,tin and tungsten,lead and zinc,and fluorite.In the middle of the 1950's Chen Guoda proposed the diwa theory to explain tectonic activity in Chinese platform.In Russian Far East for similar processes the activization (revivation) theory was proposed which explained intracontinental events in the Mongol-okhotsk foldbwlt.     

大兴安岭中生代岩浆岩及岩浆作用研究进展

大兴安岭地区位于中国雄伟版图的东北部,属于兴蒙造山带的东延部分。本区在地质历史时期曾发生过多期次、多阶段岩浆活动,其中尤以中生代岩浆活动最为强烈,分布最为广泛,与成矿关系最为密切。在总结前人资料的基础上,从构造地质背景入手结合锆石同位素测年资料探讨该区中生代岩浆岩和岩浆作用。研究本区中生代岩浆岩及其岩浆作用有助于我们还原其地质历史演化过程并掌握其地质演化发展规律,为该区科研及矿产勘查工作提供借鉴。     

Geologic structure of Lesser Khingan and its position in structure of Far East

The Lesser Khingan has been variously assigned to, 1) a zone of Mesozoic folding at the western margin of the East Asian Mesozoic-Cenozoic folded belt; 2) the Mongol-Okhotsk folded belt. 3) the marginal zone of the northeast side of the Chinese platform as altered by very late folding, hi order to establish its tectonic affinity, the geologic and especially tectonic history is considered from Proterozoic rime to the present. Tectonic maps give details of structures within Proterozoic. Mesozoic, and Cenozoic sadimentary and associated igneous rock complexes. Major anticlinoria and synclinoria are discussed and the role of ancient deep faults is noted. From a consideration of the several stages in the history of the Lesser Khingan it is concluded that its geosynclinal. development within the southern (Paleozoic) branch of the Mongol-Okhotsk belt has been completed by the end of Paleozoic time, This means that the area has no direct affinity with the younger East Asia geosynclinal belt. However, it seems logical that the lesser Khingan should have exerted a dynamic action on the adjacent young platform to the west, as shown by extensive dislocation of Mesozoic strata in its eastern structures.—W.D. Lowry     

斯特列佐夫斯克铀矿床构造岩浆活化控矿特征及成矿规律

文章介绍了俄罗斯超大型斯特列佐夫斯克铀矿床区域构造、矿床地质构造和矿床地球化学特征及其构造岩浆活化控矿规律,指出它对我国赣杭火山带同类型的铀矿床的成矿规律研究和找矿勘探有重要的实际意义。     

中国浅成低温热液金矿床

浅成低温热液金矿床在中国传统上称为陆相火山岩型金矿床,主要发现在中国东部,后来在北疆地区也有新的发现.根据产出的大地构造背景,它们集中分布在3个带,并分属于3个成矿时期.它们包括:(1)新生代台湾东部岛弧带;(2)晚古生代北疆岛弧带;(3)中生代沿中朝克拉通北界的大陆边缘带;(4)中生代中国东南沿海地区的大陆边缘带.绝大多数矿床是低硫化型的,只有3个是高硫化型的,另有1个是与碱性岩系有关的Au-Te型矿床.除了中国最大的金矿床金瓜石矿床外,迄今为止中国大陆上的浅成低温热液金矿床总的来说只有较小的经济重要性.在中国东部发现的浅成低温热液金矿床的总储量,与区内广泛分布的中生代陆相火山岩十分巨大的体积极不相称.较古老的成矿年龄,中国东部的中生代和北疆的晚古生代,是中国大陆浅成低温热液金矿床的一个鲜明的特点.根据中国的成矿条件和保存条件的分析,以及与美国西部和俄国东部的对比,提出了中国浅成低温热液金矿床成矿潜力的一个初步评估.北疆可能有较大的寻找浅成低温热液金矿床的潜在重要性.     

Structural and metallogenic features of central and eastern Mongolia

Metallogenic complexities of the eastern and central areas, rendered even more apparent by preparation of the geological map of Mongolia, are seen as the results of a) an important function of heterochronous and heterotypical geotectonic elements controlling positions of the Mesozoic intrusive complexes and of the associated ores (tin, tungsten, molybdenum) and b) the differential character of the Mesozoic movements and their "migration," on the time-scale, in the meridional direction, under the influence of processes within the Pacific mobile belt. --IGR Staff.     

中国东部铜矿床类型、成矿环境、成矿集中区与成矿系统

通过对我国东部２２个大型以上及４０余个中型铜矿床的综合调研,并与国外对比得出如下结论：（１）中国中东部陆壳是在几个古陆块基础上增生起来的,铜矿成矿作用在空间上向板块边缘推移,与块体边缘地球化学急变带有密切联系,在时间上越来越新;（２）大型铜矿可分６大成矿期,以中生代最重要,次为晚古生代,中（新）元古代,（３）我国东部地壳运动频繁而又比较强烈,就形成大型铜矿床的环境而言,内生成较多的矿床类型比外生成     

中国东部中生代岩石圈演化与太平洋板块俯冲消减关系的讨论

国内外不少学者认为中国东部中生代岩石圈演化与太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲、消减有关,近年来作者从岩石圈-软流层深部地质过程审视中国东部岩石圈演化问题发现,中国东部中生代早期(三叠纪至侏罗纪)岩石圈演化与太平洋板块向欧亚大陆俯冲消减没有直接的关系,它们可能是一种源自中国东部周边东亚洋盆系的一些洋盆向中国东部大陆俯冲消减碰撞造山以及由它们引发的中国东部大陆内的软流层上涌的深部地质作用联合作用的结果。软流层上涌作用自始至终控制着中国东部大陆岩石圈与软流层之间以及壳幔之间的层圈拆离,底侵作用以及岩石圈变形缩短、伸展和岩浆活动。     

南沙地区下第三系沉积特征及其与含油气性的关系

通过南沙调查地球物理资料和围区区域地质资料的对比,分析了南沙海区的中生代和新生代地层的划分,指出南沙东部钻井和拖网揭示的中生代上部沉积地层(白垩系)很可能延伸到南沙中部。南海裂谷期间形成的下第三系具有明显的裂谷充填特征,其构成生油岩主体。南沙西南及西部的下第三系受到走滑、拉张和挤压的影响,构造复杂,圈闭多,规模大,是主要的生油和储集岩层。在南沙东北部充填在裂谷中的下第三系受到不同程度的积压,是重要的储集岩层。南沙东部地区也是水合物形成的有利地区。     

庐枞早白垩世火山岩的地球化学特征及其源区意义

从中生代到新生代,华北东部岩石圈地幔发生了减薄以及地球化学性质置换, 而扬子地块东部中生代岩石圈地幔也表现出类似的过程,对中生代火山岩的地球化学研究有助于了解这一变化过程以及发生置换时的时空关系。庐枞火山岩出露于扬子地块东部,为一套包括粗玄岩–玄武粗安岩–粗面岩的富碱橄榄安粗岩系。研究了双庙组基性火山岩,这些岩石富集Rb,K,Sr,Th和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素。(87Sr/86Sr)i = 0.7060~0.7063,εNd(t )=-3.9~-6.2,(206Pb/204Pb)i=17.788~18.125,(207Pb/204Pb)i= 15.511~15.546,(208Pb/204Pb)i =37.735~38.184。在喷出地表过程中,火山岩没有受到明显的地壳物质混染,因此元素和同位素组成反映了地幔源区的地球化学特征。 其地幔源区具有同位素富集特征,表明火山岩源区曾受到地壳物质的影响,是富集地幔部分熔融的产物,并经历明显的结晶分异作用。庐枞火山岩的岩浆成分和源区特征反映该地区在晚中生代岩石圈地幔的伸展和软流圈地幔上涌的演化过程。     

Magmatism, Deep Processes and Gold Deposits in Eastern Hebei, China

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吉黑东部晚古生代构造体制转换: 来自佳木斯-兴凯地块的双增生杂岩及岛弧岩浆岩带的制约

佳木斯-兴凯地块是吉黑东部地区至关重要的地质组成单元, 其东缘和西缘分别平行对称分布着两条晚古生代岛弧岩浆岩带和中生代增生杂岩带, 它们是古亚洲洋闭合向古太平洋俯冲-增生构造体制转换的关键地质记录。本文对佳木斯-兴凯地块西缘吉黑高压带中的青龙村群斜长角闪岩进行了系统的岩石学、锆石年代学和全岩地球化学研究, 结果表明青龙村斜长角闪岩原岩为拉斑系列玄武岩, 其原岩时代为~260Ma, 具有富集型洋中脊玄武岩(E-MORB)的地球化学特征。同时结合前人对佳木斯地块东缘和西缘分布的大量晚古生代岛弧岩浆岩以及增生杂岩的研究, 本文识别出佳木斯-兴凯地块东、西缘的"双带双弧"结构。"双带"即东缘和西缘平行对称分布的那丹哈达增生杂岩带和吉黑高压变质带, "双弧"则是东缘和西缘同样平行对称分布的早-中二叠世和中-晚二叠世岛弧岩浆岩带。通过对双带双弧的组成、形成时代以及构造背景的研究, 进一步为吉黑东部地区晚古生代时期的古大洋构造体制转换提供新的证据, 并重建了中亚造山带东缘晚古生代到早中生代的构造演化历史。     

“一带一路”地区高级宝玉石矿床分布规律

"一带一路"地区由于特殊的地质构造环境,发育宝玉石矿床,特别是高级宝玉石矿床。对于相关国家的高级宝玉石矿床,前人虽进行过一定程度的研究,但并未从"一带一路"的角度进行探索研究。鉴于此,在相关资料研究的基础上,对"一带一路"地区高级宝玉石矿床的分布规律进行了归纳与总结,以期为中国企业掌握"一带一路"地区宝玉石信息提供参考资料,同时为相关国家勘查开发宝玉石矿床提供资料,促进其经济发展。研究表明,金刚石矿床主要分布在俄罗斯、中国、印度等地,尤以俄罗斯西伯利亚地区为主要生产地,分为原生矿床和次生矿床2种;翡翠矿床主要分布在缅甸、俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦和中国,其中缅甸是翡翠产量最高、品质最好的国家,产量占全世界产量的95%,分布在缅甸北部克钦邦的帕敢—道茂一带,有原生矿床和次生矿床2种类型;祖母绿矿床分布比较广泛,在阿富汗、哈萨克斯坦、巴基斯坦、印度、俄罗斯和中国都有分布,尤以俄罗斯乌拉尔地区祖母绿较出名,分为气成热液型和伟晶岩型2种;软玉矿床分布在中国、俄罗斯和韩国,尤以中国新疆的和田玉最出名,有岩浆热液型和变质热液型2种类型。     

中国东北地区东部盆地群油气资源前景展望

东北地区是中国重要的石油天然气生产基地,多年来一直是国内主力油气供应区,但随着松辽盆地油气勘探难度逐渐增大,勘探与开发成本增高,目前亟需新的油气接替区为油气上产和可持续发展提供接替领域和资源保障。松辽盆地外围东部发育39个沉积盆地,规模大小不一,油气勘探潜力较大,已成为东北地区油气勘探的重要领域之一。笔者对松辽外围东部地区的石油地质概况和油气勘探现状进行了分析总结,结合近年来油气基础地质调查工作的进展,提出了东北东部地区油气调查新方向,包括吉林东部地区白垩系页岩油气勘探、三江盆地浅层中新生界生物气勘探、三江地区早中生界海相硅质岩勘探、三江地区上古生界油气勘探,为未来东北东部地区油气资源调查与勘探的部署提供了科学依据。     

Evolution of central massifs

In spite of the abundance of definitions of central massifs, there is no integration of data Khain and Sheynmann (1960) define the central massifs as a residual province of older cycles within a progressive folding system. They note such provinces tend to be remodeled by the younger movements, yet retain their basic “setup” while exerting influence on the surrounding rocks. Central massifs may be classified into: 1) blocks of ancient Precambrian platforms, 2) blocks of Paleozoic or Mesozoic folded structures within younger geosynclinal system and 3) provinces of early consolidation which serve as “growth centers” within a geosynclinal system. Despite the differences in origin and age of central massifs, they have many common features. All are within geosynclinal belts and serve to divide them into segments; they are polygonal to diamond-shaped and are bounded by deep rifts with “flows” of ultrabasic to basic magma. As a rule, there are three periods of development of a massif with a single tectonic cycle: 1) continental regimen with denudation 2) minor marine trangression, block deformations, volcanism and granite intrusion and 3) transition to intermontane low with associated volcanic activity. Central massifs show,a mosaic of variously trending faults caused largely by vertical movements. Some students attribute the much thinner crust within the central massifs, based on geophysical studies, to a redistribution of deep-seated substance from the massif toward the geosyncline. — W. D. Lowry.     

华北克拉通破坏前的状态——对讨论华北克拉通破坏问题的一个建议

中生代华北克拉通破坏是目前引人关注的研究课题。鉴于目前一些文章在表达克拉通状态时引用的地质图件不准确,忽略了华北克拉通从古至今的不同阶段的演化,不能正确的表达克拉通在破坏之前或之后的状态,本文强调华北克拉通破坏前的状态是研究的重要基础。华北克拉通是经历过多期克拉通化形成的。     

Tectonic evolution,superimposed orogeny,and composite metallogenic system in China

Continental China is a mosaic of numerous tectonic blocks, which amalgamated from Neoarchean to Cenozoic broadly coeval with the cycles of global supercontinents such as Kenorland, Columbia, Rodinia, Gondwana, and Pangaea. By reviewing the long-lasting geological evolution in the different tectonic blocks, it reveals that more than two episodes of tectonic events, including accretionary and collisional orogeny, and dismantling, as well as mantle plume, occurred successively or simultaneously within a single tectonic belt. This is called superimposed orogeny in this study. Examples of the dominant types of superimposed orogeny in China include: (1) Cenozoic continental collision superimposed on Paleo- to Mesozoic accretionary orogeny in the Tibet and Sanjiang orogenic belts; (2) Reactivation of Paleozoic accretionary orogen in later Mesozoic oceanic subduction in the eastern part of Qinling–Qilian–Kunlun and Central Asian orogenic belts; (3) Mesozoic oceanic subduction under the paleo-suture in the South China Block; (4) Mesozoic demantling along the Paleo- and Neoproterozoic, and Paleozoic sutures in the eastern part of North China Craton; and (5) mantle plume rising through metasomatized lithospheric mantle or stagnant oceanic slab in the Emeishan large igneous province. A comprehensive review of the spatial-temporal distribution of ore deposits and their salient features shows that the superimposed orogeny has exerted significant control on metallogeny in China. The giant porphyry and skarnore deposits, as well as orogenic gold deposits were preferentially formed along previous tectonic suture, craton margin, and arc during later orogenesis due to the remobilization of previously enriched metals. Superimposed orogeny has reworked the lithospheric structure with concomitant granitoid-associated metallogeny. The mixing of magmas from juvenile lower crust, ancient lower crust, and middle crust, which tends to induce the different mineralization of Cu–Au, Mo, and Pb–Zn–W–Sn deposits respectively, was considered to generate a wide variety of combinations of metal species. The superimposed orogeny caused the overlapping of diverse genetic types of deposit formed in different tectonic periods in the same tectono-metallogenic belt. The stratiform ore deposit, including BIF, VMS, SEDEX, or sedimentary sulfide layers, formed from Neoarchean to Paleozoic, were modified by later mineralization, resulting in the enrichment of the various metal species and enhancement of ore resources. This study brings up the concept of composite metallogenic system to summarize the regional metallogeny driven by superimposed orogeny. The composite metallogenic system was dominantly characterized by the multi-episodic and diverse mineralization concomitant with one or more features, including mineralization evolved from the previous metal enrichment, later overlapping or modification on previous ore belt, and diversifying of metal species derived from reworked lithosphere.     

地壳的拆离作用与华北克拉通破坏:晚中生代伸展构造约束

伸展条件下的地壳拆离作用是岩石圈减薄的重要浅部构造响应。晚中生代时期的伸展构造(包括拆离断层、变质核杂岩构造和断陷盆地)在华北、华南、东北和东蒙古及贝加尔地区普遍发育,它们切过上部地壳(断陷盆地)、中、上地壳(拆离断层)或中部地壳(变质核杂岩)。地壳拆离作用具有运动学极性(NWW或SEE)、几何学宏观(区域)对称与微观(局部)不对称性、遍布全区但不均匀性,以及形成时间的跨越性(140~60Ma)等特点,并使得地壳和岩石圈发生显著的减薄。本文研究揭示出现今岩石圈厚度变化与晚中生代伸展构造的发育程度和分布之间并没有必然的联系。其变化的基本规律是,除新生代裂陷发育区岩石圈厚度明显较小且厚度有迅速变化外,从华北向贝加尔地区总体的变化趋势是逐渐加厚,也即东亚地区岩石圈具有楔形形态。晚中生代时期的地壳(或地幔)拆离作用伴随着广泛的岩石圈减薄作用,区域岩石圈同时遭受到一定程度的减薄和破坏,华北克拉通在这一时期的破坏仅仅是区域岩石圈减薄在华北的具体体现。