Progress in sandy desertification research of China

Desertification is one of the most serious environmental and socio-economic problems facing the world today. Because the rapid expansion of desertification has resulted in serious environmental deterioration, economic loss, locally unsteadiness political situation and social upheaval, it has become a hot-spot issue of worldwide concern. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, as the catastrophic drought in the west Africa greatly accelerated the development of desertification, the desertificati…     

中国沙漠化研究进展

Sandy desertification is land degradation characterized by wind erosion mainly resulted from the excessive human activities in arid, semiarid and part of sub-humid regions in northern China. The research on sandy desertification has experienced more than 5 decades of arduous course of the struggle along with the establishment and development of China‘s desert science. Researches in this field have made a great contribution to the national economic construction, and environmental protection. This paper focuses on presenting the major progress and achievements in the sandy desertification research during the last 50 years, including the stages of study on sandy desertification,background environment of sandy desertification and its changes, the conception, causes, process,monitoring and assessment of sandy desertification, the vegetation succession, landscape ecology, plant physiology, impacts on ecosystem, high-effective use of water and land resources and sustainable development in sandy desertified regions, sandy desertification control models and techniques etc.     

中国古代沙质荒漠化的历史演变

荒漠化是全球性的环境问题,威胁到人类的生存和发展,中国是受荒漠化严重危害的国家之一。依据历史文献的记载和现代学者研究成果,分秦汉魏晋南北朝时期、隋唐宋元时期和明清时期三个历史阶段,梳理了中国沙质荒漠化的演变过程。研究表明：秦汉魏晋南北朝时期,中国沙质荒漠化主要集中在西北地区,如鄂尔多斯高原、河西走廊和新疆地区;隋唐宋元时期,荒漠化扩展到东北地区,如呼伦贝尔沙地、科尔沁沙地等;明清时期,政府通过修筑长城和封禁政策,客观上抑制了边疆地区的垦殖开荒,但在人口压力下,明朝后期和清朝后期北部边疆的农垦快速发展,加速了鄂尔多斯高原、科尔沁沙地等地区的荒漠化进程。因此,数千年来的气候变化和人类活动,特别是滥垦、滥牧、滥樵采等不合理土地利用方式,致使我国北方干旱和半干旱区的荒漠化日趋严重。     

中国沙漠化研究的进展

沙漠化研究伴随着中国沙漠科学的建立与发展经历了几十年艰苦奋斗的历程,为国民经济建设和沙漠科学体系的形成都做出了重要的贡献。近40 a来中国在有关沙漠化的基础研究、动态监测与评价、植被演替、景观生态学、植物逆境生理学、对生态系统的影响、水土资源的高效利用与可持续发展、整治模式和技术研究等方面取得了重大进展。未来中国沙漠化研究的重点领域是:风沙物理与沙漠环境、恢复生态学、水土资源利用与农业可持续发展、沙漠化逆转及其整治模式等方面。     

Rocky desertification poverty in Southwest China: Progress,challenges and enlightenment to rural revitalization

Journal of Geographical Sciences - Rocky desertification poverty (RDP) refers to rural poverty triggered or exacerbated by rocky desertification, which deprives farmers of opportunities for...     

中国沙漠科学的五十年

50多年来,在几代沙漠科技人员的不懈努力下,中国的沙漠科学从无到有,在从填补沙漠研究空白并取得长足进展的同时,沙漠化研究又以其创新性和系统性的理论进展,经济、社会和环境效益的实践成果,极大地充实了我国的沙漠科学,为我国北方地区国民经济建设和生态环境保护做出了突出的贡献,取得了包括国家科技进步特等奖在内的一大批科研成果和上百亿元的直接经济效益。过去20 a来,北方约有 10%的沙漠化土地得到治理,12%的沙漠化土地有所改善,局部地区出现"人进沙退"的新局面。已形成了以中国科学院和国家林业局等有关研究所为主体的国家级沙漠和沙漠化研究机构,汇集了一批优秀的沙漠和沙漠化科学家,创建了我国比较完整的沙漠和沙漠化科学及其研究体系,在风沙物理与沙漠环境、沙漠形成演变与全球变化、沙漠化过程及其防治、沙区资源环境与可持续发展、沙漠化遥感与信息系统综合研究等方面取得了重大进展,积累了丰富的研究资料和数据。在全国主要沙漠和沙漠化地区设有一批长期野外试验站(点),已为国家在有关沙漠开发利用和沙漠化防治方面的决策提供了大量的科研成果和理论依据。我国沙漠科学研究和实践所取得的辉煌成就,得到了政府、地方民众、科学界和国际社会的普遍认可。     

青海高原沙漠化研究进展

20世纪50年代末到21世纪初,对青海高原沙漠化的分布、基本特征、沙丘类型、形成演化、风沙移动规律、野外观测、沙化监测的科学考察研究到防沙治沙试验的过程;从地域上涉及了青海的柴达木盆地、共和盆地、青海湖盆地、黄河源区和长江源区全部5个沙漠化土地分布地区,全面综述了高原沙漠化研究的成果、防沙治沙经验和研究进展,提出了存在的问题及今后研究的内容。     

Assessment of sandy desertification trends in the Shule River Basin from 1978 to 2010

Sandy desertification in the Shule River Basin has expanded dramatically during the past 30 years. We evaluated the status, evolution, and main causes of sandy desertification by interpreting Landsat images which were acquired in 1978, 1990, 2000, 2005, and 2010, and analyzing the relevant meteorological data. The results show there was 3,477.95 km2, 3,733.32 km2, 3,620.29 km2, 3,565.65 km2, and 3,557.88 km2 of sandy desertified land in 1978, 1990, 2000, 2005, and 2010, respectively. From 1978 to 1990, not only the area of sandy desertified land （SDL） but also the degree of SDL levels increased. From 1990 to 2010 there was widespread restoration of SDL but the recovery trend of SDL gradually slowed. Although climate change contributes to expanding sandy desertification, human activities can either accelerate or reverse trends of natural sandy desertification. Some detrimental human activities can accelerate sandy desertification, but, conversely, desertification control measures such as the Three-North Shelter Forest Project and watershed rehabilitation programs in areas including the Shule River Basin resulted in many SDL being turned into grasslands or forest lands when shrubs and trees were planted to fix mobile sands at the edges of oases and cities. With population growth, much SDL has been reclaimed as farm land using water-saving agricultural methods or has been turned into built-up land as a result of urbanization.     

中国北方沙漠化过程及其防治研究的新进展

国家973项目“中国北方沙漠化过程及其防治研究”（G2000048700）恢复了过去2 ka来我国北方沙漠化过程、演变、格局和驱动机制;揭示了土壤风蚀和沙尘起动的物理机制,确定了土壤风蚀容忍量、定量评价体系,风沙电场形成机理、分布规律和影响;确定了主要沙尘源区、沙尘暴移动规律和形成机制,建立了沙尘暴监测、预报预警方法和系统;研究了土壤碳、氮衰减规律及其对沙区植被的影响,揭示了沙漠化过程中植物的受损过程、适应对策和植被恢复机理,阐明了我国近50 a沙漠化的过程、成因、现状及其发展趋势,定量给出沙漠化空间变化态势,提出了重点地区防治沙漠化、社会经济与环境协调发展的模式和对策。为国家防沙治沙和干旱地区生态环境和社会经济可持续发展战略决策提供了科学依据。发展和完善了中国沙漠与沙漠化科学。     

内蒙古达拉特旗高头窑镇土地利用变化及其对土地沙化的影响

以达拉特旗西南部的高头窑镇为研究区域,以达拉特旗1987、1995、2000和2003年四期遥感影像为信息源,在3S技术支持下,对遥感影像进行解译,获得1987-2003年来四个时期的沙漠化动态变化数据,分析了高头窑镇20世纪80年代中期到21世纪初的沙漠化变化情况。结果表明:该地区近20年来,沙漠化土地处于发展-发展-逆转的过程中。研究区是典型的荒漠草原区,草原在各土地利用类型中始终占有绝对优势,农田、林地和高盖度草原的面积变化较大,各种土地利用类型之间的转化主要表现为各种沙丘类型之间的转化、各种草原类型之间的转化和草原与固定沙丘之间的转化。1987-2000年期间,草原和林地的退化是导致沙漠化严重发展的主要原因。2000-2003年间,土地类型之间的转化表现为固定沙丘、半固定沙丘和林地向草原的转化,这种转化有利于沙漠化的逆转。可见,在高头窑地区,草原的退化是导致沙漠化的主要原因,因此,在沙漠化的治理方面,应该合理利用草原,防止过度放牧,大力倡导退林还草。     

中国湿地研究进展与展望

Wetland is one of the most important ecosystems in the world, possessing important functions such as hydrologic regulation, degrading pollutants, adjusting climate, preventing erosion, maintaining geochemical cycle and providing habitats for important species, etc. (Chen, 2001; Mitsch; 2000; Chen, 2003), and has enjoyed the reputation of "earth's kidney" and "biology supermarket".1ThecharacteristicsanddistributionofwetlandsinChinaChina has a wetland area of 65.94 million ha (not including riv…     

Progress and prospect of wetland research in China

Traditional wetland study in China mainly focuses on mire resources investigation and utilization. At present, environment, resources problems and sustainable development theory have infused new driving force into the wetland development. Since wetlands have huge ecological and environmental functions, they are paid more and more attention to by academic circles. The key field in wetland study at present is the natural process of wetlands, including hydrologic process, biogeochemical cycle process, and biological process, the relation between wetlands and global changes, wetland function evaluation and wetland rehabilitation. The paper reviews the main study progress of wetlands in China, analyses the present situation of wetland researches in China, and puts forward the main direction of wetland science researches in China.     

吉林省西部土地沙化动态变化

吉林省西部沙地位于中国温带半湿润与半干旱的过渡地带 ,是生态环境变化的敏感地区。采用多时相、多波段TM影像 ,结合实地考察 ,建立沙区生态环境地理信息系统 ;选取植被退化状态、风蚀强度和土层厚度为沙化程度评价的综合指标 ,在GIS平台支持下对沙区土地沙漠化进行动态评价。结果表明 ,近 2 0年来土地沙漠化基本得到控制 ,局部有所发展。沙漠化形成的主要自然因素是干燥的气候条件和地表丰富的沙源 ;人类不合理的经济活动加速了沙漠化进程。     

1949年以来中国农村土地制度变迁对土地沙漠化变化的影响

1949年以来我国农村土地制度经历了多次重大变革,每个阶段的土地制度对于沙漠化扩展或逆转有什么影响,是值得深入探讨的理论问题.使用土地制度变化与沙漠化扩展比较的分析方法,得出如下结论:我国沙漠化面积的扩展和逆转,都与我国农村土地制度的变迁紧密相联.集体所有的土地制度,由于缺乏有效的激励机制,造成沙漠化土地的迅速蔓延.而农村土地使用权分配的制度设计,无法兼顾经济发展与生态保护的双重目标.沙漠化治理需要新的制度安排.     

吉林省西部土地沙化动态变化

The sandy land of the western part of Jilin Province is located in the ecotone of semi-humid and semi-arid area in the temperate zone of China. The sandy desertification has widely spread in the region because of the vulnerable natural conditions and the unreasonable human activity; as a result of this, the precious land resources and the economic development in the area have been seriously impacted. In this paper, the sandy land ecologic environment geographic information system is established based on the multi-spectral, multi-temporal Landsat TM images and field investigation. The comprehensive indexes of sandy desertification extent assessment which include vegetation degradation, wind erosion extent and soil depth are presented to classify the sandy land in western Jilin into three levels--slight, moderate and severe sandy desertification with the support of GIS platform. The results demonstrate that the sandy desertification has been partly controlled in the past twenty years, except some small sites. However, this doesn‘t necessarily mean that there is nothing for more concern. The two main causes of sandy desertification have not been eliminated yet, one is its natural factor, especially the physical and chemical characters of sandy soil and dry climate; another is the immoderate economic activity of human being that has highly accelerated the sandy desertification process.     

Spatial distribution of sandy desertification change in the west of Jilin Province

The sandy land of the western part of Jilin Province is located in the ecotone of semi-humid and semi-arid area in the temperate zone of China. The sandy desertification has widely spread in the region because of the vulnerable natural conditions and the unreasonable human activity; as a result of this, the precious land resources and the economic development in the area have been seriously impacted. In this paper, the sandy land ecologic environment geographic information system is established based on the multi-spectral, multi-temporal Landsat TM images and field investigation. The comprehensive indexes of sandy desertification extent assessment which include vegetation degradation, wind erosion extent and soil depth are presented to classify the sandy land in western Jilin into three levels--slight, moderate and severe sandy desertification with the support of GIS platform. The results demonstrate that the sandy desertification has been partly controlled in the past twenty years, except some small sites. However, this doesn't necessarily mean that there is nothing for more concern. The two main causes of sandy desertification have not been eliminated yet, one is its natural factor, especially the physical and chemical characters of sandy soil and dry climate; another is the immoderate economic activity of human being that has highly accelerated the sandy desertification process.     

Aeolian processes on sandy desertification of an alpine meadow: A wind tunnel experiment

In recent years,the desertification of alpine meadows has become a serious ecological problem and has gradually become a threat to regional economic activities in Maqu County.To reveal the mechanism for sandy desertification of alpine meadows,we conducted wind tunnel experiments on aeolian processes over sandy alpine meadows.Results show that the sandflux profile of mix-sized sediment decays exponentially with increasing height.However,the profile pattern of a group of uniform-sized particles depends on the experimental wind speeds.The profile pattern of all the groups studied can be expressed by exponential decay functions when the wind speed is less than or equal to 16 m/s.while that for all the groups studied can be expressed by a Gaussian distribution function when the wind speed is above 16 m/s.The average saltation heights of mixed sands at wind speeds of 12 m/s,16 m/s,20 m/s,and 24 m/s were 2.74,4.19,5.28,and 6.12 cm,respectively.The mean grain size basically first decreases and then increases with increasing height under different wind speeds.The sorting improves with increasing wind speed,while the kurtosis and skewness show relationships with only the characteristics of the parent soil.     

中国西南喀斯特石漠化研究进展与展望

石漠化是与北方荒漠化和黄土高原水土流失并列的中国三大土地退化问题之一。根据石漠化领域内的相关研究,系统总结了石漠化空间格局及动态过程研究、石漠化发展演化的机理研究等方面的进展与不足,提出构建基于中高分辨率遥感数据的石漠化时序轨迹新方法,并在此基础上进行长时间序列的石漠化过程分析,从时间和空间上定量、定位追踪石漠化的发展演化过程,不仅可以查明石漠化的发生地点及程度,还可以分析其发生和演化机理。将石漠化格局、过程与成因定量分析相结合,可以从更长的时间段内,更加精确地研究石漠化的时空变化规律,全面系统地揭示石漠化演化机制。     

青藏高原沙漠化研究的进展与问题

青藏高原土地沙漠化研究具有十分重要的理论与实践意义,近年来国内积极开展了对青藏高原土地沙漠化问题的调查与研究,并取得了一系列成果,本文对该项研究所取得的主要进展及存在问题进行了综述。首先,回顾了青藏高原沙漠化研究的发展历程,其中50年代至70年代为第一阶段,该阶段的研究主要侧重于进行沙漠考察与沙害治理,沙漠化研究还未真正开展起来;80年代为第二阶段,期间青藏高原沙漠化研究已逐步开展起来,尤其是重点对青海共和盆地的沙漠化问题进行了研究与分析;进入90年代为第三阶段,青藏高原沙漠化研究全面展开,研究区域广泛,研究内容系统、全面,研究成果丰硕,是该区沙漠化研究最为重要的时期。其次,总结了青藏高原沙漠化研究的现状与主要进展,包括经过广泛研究,基本上查清了青藏高原土地沙漠化的类型、面积、分布与危害等,填补了沙漠化研究在青藏高原地区的空白;青藏高原沙漠化研究中特别重视了其成果的应用问题,将区域土地沙漠化现状、成因、趋势、防治对策与措施及其规划作为一个有机整体进行系统研究,拓展和完善了沙漠化研究的内容;研究中首次确定了沙砾质、沙漠化土地类型,并提出了沙漠化成因的多因性和地域性,发展了沙漠化研究的基本理论;同时,还加强了沙漠化防治实用技术的研究。最后,分析了研究中存在的主要问题,如研究区域不尽平衡、基础研究较为薄弱、理论研究有待深入和防治技术亟待提高等,提出今后青藏高原沙漠化研究的主攻方向与主要研究项目。     

中国土地沙漠化问题的环境伦理学思考

从环境伦理学视角分析了中国的土地沙漠化问题,认为我国土地沙漠化的发生发展有科学环境伦理观缺失的原因,但环境伦理问题并不是中国土地沙漠化的唯一根源,故我国土地沙漠化问题的根除也不是仅仅通过环境伦理学途径就可以完全解决的,但环境伦理学的建设及大众环境伦理意识的提高对土地沙漠化的防治将产生重要作用。同时,在当前环境伦理研究与体系构建已成为人地关系研究的重要前沿领域的情况下,必须加强对土地沙漠化的环境伦理学视角的分析与研究,如研究环境伦理对土地沙漠化影响与作用的范围、方式、程度等。