浅析中国铟资源特点及产业现状

铟是一种银白色并略带淡蓝色光泽的稀有金属,具有延展性好,可塑性强,熔点低,沸点高,低电阻,抗腐蚀等优良特性,且具有较好的光渗透性和导电性。生产ITO靶材（用于制造液晶显示器和触摸屏等）是铟最主要的消费领域;其次为电器元件和半导体领域、合金领域及研究行业等其他应用领域。铟资源是中国战略性新兴产业的重要资源,同时被许多国家列入关键性矿产资源的名单中。     

钪元素的研究现状及运用浅析

<正>1钪的基本元素性质稀土元素钪(Sc),原子序数21,原子量44.95,熔点1540℃,沸点2831℃,密度为2.985 g/cm3。其化学性质活泼,易与水、氧气、CO2和酸作用(刘会莲,1989)。这些物理特性决定了钪具有熔点高,比重小,强度大,热稳定性能好,化学活性较强的特点。因此钪被广泛运用于电光源、宇航、电子工业、核技术、超导技术等重要领域,成为现阶段我国重要的战略资源。     

辽河油田稠油中贵金属分布和赋存状态研究

以辽河油田稠油为研究对象,通过原子吸收光谱、实沸点蒸馏等手段,研究了辽河油田稠油中Au、Ag、Pt和Pb等贵金属在不同馏分中的分布特征.结果表明,经过实沸点蒸馏后,贵金属不同沸程温度的原油馏分中含量和分布存在很大差异,Au、Ag、Pt、Pd主要集中在渣油馏分中,在沸点》508℃的渣油馏分中Au、Ag、Pt、Pd的比例分别是93.4%、76.9%、73.4%和68.0%;采用选择性萃取的方法对金在稠油中的存在形态的初步研究发现,金在稠油中主要以有机配合物和少量无机配合物形式存在.     

山东莱芜垂阳矽卡岩型铁矿尾矿中关键金属钴综合利用评价探讨

钴是高温合金、电池材料、防腐材料、磁性材料等重要原料,广泛应用于航空航天、电子电器、机械制造、汽车、化工农业、陶瓷等领域,在国民经济和社会发展中具有特殊的意义。特别是从移动电子设备,到新能源汽车的动力电池,再到电网储能,钴作为锂电池正极材料——钴酸锂的重要组成,都是不可或缺。因此,钴被世界上众多国家列为21世纪重要的关键战略资源(Gulley et al., 2018)。现今我国是世界上最大的钴资源进口国(95%依靠进口)和消费国(US Geological Survey, 2018),而且钴资源紧缺,保障程度低(蒋少涌等,2019;许德如等,2019)。因此,在复杂的国际政治和经济形势下,摸清我国钴资源的家底,增强我国钴矿资源供应保障程度,对我国国民经济发展和国家安全保障具有重要的战略意义。我国钴矿床类型多样,包括岩浆铜镍硫化物型、红土风化型、沉积砂岩型、热液型(如沉积喷流型、矽卡岩型、斑岩型、IOCG型等)(王辉等,2019;许德如等,2019;卢宜冠等,2020)。然而,与世界上钴矿资源相比,我国钴矿规模小、品位低,大部分钴矿为伴生矿,钴多作为副产品回收利用,主要伴生铜、镍金属产出,其次伴生铜铁矿床。其中,矽卡岩型矿床是我国伴生钴矿的一种重要类型,富钴矽卡岩矿床主要发育在东昆仑地区、长江中下游和冈底斯地区。目前,关键金属元素在自然界的矿物和岩石中赋存状态研究已广泛开展,但在矿山尾矿中的赋存状态和可回收利用性研究则相对薄弱。基于山东省新一轮找矿突破战略行动及鲁西地区矽卡岩型铁矿尾矿综合利用程度低等背景,为有效发挥尾矿二次资源的作用,摸清尾矿中伴生的矿产资源的可利用性,本次选取山东省莱芜垂阳铁矿床开展了尾矿中伴生矿产资源的综合利用评价工作,大致查明垂阳铁矿尾矿中可利用伴生资源类型、赋存状态及推荐选矿工艺。通过铁矿尾矿中伴生矿产资源综合利用评价工作,对提高山东矽卡岩型铁矿床中矿产资源综合利用水平,提升战略性矿产资源安全保障能力,助力山东省新一轮找矿突破战略行动具有重要意义。     

谈国土规划及其与地质工作的关系

国土规划是国民经济和社会发展计划的重要组成部分,是国民经济建设的一项重要基础工作,对于合理开发利用资源,提高宏观经济效益,保持生态平衡均具有重要的指导作用。所谓国土,有两个方面的含意;一是指疆域和空间;二是指资源,一般包括土地资源、水资源、矿产资源、生物资源。海洋资源、气候资源和景观资源等自然资源。国土工作就是对国土资源进行有计划的开发、利用、治理和保护。其主要任务和内容,一是根据国民经济发展的要求,确定地区经济发展的方向,对自然资源的开发利作用出规划;二是统一规划和安排能源、供水、交通等基     

岸线资源利用变化与影响因素——以长江南京段为例

岸线资源具有重要的生产、生活和生态环境功能,是沿岸城市宝贵的战略性资源.近10年来,长江岸线资源变化剧烈,深刻反映长江从大开发到大保护的转变.以长江南京段为案例区,基于遥感影像和实地踏勘,研究了2008-2018年的岸线资源利用规模和结构的变化,构建了岸线资源利用类型转移矩阵,分析了岸线资源利用变化的驱动因素.研究表明...     

内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原古冰缘遗迹科学考察研究进展

冰缘遗迹(特别是冷生楔形构造及融冻褶皱)是重建古气候及第四纪晚期多年冻土环境的重要证据.内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原是我国北方地区冰缘现象最为发育的地区之一.为准确了解鄂尔多斯高原冰缘遗迹类型及其分布特征、区域冻土演化历史等,中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院和荷兰自由大学共同组成科研小组,于2018年5—6月组织了"鄂尔多斯高原...     

甘肃省重点推介晶质石墨等六类矿产资源

<正>10月10日,甘肃省自然资源厅带着陇南大地丰硕的勘查成果举办了中国国际矿业大会甘肃省专场推介会。推介会主要介绍了近年来甘肃省地质勘查的重要成果,并对金、钒、晶质石墨、三稀金属、钨钼、煤炭等六类资源进行了重点推介。截至2018年年底,甘肃省累计投入地勘资金170多亿元,新发现矿产地260处,其中大型65处、     

松嫩平原湿地演变及其驱动因素分析

湿地是生态系统的重要组成部分,在维系区域生态安全中扮演着重要角色.利用1975、2000和2018年的Landsat遥感影像数据,获取3期湿地解译数据,采用动态度分析、差异性分析、转移矩阵等方法对近50年来松嫩平原地区湿地的时空变化特征进行分析,为研究和保护松嫩平原地区湿地生态系统提供一定的理论依据.研究表明：湿地面积由1975年的20 189.81 km2上升至2018年的29 456.79 km2,整体上呈增加的趋势,具体表现为1975—2000年天然湿地的大幅度下降和2000—2018年人工湿地的大规模增加.分析认为：蓄水工程、河道防洪堤和湿地围垦是天然湿地减少的主要因素;降水量变化、气温上升、蒸发量增加是天然湿地变化的次要因素;受经济效益为中心理念驱动,水田改扩建增加是人工湿地增加的主要因素.     

粤港澳大湾区1975—2018年海岸线时空演变与影响因素分析

提要:海岸带是陆地向海洋延伸的过渡地带,是人口最为密集、人类活动最频繁的区域,全球超过50％的人口和60％的GDP总量集聚在离海岸线不足100 km的区域.海岸线对海平面上升、海岸侵蚀、港湾淤积、湿地生态资源、近海海域环境等具有重要的指示作用.本研究利用遥感影像获取了粤港澳大湾区(以下简称大湾区)1975—2018年间...     

渭河盆地氦气资源远景调查进展与成果

以评价渭河盆地氦等天然气远景为目的,2013年中国地质调查局启动了由西安地质调查中心实施的“渭河盆地氦气资源远景调查”计划项目,项目采取多单位联合攻关,多行业资料共享,物化探等多手段联合实施的工作方法,初步探索了氦气成藏模式和调查方法,总结了氦气富集成藏必须具备氦源岩、高效运移通道和载体气藏3大条件,得出渭河盆地具备良好的氦、甲烷等天然气成藏条件等成果,并提出渭河新生代盆地基底部分残存晚古生代煤系地层的新认识。     

我国氦气资源现状及首个特大型富氦储量的发现:和田河气田

氦气是一种重要的战略稀有资源,关系国家安全和高新技术产业发展.但我国贫氦且绝大部分依赖进口,资源安全形势十分严峻,因此开展氦气资源调查非常迫切.通过全国七大含油气盆地及其他地区氦气资源及成因系统调研,明确我国中西部含油气盆地天然气中氦气基本为壳源放射成因,其富集受富含U、Th的酸性岩或基底的分布、背斜圈闭及断裂共同控制.东部郯庐断裂带两侧含油气盆地中氦气为壳源和幔源混合成因,其富集受断裂控制明显.地热或温泉的水溶气中,含量较高的氦气主要为壳源.优选了氦气显示良好、但存在不确定性的塔里木盆地和田河气田及周缘开展氦气资源系统勘查.通过对和田河气田及周缘11口井天然气样品精细取样、分析,首次发现和田河气田为富氦气田,氦气体积含量为0.30%~0.37%（平均0.32%）,为壳源成因,折算氦气探明储量1.959 1×108 m3,是我国发现的首个特大型富氦氦气田.因此建议:（1）加快建设和田河气田氦气分离、液化装置,实现气田开发整体效益最大化;（2）尽快论证建设"塔里木盆地氦气战略储备基地"的可行性,开展全国主要含油气盆地氦气资源系统调查;（3）加强氦气成藏理论研究,指导氦气资源勘探.      

煤系叠合型气藏及其勘探开发技术模式

煤系叠合型气藏是含煤地层煤系气特有的关键成藏类型,煤系叠合型气藏的发现、勘探开发实践与研究探索为我国煤系非常规天然气勘探开发提供了新领域和新思路。提出并阐述煤系叠合型气藏的概念、主要类型、发育特征和赋存分布,探讨煤系叠合型气藏的形成条件、成藏过程、成藏模式,揭示其形成机理,重点讨论2种主要类型煤系叠合型气藏的地质适配性勘探开发技术模式,分析前瞻了煤系叠合型气藏在煤系气勘探开发中的应用。研究表明:我国发育(分流)河道砂体与煤层接触型(华北型)、煤层?砂岩–泥岩互层型(华南型)、煤层–砂岩–泥岩互层夹砂砾岩型(东北型)3类煤系叠合型气藏,分布赋存分别以华北地区山西组、华南地区龙潭组和东北地区城子河组为代表;沉积作用是煤系叠合型气藏的关键主控地质因素,三角洲沉积体系的泥炭沼泽、分流河道、支流间湾的沉积微相组合为煤系叠合型气藏的有利沉积相序组合;煤层为主的叠置复合储层结构和岩性圈闭是煤系叠合型气藏的重要特征,统一的含气系统和压力梯度一致是其本质特征;含煤段煤层/砂岩/页岩不同类型储层间发生能量物质传递和平衡、煤层气/致密砂岩气/页岩气间运移和相态转化是煤系叠合型气藏形成的主要机理,喜马拉雅期是华北地区山西组煤系叠合型气藏成藏关键期;高分辨率地震岩相解释识别气藏与虚拟产气层合层开发是华北型煤系叠合型气藏勘探开发技术模式的关键特征,“层段优选、小层射孔、分段压裂、投球分压、合层排采”构成华南型煤系叠合型气藏勘探开发技术模式的核心内涵。这些技术模式已得到应用并将为我国煤系气共探共采和深层煤层气高效开发提供重要支持。      

Exploration Potential of Marine Source Rocks Oil-Gas Reservoirs in China

So far,more than 150 marine oil-gas fields have been found onshore and offshore about 350. The marine source rocks are mainly Paleozoic and Mesozoic onshore whereas Tertiary offshore.Three genetic categories of oil-gas reservoirs have been defined for the marine reservoirs in China:primary reservoirs,secondary reservoirs and hydrocarbon-regeneration reservoirs.And three exploration prospects have also been suggested:(1)Primary reservoirs prospects,which are chiefly distributed in many Tertiary basins of the South China Sea(SCS),the Tertiary shelf basins of the East China Sea (ECS)and the Paleozoic of Tarim basin,Sichuan basin and Ordos basin.To explore large-middle-scale even giant oil-gas fields should chiefly be considered in this category reservoirs.These basins are the most hopeful areas to explore marine oil-gas fields in China,among which especially many Tertiary basins of the SCS should be strengthened to explore.(2)Secondary reservoirs prospects,which are mainly distributed in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic of the Tarim basin,Sichuan basin,Qiangtang basin and Chuxiong basin in western China,of which exploration potential is less than that of the primary reservoirs.(3)Hydrocarbon-regeneration reservoirs prospects,which are chiefly distributed in the Bohai Bay basin,North Jiangsu-South Yellow Sea basin,southern North China basin,Jianghan basin, South Poyang basin in eastern China and the Tarim basin in western China,of which source rocks are generally the Paleozoic.And the reservoirs formed by late-stage(always Cenozoic)secondary hydrocarbon generation of the Paleozoic source rocks should mainly be considered to explore,among which middle-small and small oil-gas fields are the chief exploration targets.As a result of higher thermal evolution of Paleozoic and Mesozoic source rocks,the marine reservoirs onshore are mainly gas fields,and so far marine oil fields have only been found in the Tarim basin.No other than establishing corresponding marine oil-gas exploration and development strategy and policy, sufficiently enhancing cognition to the particularity and complexity of China's marine petroleum geology,and applying new thoughts,new theories and new technologies,at the same time tackling some key technologies,it is possible to fast and effectually exploit and utilize the potential huge marine oil-gas resources of China.     

中国陆域天然气水合物调查研究主要进展

我国是世界上既有海域水合物也有陆域水合物的少数几个国家之一。中国地质调查局高度重视陆域水合物调查研究,2016年正式设立“陆域天然气水合物资源勘查与试采工程”,通过对我国重点冻土区开展地质、地球物理和钻探调查,研发有效的陆域水合物调查、钻探和资源评价技术,初步摸清资源家底,评价资源潜力。自2002年开始探索性调查以来,已在青海省发现木里天然气水合物产地1处、昆仑山垭口盆地和乌丽地区疑似产地2处及系列找矿线索,评价出南祁连盆地、羌塘盆地及漠河盆地三大成矿远景区、12个成矿区带,资源潜力巨大; 在祁连山木里地区成功实施单直井和水平对接井试采,并取得了陆域天然气水合物成矿理论、勘采技术、环境调查和平台建设系列成果。以上成果有力推进了我国天然气水合物资源勘查试采进程,支撑国务院将天然气水合物设为第173个新矿种,初步形成“海陆并举、资环并重”的良好局面。     

Research Progress in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Geological Theory of China

The Chinese landmass, as a composite region, consists of multiple small continental blocks, such as Sino-Korea, Yangtze, Tarim, etc., and orogenic belts. Because of its distinctive tectonosedimentary evolution, China’s oil/gas-bearing regions differ remarkably from that elsewhere in the world. For instance, in comparison to the Middle East oil/gas-bearing regions which are characterized by Mesozoic-Cenozoic marine oil/gas-bearing beds, early oil and gas discoveries in China are distributed mainly in Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental sedimentary basins. Generation of oil from terrestrial organic matter, or terrestrial oil generation, and the formation of large oil/gas fields in continental sedimentary basins were previously the major characteristics of petroleum geology of China. However, in the past 20 years, a series of major oil and gas discoveries from marine strata have been made. Marine oil/gas fields in China are mainly distributed in the Tarim, Sichuan, and Ordos basins, which are tectonically stable and covered with Mesozoic-Cenozoic deposits. In these basins, hydrocarbon-bearing strata are of old age and the oil/gas fields are commonly deeply-buried. Cumulatively, 995 oil/gas fields have been found so far, making China the fourth largest oil-producing country and the sixth largest gas-producing country in the world. In terms of petroleum and natural gas geology, theories of hydrocarbon generation from continental strata, such as terrestrial oil generation and coal-generated hydrocarbons, etc., have been established. Significant progress has been made in research on the sequence stratigraphy of continental strata, formation mechanisms of ultra-deep clastic reservoirs, and hydrocarbon accumulation in the continental subtle reservoir. Regarding research on the marine petroleum geology of China, with respect to the major characteristics, such as deeply-buried reservoirs, old strata, and multiple phases of transformation, important advances have been made, in areas such as the multiple-elements of hydrocarbon supply, formation of reservoirs jointly controlled by deposition, tectonic activities, and diagenetic fluid-rock reactions, and oil/gas reservoirs formed through superimposed multi-stage hydrocarbon accumulation. As more and more unconventional hydrocarbon resources are discovered, unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are under study by Chinese petroleum geologists, who endeavor to come up with new discoveries on their formation mechanisms.     

塔里木盆地中石化探区含氦气藏资源调查研究*

为了对塔里木盆地中石化探区含氦气藏资源进行调查研究,在广泛调研前人氦气研究成果的基础上,采集了塔里木盆地中石化探区9个井区、6个层系的22个天然气样品,利用质谱法对天然气中的氦气含量进行分析,并探讨了不同地区氦气成藏的主控因素。结果表明,巴什托地区BK3井巴楚组天然气2个样品氦气含量为0.103%、0.116%,达到了含氦气藏的标准; 顺北地区奥陶系6个天然气样品氦气含量在0.026%~0.151%之间,仅1个样品达到含氦气标准。塔北地区寒武系—古近系32个天然气样品的氦气含量在0.01%~0.08%之间,均未达到含氦气标准。塔里木盆地氦气成藏主要受氦源、深大通源断裂、成藏期次、保存条件等因素共同控制。巴什托地区、顺北地区是氦气的有利聚集区带,塔北地区氦气成藏条件相对不利。     

塔里木盆地中石化探区含氦气藏资源调查研究*

为了对塔里木盆地中石化探区含氦气藏资源进行调查研究,在广泛调研前人氦气研究成果的基础上,采集了塔里木盆地中石化探区9个井区、6个层系的22个天然气样品,利用质谱法对天然气中的氦气含量进行分析,并探讨了不同地区氦气成藏的主控因素。结果表明,巴什托地区BK3井巴楚组天然气2个样品氦气含量为0.103%、0.116%,达到了含氦气藏的标准; 顺北地区奥陶系6个天然气样品氦气含量在0.026%~0.151%之间,仅1个样品达到含氦气标准。塔北地区寒武系—古近系32个天然气样品的氦气含量在0.01%~0.08%之间,均未达到含氦气标准。塔里木盆地氦气成藏主要受氦源、深大通源断裂、成藏期次、保存条件等因素共同控制。巴什托地区、顺北地区是氦气的有利聚集区带,塔北地区氦气成藏条件相对不利。     

中国油气勘探形势和评价——“21世纪中国油气勘探国际研讨会”综述

在今年5月份召开的“21世纪中国油气勘探国际研讨会”上，中国三大石油公司及国外石油机构等方面的代表集中探讨了中国油气勘探形势、前景和勘探的热点，以及全球油气资源分布与人口、环境等方面的问题。中国三大石油公司近年来油气资源总量大幅度增长，不断向新地区、新盆地和新层系延伸，并在实践中总结出“构造脊运移”理论。借鉴对外合作经验，石油勘探应按照新区、未成熟区和成熟区3种类型，分别建立科学的评价方法，油气资源评价关键在于建立地质。经济动态评价模型。文中还介绍了西方石油公司的资源评价方法，在全球优选具规模效益的富集区，精细勘探，降低勘探风险，获取高回报。     

Distribution characteristics,exploration and development,geological theories research progress and exploration directions of shale gas in China

The shale gas resources in China have great potential and the geological resources of shale gas is over 100×10¹²m³,which includes about 20×10¹²m³ of recoverable resources.Organic-rich shales can be divided into three types according to their sedimentary environments,namely marine,marine-continental transitional,and continental shales,which are distributed in 13 stratigraphic systems from the Mesoproterozoic to the Cenozoic.The Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have the highest geological resources of shale gas,and the commercial development of shale gas has been achieved in the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation in these areas,with a shale gas production of up to 20×10⁹m³ in 2020.China has seen rapid shale gas exploration and development over the last five years,successively achieving breakthroughs and important findings in many areas and strata.The details are as follows.(1)Large-scale development of middle-shallow shale gas(burial depth:less than 3500 m)has been realized,with the productivity having rapidly increased;(2)breakthroughs have been constantly made in the development of deep shale gas(burial depth:3500-4500 m),and the ultradeep shale gas(burial depth:greater than 4500 m)is under testing;(3)breakthroughs have been made in the development of normal-pressure shale gas,and the assessment of the shale gas in complex tectonic areas is being accelerated;(4)shale gas has been frequently discovered in new areas and new strata,exhibiting a great prospect.Based on the exploration and development practice,three aspects of consensus have been gradually reached on the research progress in the geological theories of shale gas achieved in China.(1)in terms of deep-water fine-grained sediments,organic-rich shales are the base for the formation of shale gas;(2)in terms of high-quality reservoirs,the development of micro-nano organic matter-hosted pores serves as the core of shale gas accumulation;(3)in terms of preservation conditions,weak structural transformation,a moderate degree of thermal evolution,and a high pressure coefficient are the key to shale gas enrichment.As a type of important low-carbon fossil energy,shale gas will play an increasingly important role in achieving the strategic goals of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality.Based on the in-depth study of shale gas geological conditions and current exploration progress,three important directions for shale gas exploration in China in the next five years are put forward.