烂沙洋稳定性研究*

文章对烂沙洋海区的3个钻孔进行的沉积学、古生物学和年代学的分析,就烂沙洋的稳定性进行了研究。在千年尺度上,研究区一直处在相对稳定的环境,钻孔所揭示的沉积速率为2.16~4.67mm/a,水深变化幅度不大;在C孔所在的深槽区,有12m的以包卷层理、扰动层理为特征的淤积层,颗石的特点显示其来源于水深较浅处,通过1992年、1994年和2003年共3个时段的海图对比,该淤积层形成于近年,结合其沉积结构分析,该淤积层应为与事件相伴的事件沉积,工作区的整体冲淤基本平衡。     

曹妃甸浅滩潮道保护意义及曹妃甸新老填海规划对比分析

曹妃甸填海工程是全国第一大填海工程,拟填海造陆310 km2,建设曹妃甸工业区。曹妃甸海区有曹妃甸外缘深槽和老龙沟深槽两大港口潜力区,建设曹妃甸工业区,使其充分发挥优良港口的作用是合理的。但填海面积过大,填挖土石方严重不平衡,尤其是通岛公路的建设阻断了曹妃甸浅滩潮道是曹妃甸老填海规划的主要缺陷。曹妃甸浅滩潮道是浅滩区的重要潮流通道,对维护老龙沟深槽港口潜力区和区域海洋环境有重要作用,不应被阻断而应当保留畅通。海洋专家们的呼吁对曹妃甸填海规划的修改起了重要作用。近来出台的曹妃甸新填海规划做了重大修改:准备再开通浅滩潮道,恢复北东东向的浅滩潮流系统;要在老龙沟附近修建一个大港池,使老龙沟深槽港口潜力区得到保护和利用;填挖土石方平衡有了明显改善;增加了岸线;减轻了对海洋环境的影响。但仍然存在某些需要进一步完善和推敲之处。津塘—曹妃甸地区是中国两大地面沉降区之一,应做好防止地面沉降、海洋灾害及地震灾害等隐患的准备。填海面积不宜过大,少填多察,多做海洋环境检测。填海要在海洋环境容量能够承受的情况下循序渐进地进行。     

台风浪作用下长江口深水航道骤淤数值模拟

极端天气条件下,波浪引起的高含沙水体会引起航道骤淤,增大航道回淤量。以"马勒卡"台风期间现场水文资料为基础,建立了波流共同作用下的长江口三维潮流泥沙数学模型,研究北槽航道骤淤问题。数学模型验证了"马勒卡"台风期间的北槽水沙过程,相似性较好,通过分离波浪,探讨了潮流与波流共同作用下的含沙量及航道淤积分布差异,研究了台风浪对航道骤淤的影响。研究表明,台风浪对-15 m等深线以浅水域含沙量影响较大,北槽含沙量自上游至口外逐渐增大,改变了常态天气北槽"中间高、两头低"的含沙量分布趋势。台风浪对北槽口内航道回淤分布影响较小,北槽口外航道淤积量剧增,即航道骤淤主要发生在北槽口外。     

长江口北支水道萎缩淤浅分析

根据1958～2009年长江口北支水下地形实测数据,基于GIS技术进行计算分析,结果表明：长江口北支水道趋于萎缩淤浅,其发展特征表现在河道宽度缩窄、水深变浅、水域面积减少以及河槽容积缩小;其驱动原因为1955年左右的自然河势调整以及几十年来沿岸人工围垦工程;北支萎缩淤浅造成了水道消亡加速、水沙倒灌风险加大。拟应采取修闸建坝等水利设施,充分利用北支水道的价值,减小其负面风险。     

Channel evolution of Des Moines Lobe till drainage ditches in southern Minnesota (USA)

Some drainage ditches in the intensively managed row-crop agricultural region of southern Minnesota evolved from a trapezoidal form to multi-staged channel forms similar to natural streams. Older ditches constructed in cohesive sediment of the Des Moines Lobe till tend to follow a channel evolution model developed by Simon and Hupp. Site cross sections, longitudinal water and bed profiles and bed material particle size were determined according to Harrelson and others at 24 older ditch reaches, 5 newly constructed ditch reaches and 13 natural stream reaches. Morphological features were hypothesized to change from trapezoidal form to flat bench banks, similar to benches found in natural stream channels. All data were statistically analyzed with respect to drainage area using regression, because channel form is directly related to drainage area for a given climate, geology and land use. Results show similar regression slope and intercept for bankfull channel width and bankfull cross-sectional area (CSA) of older ditches and natural streams compared to typical trapezoidal designed ditches. Evolved ditches developed a small floodplain bench above the ditch bed and adjusted their bankfull widths similar to natural stream channels with respect to drainage area. Old ditches showed a relatively strong R ² (0.82, 0.68) for channel CSA and width, a weaker R ² (0.45) for water surface slope, and little to no correlation with bed particle size. Channel form appears to have adjusted more quickly than bed facets and/or bed particle size distribution. However, stepwise regression determined that D₈₄, width/depth ratio and mean bankfull depth explained 83?% of the variability of channel features across varying drainage areas. Findings suggest a possible reduction of long-term maintenance costs if older ditches are allowed to evolve over time. A stable ditch form similar to natural streams is typically self-sustaining, suggesting that prior to a scheduled clean-out, the ditch should be examined for hydraulic capacity, sediment transport and bank stability.     

水化学揭示的弱透水层孔隙水演化特征及其古气候指示意义

地下水开采、弱透水层释水, 以及污染物迁移转化、高危废物深埋选址等水文地质和工程地质活动中, 弱透水层的作用越来越受到重视.了解弱透水层孔隙水的演化特征是认识弱透水层作用的首要问题.采用机械压榨法提取了曹妃甸地区某钻孔0~100 m粘性土孔隙水, 对孔隙水化学特征进行了分析.结果显示钻孔粘性土孔隙水呈碱性, 总溶解固体为7.26~26.89 g/L, 从浅到深逐渐减小; 陆相沉积层Cl/Br比趋向无穷大, 而海相沉积层仅为279~289.分析得出弱透水层孔隙水基本为岩层沉积水, 陆相和海相沉积层孔隙水分别显示出淡水和海水起源特征, 没有后期海水入侵影响迹象; Cl-、Na+变化趋势主要受蒸发浓缩作用影响, SO₄2-受硫酸盐的还原作用和石膏的溶解作用共同控制, Ca2+、Na+、K+还受到沉积过程中阳离子交换与吸附作用影响; 由δ18O重建晚更新世古气温为5.21~5.81 ℃, 浅部40 m以内计算的气温偏高是由于全新世气候变暖、孔隙水向下扩散迁移混合的影响.      

复式河槽正常水深计算方法比较

明渠恒定均匀流正常水深在水力计算中十分重要。而对于复式河槽,当洪水漫滩后,直接运用曼宁方程推求正常水深,将带来很大误差。系统地总结了计算正常水深的各种方法,用二分法求解,并运用英国科学工程研究协会洪水水槽设施(SERC-FCF)的大量系列水槽实验成果加以比较。比较发现,精度由高到低依次为COHM方法、刘沛清法、断面倾斜分割法、动量传递法、谢汉祥法、断面叠加法。通过对各种方法详细分析,建议在计算天然复式河槽正常水深时,COHM方法是值得推广的一种好方法。     

尾闾河道自组织过程动态模拟

河流尾闾改道后新河道的形成演化具有非线性复杂性。文中在元胞地貌演化模型框架下,提出一种改进后的多流路算法,基于简化的水流和沉积物运移规则,通过元胞间局部的相互作用,模拟河流尾闾改道后三角洲平原上的水沙运移及侵蚀/沉积过程,再现了新河道从无到有的突现特征以及微地形调整的复杂动态。对模型的敏感性分析表明,新河道的突现是三角洲河流平原系统内在的自组织作用结果和本质特征。     

Interaction of Tidal and Fluvial Processes in the Transition Zone of the Santee River, SC, USA

This study was conducted in the freshwater reach of the Santee River approximately 55?±?4?km from the mouth, a transition zone from a fluvial to an estuarine tidal regime. The dataset comprises bathymetric surveys, current profile and bottom pressure measurements at two locations, and time series of discharge. Our data indicate that the transition zone is characterized by strong tidal dissipation and distinctive channel geometry. Tidal dissipation is evident in the rapid decrease of the M₂ amplitude to the mean along-channel velocity ratio from 2.1 to 0.9 over a ??6-km distance. Channel cross-sectional area in the transition zone converges at a higher rate than both upstream and downstream while channel depth reveals threefold variations in the form of adjacent shoals and deeps. We hypothesize that the enhanced tidal dissipation is at the same time a cause and a result of strongly convergent bathymetry in the transition zone.     

A three‐dimensional numerical model of sediment transport,erosion and deposition within a network of channel belts,floodplain and hill slope: extrinsic and intrinsic controls on floodplain dynamics and alluvial architecture

A three‐dimensional numerical model of sediment transport, erosion and deposition within a network of channel belts and associated floodplain is described. Sediment and water supply are defined at the upstream entry point, and base level is defined at the downstream edge of the model. Sediment and water are transported through a network of channels according to the diffusion equation, and each channel has a channel belt with a width that increases in time. The network of channels evolves as a result of channel bifurcation and abandonment (avulsion). The timing and location of channel bifurcation is controlled stochastically as a function of the cross‐valley slope of the floodplain adjacent to the channel belt relative to the down‐valley slope, and of annual flood discharge. A bifurcation develops into an avulsion when the discharge of one of the distributaries falls below a threshold value. The floodplain aggradation rate decreases with distance from the nearest active channel belt. Channel‐belt degradation results in floodplain incision. Extrinsic (extrabasinal, allogenic) and intrinsic (intrabasinal, autogenic) controls on floodplain dynamics and alluvial architecture were modelled, and sequence stratigraphy models were assessed. Input parameters were chosen based on data from the Rhine–Meuse delta. To examine how the model responds to extrinsic controls, the model was run under conditions of changing base level and increasing sediment supply. Rises and falls in base level and increases in sediment supply occurred over 10 000 years. Rising base level caused a wave of aggradation to move up‐valley, until aggradation occurred over the entire valley. Frequency of bifurcations and avulsions increased with rate of base‐level rise and aggradation rate. Channel‐belt width varied with water discharge and the lifespan of the channel belt. Wide, connected channel belts (and high channel‐deposit proportion) occurred around the upstream inflow point because of their high discharge and longevity. Less connected, smaller channel belts occurred further down‐valley. Such alluvial behaviour and architecture is also found in the Rhine–Meuse delta. During base‐level fall, valley erosion occurred, and the incised valley contained a single wide channel belt. During subsequent base‐level rise, a wave of aggradation moved up‐valley, filling the incised valley. Bifurcation and avulsion sites progressively moved upstream. Relatively thin, narrow channel belts bordered and cut into the valley fill. These results differ substantially from existing sequence stratigraphy models. The increase in sediment supply from upstream resulted in an alluvial fan. Most bifurcations and avulsions occurred at the fan apex (nodal avulsion), and channel belts were the widest and the thickest here (giving high channel‐deposit proportion) due to their high discharge and longevity. The width and thickness of channel belts decreased down‐valley due to decreased discharge, longevity and aggradation rate. This behaviour occurs in modern alluvial fans. Intrinsic controls also affect floodplain dynamics and alluvial architecture. Variation of aggradation rate, bifurcation frequency and number of coexisting channel belts occurred over periods of 500 to 2000 years, compared with 10 000 years for extrinsic controls. This variation is partly related to local aggradation and degradation of channel belts around bifurcation points. Channel belts were preferentially clustered near floodplain margins, because of low floodplain aggradation rate and topography there.     

渤海湾曹妃甸港区开发对水动力泥沙环境的影响

针对渤海湾曹妃甸海域波浪、潮流、泥沙及海床演变特点,应用波流共同作用下二维泥沙数学模型研究港区开发方案。2006年冬季和夏季大、小潮潮流泥沙验证表明,该海域潮位及15条同步垂线流速、流向、含沙量过程的计算值与实测值吻合良好,并进行了矿石码头港池前沿海域在潮流与波浪共同作用下悬沙引起的冲淤验证,计算的冲淤厚度及其分布趋势与实测值比较接近。在此基础上,研究了曹妃甸前岛后陆的港区围垦方案对水动力环境的影响问题,包括该工程引起的曹妃甸甸头以南深槽、老龙沟深槽及各港池的流速变化及底床的冲淤变形等。     

长江荆江河段滩槽演变与航道水深资源提升关系

长江是中国的“黄金水道”,通过系统性航道整治和疏浚维护,长江荆江河段航道水深已由2002年的2.9 m提升至2020年的3.5～3.8 m,但仍低于上游三峡大坝库区(4.5 m)及下游河段(4.5～6.0 m),航道水深与上下游不衔接且制约长江航道综合效益发挥。为了适应上下游航道水深,需提升荆江河段航道尺度,亟需明确航道水深资源、碍航特征与河道演变等关系。以长江荆江河段为对象,分析1960—2020年水沙及地形等资料,开展长江中游荆江河段滩槽演变与航道水深资源提升关系研究。研究表明：三峡工程运行后荆江河段以枯水河槽冲刷为主,冲刷量占全部冲刷量的90.97%,江心洲和边滩面积减少18.3%,其中江心洲、边滩面积减幅分别为9.4%和24.9%;在河床冲刷与航道整治工程实施条件下,以4.5 m×200 m(水深×宽度)进行航道尺度核查,荆江河段碍航总长度占全河段5.3%;4.5 m水深碍航特征包括砂卵石河段枯水位下降幅度高于河槽下切深度引起航道水深不足,沙质河床内弯曲河段“凸岸侧边滩冲刷、凹岸侧深槽淤积”引起滩槽形态及航道边界不稳定,以及分汊河段内洲滩萎缩与汊道间不均衡冲刷引起枯水航路不稳定...     

Carbon isotopic changes in benthic foraminifera from the western South Atlantic: Reconstruction of glacial abyssal circulation patterns

Oxygen- and carbon-isotopic analyses have been performed on the benthic foraminifer Planulina wuellerstorfi in seven Late Quaternary cores from the Vema Channel-Rio Grande Rise region. The cores are distributed over the water-depth interval of 2340 to 3939 m, which includes the present transition from North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) to Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW).The carbon-isotopic records in the cores vary as a function of water depth. The shallowest and deepest cores show no significant glacial-interglacial difference in δ¹³C. Four of the five cores presently located in the NADW have benthic foraminiferal δ¹³C that is lower during glacial isotopic stages. Based on bathymetric gradients in δ¹³C, we conclude that, like today, there were two water masses present in the Vema Channel during glacial intervals: a water mass enriched in ¹³C overlying another water mass depleted in ¹³C. The largest gradient of change of δ¹³C with depth, however, occurred at 2.7 km, ～ 1 km shallower than the present position of this gradient.On the basis of paleontologic and sedimentologic evidence, we consider it unlikely that the NADW:AABW transition shallowed to this level. Reduced carbon-isotopic gradients between the deep basins of the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans during the last glaciation suggest that production of NADW was reduced. Lower production of NADW may have modified the local abyssal circulation pattern in the Vema Channel region.     

On the linkages among density, flow, and bathymetry gradients at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay

Linkages among density, flow, and bathymetry gradients were explored at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay with underway measurements of density and flow profiles. Four tidal cycles were sampled along a transect that crossed the bay entrance during cruises in April–May of 1997 and in July of 1997. The April–May cruise coincided with neap tides, while the July cruise occurred during spring tides. The bathymetry of the bay entrance transect featured a broad Chesapeake Channel, 8 km wide and 17 m deep, and a narrow North Channel, 2 km wide and 14 m deep. The two channels were separated by an area with typical depths of 7 m. Linkages among flows, bathymetry, and water density were best established over the North Channel during both cruises. Over this channel, greatest convergence rates alternated from the left (looking into the estuary) slope of the channel during ebb to the right slope during flood as a result of the coupling between bathymetry and tidal flow through bottom friction. These convergences were linked to the strongest transverse shears in the along-estuary tidal flow and to the appearance of salinity fronts, most markedly during ebb periods. In the wide channel, the Chesapeake Channel, frontogenesis mechanisms over the northern slope of the channel were similar to those in the North Channel only in July, when buoyancy was relatively weak and tidal forcing was relatively strong. In April–May, when buoyancy was relatively large and tidal forcing was relatively weak, the recurrence of fronts over the same northern slope of the Chesapeake Channel was independent of the tidal phase. The distinct frontogenesis in the Chesapeake Channel during the increased buoyancy period was attributed to a strong pycnocline that insulated the surface tidal flow from the effects of bottom friction, which tends to decrease the strength of the tidal flow over relatively shallow areas.     

黄河三角洲胜利Ⅰ号心滩的研究

黄河三角洲发育了大量心滩,胜利Ⅰ号心滩是典型的代表。胜利Ⅰ号心滩位于黄河胜利大桥北侧,长1200余ｍ,最宽处120ｍ左右,呈纺锤形,中间高,两端和两侧低,纵、横向上均呈透镜状。中部和前端被多条水道切割成数段。通过研究,获得了如下认识:①胜利心滩具有两种截然不同的沉积单元:一种是一般的心滩,另一种是沙泥（砾）丘和水洼、水道等组成的沉积单元;②心滩进一步可以分为（一般的）心滩、水洼、水道和风成沉积单元,不同的沉积单元具有不同的特点;③胜利Ⅰ号心滩上爬升层理非常发育;④以细碎屑沉积为主,细砂、粉砂是主体。     

Predicting stream channel erosion in the lacustrine core of the upper Nemadji River, Minnesota (USA) using stream geomorphology metrics

The USA Clean Water Act requires the development of a total maximum daily load (TMDL) when Minnesota’s water quality standard for turbidity is exceeded; however, regions underlain with fine-grained lacustrine deposits yield large natural background loads of suspended inorganic sediment. A review of hydrogeologic pathways was conducted along with the statistical analysis of geomorphic metrics, collected at 15 sites with varying drainage areas in the upper Nemadji River basin, northeastern Minnesota. Regression analysis indicated a strong linkage between bankfull cross-sectional area and drainage area. Dimensionless geomorphic metric ratios were developed to predict channel evolution potential and associated channel erosion risk. Sites located in drainage areas less than 2 km² had low erosion risk and showed a correlation between channel slope and relative roughness (D ₈₄/mean bankfull channel depth, 88%). A principal components analysis explained over 98% of the variance between sites and indicated five important channel shape metrics to predict channel erosion: bankfull width, bankfull depth, maximum depth, cross-sectional area, and valley beltwidth. Mass wasting of cohesive stream channel sediment was influenced by groundwater discharge and produced turbid waters in the upper Nemadji River.     

官厅水库水质模型研究

根据官厅水库狭长、水浅和水文、水力、水质迁移扩散等特点与河流相似的事实,采用一维St.Venant方程组模拟其水流状况;采用完全混合反应器概念模拟其水质变化,两者的藕合就构成了官厅水库的水质模型。该模型在模拟官厅水库NH₃-N浓度时空变化时,精度令人满意,并已用于官厅水库的水质预测和水质管理。     

高密度和常规观测系统的河道成像效果分析

煤矿顶板砂岩水害严重影响着煤矿安全生产,河道砂体的有效识别对煤矿防治水具有重要的意义。基于地震数据识别河道是有效途径之一,但河道砂不是煤矿勘探的目的层,研究程度低,并且在地震数据成像中河道是一种线状、孤立的地质异常体,常被忽略,因此,在煤炭地震勘探中该项技术不够成熟。以淮北地区某矿的高密度地震数据在含煤地层上覆新近系中发现的河道为基础,在抽取8条线变换为常规观测系统后,以不同偏移距和方位角等观测系统参数为对象,对常规观测系统和高密度观测系统在剖面和平面图中的河道成像质量进行讨论。结果表明：0.8倍河道埋深的最大偏移距和全方位方位角情况下对河道成像较为有利,高密度较常规观测系统对河道成像较好,特别是振幅类属性上具有一定优势。     

鄱阳湖浅水三角洲沉积体系三维定量正演模拟

以鄱阳湖现代浅水三角洲沉积体系为例, 应用三维正演地层模拟软件Sedsim, 在参考前人研究的基础上, 首次将湖盆底部地形、湖(海)平面变化、沉积物注入量及注入方式、气候、沉积物供给速率等动力要素结合在一起, 对该浅水三角洲沉积体系的形成过程及1200年以来的演化进行定量正演模拟, 并采用历史和野外数据对鄱阳湖现代浅水三角洲沉积模型进行约束和校正.模拟结果表明, 鄱阳湖浅水三角洲沉积体系的发育是湖盆地形、湖平面变化、物源供给等多因素作用的综合结果.在该三角洲沉积体系中, 由于水体较浅、沉积底形坡度平坦且基准面变化频繁, 三角洲前缘发育的砂体基本上以席状砂为主, 并主要分布于湖区敞流通道附近.湖平面之上的三角洲平原河道发育与改道的现象主要受湖平面变化速率的影响, 即基准面缓慢上升期间和基准面快速下降期间, 河道发育的现象较明显.该模拟结果不仅能够对大型浅水三角洲的内部特征及形成过程有着更直观的认识, 而且也为今后研究不同地区相似的三角洲沉积体系的形成过程提供了可借鉴的分析模型与理论依据.      

Sedimentary environment of the Faroe-Shetland and Faroe Bank Channels, north-east Atlantic, and the use of bedforms as indicators of bottom current velocity in the deep ocean

In the northeast Atlantic, much of the deep cold water flow between the Norwegian Sea and the main North Atlantic basin passes through the Faroe‐Shetland and Faroe Bank Channels, generating strong persistent bottom currents capable of eroding and transporting sediment up to and including gravel. A large variety of sedimentary bedforms, including scours, furrows, comet marks, barchan dunes, sand sheets and sediment drifts, is documented using sidescan sonar images, seismic profiles, seabed photographs and sediment cores from the floor of the channel. Published information on current velocities associated with the various bedforms has been used to reconstruct the pattern of bottom currents acting on the channel floor. The results broadly reflect the current pattern predicted on the basis of regional oceanographic observations, but add considerable detail. The internal consistency of the results suggests that the methods used are robust, giving confidence in the fine detail of the observed bottom current structure. Bottom current velocities in the range < 0·3 to > 1·0 m s^?1 are indicated by the range of observed bedforms, with the strongest currents associated with south‐west transport of Norwegian Sea Deep Water (NSDW) at water depths of 800–1200 m. The main NSDW flow forms a relatively narrow core that follows the base of the Faroes slope. This core follows the 90° change in trend of the Faroes slope at the junction between the Faroe‐Shetland and Faroe Bank Channels. The strongest currents within the NSDW core are found over the shallowest sill in the Faroe‐Shetland Channel and in the narrowest part of the channel immediately downstream of the sill, and are generated by topographic constriction of the flow. Eastward flow of deep water along the northern flank of the Wyville‐Thomson ridge suggests a complex current pattern with some recirculation of deep water within the deep Faroe Bank Channel basin. The observations suggest that Coriolis force is the main agent controlling the westward deflection of the NSDW into the Faroe Bank Channel, contradicting a previous suggestion that this was controlled by the topography of the Wyville Thomson Ridge.