南海西南部北康盆地新生代沉积演化史

北康盆地位于南沙地块的西南边缘，为南沙中部海域的新生代沉积盆地，具有良好的含油气潜力。近年广州海洋地质调查局在盆地六万多平方千米范围内完成了近2000km的地震测线，及相应的重力与磁力测量。本文在区域地质背景分析基础上，对盆地进行了地震地层对比和详细的地震相分析，划分了3个超层序、7个层序，对其中的5个层序进行了沉积相分析，并编制了沉积相平面图。晚始新世以前，北康盆地位于古南海西北缘，盆地西北部为陆相环境。东南部为滨－浅海环境。晚始新世－早渐新世早期，南沙地块从华南陆块裂离向南漂移，随古南海洋带的被动消减和新南海的扩张，盆地水体加深，除西北尚有陆相沉积外，主要为海相环境。早渐新世后，南沙地块与婆罗州地块拼贴，北康盆地逐渐处于浅海－半深海环境。与盆地沉积演化规律相对应，早第三纪发育的湖相和沼泽相泥岩及早中新世发育的浅海相泥岩为有利烃源岩， 同期的三角洲相砂岩、滨海相砂岩及晚中新世发育的浊积岩为主要储层，区域性盖层为晚各新世以来的 浅海－半深海相泥岩、砂质泥岩、局部性盖层有湖相泥岩、浅海相砂质泥岩、泥岩和灰质泥岩。     

Seismic Characteristics and Development Patterns of Miocene Carbonate Platform in the Beikang Basin, Southern South China Sea

The Beikang Basin is located in the southern part of the South China Sea (SCS), which is one of most tectonically complex sea areas. It is a deepwater sedimentary basin that was mainly deposited during the Cenozoic era. Owing to data restrictions, the research on carbonate platforms of this area is still in its infancy. High-resolution seismic data are analyzed to identify the Miocene carbonate platforms and reconstruct the architecture and growth history. The carbonate platforms of Beikang Basin began to develop in the Late Oligocene-Early Miocene, were extended in the Middle Miocene, and declined in the Late Miocene. The carbonate platform mainly developed during two periods: the Oligocene to the Early Miocene, and the Middle Miocene. The carbonate platforms that developed in the Middle Miocene were the most prosperous. The Middle Miocene carbonate platform in the Beikang Basin can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, the platforms had wide range which were thin. During the second stage, the platforms had a smaller range that was controlled by faults. In the third stage, the platforms were gradually submerged. The platform structure developed in the Middle Miocene at the Beikang Basin was controlled by the rate of rising/falling of the sea level and the carbonate growth rate. Based on an analysis of these changes and relationship, the platform can be divided into several patterns: retrogradation, submerged, aggradation, progradation, outward with up-stepping, outward with down-stepping, and down-stepping platforms. At the top of the carbonate platforms in the Beikang Basin a set of carbonate wings or mushrooms usually appeared. These were formed during a period of relative sea-level decline. It is believed that the Miocene carbonate platforms in the Beikang Basin are mainly controlled by tectonic and sedimentary environments, and are also affected by terrestrial detritus.     

Review of the chronostratigraphic charts in the Sinú-San Jacinto basin based on new seismic stratigraphic interpretations

Disperse and punctual studies; absence of integration of data ranging from local to regional focus; interpretations based only on lithostratigraphic features; and interpretation of data premised on an allochthonous origin of the Caribbean plate, are some of factors that increase the confusion and uncertainty in understanding the Sinú-San Jacinto Basin. The sedimentary record of Upper Cretaceous to Eocene has been traditionally interpreted as the record of deep-water settings. However, recently these sediments have been related to shallow marine and deltaic settings. Second problematic point is about the deposition environment of the Oligocene to Late Miocene succession. Some studies suggest canyons, turbidites and sediments deposited in deep-water settings. However, recent studies propose deltaic and shallow marine settings. The last stratigraphic problem is related to the controversial fluvial vs. shallow marine interpretations of the Pliocene sediments. Based upon seismic stratigraphic analysis in recent and reprocessed 2D seismic data, integrated with well data, we propose chronostratigraphic charts for the northern, central and southern zones of the Sinú-San Jacinto Basin. Twenty seismic facies based on amplitude, continuity, frequency and geometry of seismic reflectors and twelve seismic sequences were recognized. The seismic stratigraphic analysis in this study suggests that the sediments of Upper Cretaceous to Paleocene/Eocene were associated to continental to shallow marine settings. Lagoons, coastal plain and carbonate platform dominated during this period. The Oligocene to Middle Miocene record was characterized by deep-water deposition, whereas the Late Miocene to recent sedimentation was characterized by falling base level, characterized by deltaic and fluvial deposits. Five syn-rift sequences with wedge-shaped geometry were identified in this study. Three Triassic to Jurassic syn-rift sequences were characterized by seismic facies typical of fluvial to lacustrine and flood plain sedimentation. Two Cretaceous to Paleocene syn-rift sequences were characterized by seismic facies related to lagoons to coastal plain settings. Normal high-angle faults with a northeast-southwest direction related to rifting processes controlled the development of these sequences. The sheet-drape post-rift section was characterized by passive margin settings in the northern part of the Sinú-San Jacinto Basin and by diachronic tectonic inversion of older normal faults during Cenozoic, predominantly in the central and southern zones. The stratigraphic record related to the Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic rifting; the shallow marine sedimentation during Eocene and the tectono-stratigraphic continuity across the northern Colombia and northwestern Venezuela is coherent and well explained by the in situ origin of the Caribbean plate and is not explained by the “allochthonous” model.     

Provenance analysis of the Upper Miocene turbidite sand-bodies in deep-sea basin of northern South China Sea

The International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 367/368 reported massive Upper Miocene deep-sea turbidite in the northern South China Sea basin. The Upper Miocene turbidite sand-bodies at Site U1500 were examined with detrital zircon U-Pb dating to conduct the source-to-sink analysis. This study shows that the U-Pb age spectrums of Site U1500 sample are similar to those detrital zircons from the Miocene Qiongdongnan Basin and the Pearl River Mouth Basin. Multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot also shows that the turbidite sand-bodies at Site U1500 are closely related to the sediments in the Pearl River Mouth Basin and Qiongdongnan Basin. It is likely that the thick deep-sea turbidite succession in the deep-water basin of northern South China Sea was formed by a mixed provenance pattern during the late Miocene. On the one hand, terrigenous sediments from the west of the South China Sea were transported along the Central Canyon to the eastern South China Sea deep-sea basin in the form of turbidity current. On the other hand, terrigenous sediments were also transported from the Pearl River through the slope canyon system to the northern South China Sea in the form of gravity flow . Those mixed sediments from two different source areas have collectively deposited at the deep-sea basin and thus, give rise to turbidite sequence of hundred meters. Provenance analysis of the thick turbidites sand-bodies in the deep-sea basin is of great significance to the profound understanding of the tectonic evolution, filling processes, provenance evolution, and the palaeogeographic characteristics of the Cenozoic basins of the South China Sea.     

南海始新世海相地层分布及油气地质意义

采用古生态学及沉积学方法, 对南海北部深水区BY7-1-1井及L29井特定层段进行细致研究.通过有孔虫、孢粉藻类分析及沉积学分析, 证实南海北部白云深水区在晚始新世即出现滨浅海相沉积环境, 确定了南海北部最早接受海相沉积的时间.始新世海相地层在南海北部主要分布在台西及台西南盆地中, 并在晚始新世扩展到珠江口盆地白云凹陷.在南部分布较广, 曾母盆地、北康盆地、礼乐盆地及巴拉望盆地中均有始新世海相地层分布.南海始新世海相地层的分布受制于新南海扩张及古南海的消退, 以晚始新世为时间节点发生显著变化, 总体上分布范围增大, 反映该时期南海拉张和断裂活动的加剧.南海始新世海相地层具有良好的油气潜力, 在部分盆地中形成了优质的烃源岩与储层, 珠江口盆地白云深水区晚始新世海相地层的发现, 对南海深水海相油气勘探具有积极的参考作用.      

南海北部深海盆地上中新统浊积砂体物源分析*

IODP367/368航次在南海北部深海盆地多个站位发现上中新统厚达数百米的大规模深海浊积岩。采用碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄谱系分析方法对U1500站上中新统浊积砂体进行源汇对比分析。研究结果表明U1500站上中新统浊积岩碎屑锆石年龄谱系与其西侧琼东南盆地和北侧珠江口盆地中新世沉积物特征类似。多维排列分析(MDS)结果也显示,该站位样品与珠江口盆地、琼东南盆地沉积物关系密切,表明南海北部深海盆地内厚达数百米的上中新统浊积砂体为南海北部物源和南海西部物源混合堆积形成。南海西部陆源输入物质以浊流搬运的方式,沿中央峡谷从西到东搬运至南海东部深海盆地;南海北部珠江物源以重力流的形式,经南海北部陆坡峡谷搬运至深海盆地中,两种来源的沉积物在深海盆地发生混合沉积,形成U1500站厚达数百米的浊积砂体。南海北部深海盆地厚层浊积砂体物质来源的准确识别,对深刻理解南海新生代盆地的构造演化、沉积物充填过程、物源演变以及古地理特征均具有重要意义。     

南海南部北康盆地晚渐新世－中中新世物源变化

晚渐新世-中中新世，南海南部经历了重要的构造变革，北康盆地物源发生了重大变化，引起分散体系的变化，从而影响油气资源分布，因此物源研究具有重要意义.利用地震反射资料，开展地震属性分析，通过RMS（均方根振幅）地层切片，分析分散体系，并探讨物源变化及其控制因素.在晚渐新世-中中新世，北康盆地的沉积物源主要来自南侧，分散体系自南向北；不整合面之后海水突然加深，形成以早中新世不整合面（EMU）为界的2个沉积旋回；在每个旋回内，沉积物补给逐渐增多；在中中新世，沉积物源逐渐向北西方向迁移.通过区域分析，认为北康盆地的物源主要来自南部的曾母前陆盆地，物源的变化是曾母前陆盆地逐渐淤浅成陆和向北推进所致.      

南海南部北康盆地碳酸盐岩储层特征及油气成藏

在南海扩张过程中微板块断裂、碰撞、拼接的构造背景下,南海南部中新世以来发育碳酸盐岩台地及生物礁,经过后期成岩改造形成了大量碳酸盐岩储层并蕴藏着丰富的油气资源.为了了解该海域碳酸盐岩储层的发育特征和成因机制,以北康盆地高精度二维地震资料为基础并结合邻区岩心、薄片资料,对该区域碳酸盐岩储层发育的类型、储集空间、成岩作用以及控制因素开展了系统研究.结果表明,南海南部碳酸盐岩储层类型多且储集空间丰富,主要有两类,分别为礁滩储层和不整合面岩溶储层;发育多种孔隙类型,包括原生孔隙和次生孔隙,以次生孔隙为主,包括铸模孔、粒内溶孔、粒间溶孔和晶内溶孔等. 该区域碳酸盐岩储集空间主要受白垩化作用、溶蚀作用和白云岩化的建设性改造,并且主要受构造、沉积、古气候和流体活动因素的控制.北康盆地碳酸盐岩可以作为良好的储层,并具有良好的油气成藏条件,能形成“下生上储”的碳酸盐岩油气藏.      

印度尼西亚库泰盆地油气地质特征及勘探方向

库泰盆地是印度尼西亚最大、最深的第三系含油气盆地,也是该国最主要的产油气盆地。盆地经历了断陷期、拗陷期和反转期三个发育阶段,充填的第三系沉积物厚度达14 km。盆地发育四套烃源岩,其中,中中新统三角洲平原煤和三角洲前缘碳质泥岩是滨浅海区有效烃源岩,上中新统富含碳质碎屑浊积岩是深水区有效烃源岩;油气纵向上主要富集于中中新统、上中新统及上新统,平面上主要富集于背斜构造中。综合分析认为,深海平原区上中新统斜坡扇、盆底扇砂岩是下库泰盆地潜在勘探领域,渐新统—下中新统是三马林达复背斜带有利勘探领域,始新统盆地边缘上超尖灭砂体是上库泰盆地潜在勘探领域,始新统—中新统台地生物礁是库泰盆地深层潜在勘探领域。     

Evolution of the southern Taiwan–Sinzi Folded Zone and opening of the southern Okinawa trough

Recent interpretation of seismic sections and free-air gravity anomalies in offshore northern Taiwan reveals that the southern Taiwan–Sinzi Folded Zone began to form in late Middle Miocene, though it was mainly constructed in the Late Pliocene with strong reverse faulting and folding. Two westward progradational sequences were deposited in the shelf basin with sediments supplied from the southern Taiwan–Sinzi Folded Zone and the southern Ryukyu Arc. These two structures are displaced by several northwest-striking dextral strike–slip faults that were active in the early Quaternary when the clockwise-rotated southern Ryukyu Arc and the folded southern Taiwan–Sinzi Folded Zone were broken. It is believed that recent extension in the southern Okinawa Trough started in the early Quaternary because uplift on the southern Taiwan–Sinzi Folded Zone continued to latest Pliocene–early Quaternary. Paleogene–Miocene sediments of the East China Sea Shelf in the western part of the southern Okinawa Trough Basin are interpreted to indicate that the East China Sea Shelf Basin extended to the east of the southern Taiwan–Sinzi Folded Zone.     

准噶尔盆地阜东斜坡带深水浊积扇沉积及油气勘探意义

通过对准噶尔盆地阜东斜坡带侏罗系三工河组的岩性组合、粒度分析和地震反射特征等方面的研究,认为储油砂体主要为浊积岩,岩性为灰色泥岩、灰色中砂岩和灰色粗砂岩夹砂砾岩.岩石成份成熟度和结构成熟度均较低,见典型鲍马沉积序列,浊积扇是不稳定三角洲前缘砂质沉积物向坡折带及深水盆地的再分配的结果.研究该区具有多个浊积扇体,其中阜16井已获得低产油气流,说明阜东斜坡带具有良好的勘探前景.     

Genesis and Characteristics of Miocene Deep‐water Clastic Rocks in Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan Basins,Northern South China Sea

Various deep-water deposits developed in the Yinggehai Basin and Qiongdongnan Basin(Ying-Qiong Basin)in the northern South China Sea,making the two basins significantly hydrocarbon-producing areas and ideal for studying the genetic mechanism and sedimentary characteristics of deep-water clastic rocks.Using cores,image well logging,heavy mineral assemblages,and seismic data,we thoroughly studied the geometry,tectonic background,driving mechanism and source-to-sink process of deep-water deposits in the study area.The results showed that:(1)there were five genetic mechanisms of deep-water clastic rock,i.e.,slides,slumps,debris flows,turbidity currents,and bottom currents.(2)The sliding deposits were distributed from the delta front to the continental slope toe.The slumping deposits were mainly distributed at the continental slope toe or the basin’s central area,far from the delta front The turbidity deposits were widely developed in the deep-water area,but with huge differences in thickness.The bottom currents mainly reworked previous deposits far from the slope.(3)Slip and extension along the preexisting fault zone were the main structural factors that drive the axial channel formation at the slope foot.(4)The sand-rich gravity sediment flows in the Ying-Qiong basin were primarily caused by the direct supply of terrigenous debris into the marine environment over the slope break.     

南海琼东南盆地深水区储层类型及研究意义

通过对琼东南盆地钻井及典型地震相分析,认为琼东南盆地深水区发育两种类型的储层:第一类为形成于浅水环境的储层,包括扇三角洲砂体、滨浅海相滩坝砂体和台地碳酸盐岩;第二类为形成于深水环境的储层,包括盆底扇和峡谷水道等低位砂体。其中,深水区广泛分布的海底扇、峡谷水道砂体和台地碳酸盐岩具有良好的深水油气勘探潜力。     

珠江口盆地荔湾凹陷北部早中新世沟槽特征及其成因

沟槽及其成因是近年来沉积学和古海洋学的研究热点。本研究基于珠江口盆地荔湾凹陷内的高精度三维地震资料,在研究区早中新世地层中首次识别出延伸千米的沟槽。这些沟槽形成时研究区位于远离陆架坡折的深水盆地,其走向大致平行于早中新世南海北部陆架坡折走向,可细分为4个亚区,形态呈直线形、拱形或似波痕状,几何学参数在不同分区各有特点。另外,在部分沟槽底部具有规模较大的条带状高振幅异常,可能对应粗粒沉积或富含天然气。根据沟槽特征推测其成因可能与盆内广布的中层水环流影响下的底流活动有关。古地貌控制下的早中新世古底流,通过其水体对海底产生侵蚀进而形成侵蚀沟槽。此研究不仅有助于南海北部超深水区的油气勘探,同时可为南海早中新世古海洋学研究提供新证据。     

鄂尔多斯盆地南部三叠系延长组深水重力流沉积特征及其石油地质意义*

通过大量岩心观察、钻测井资料分析及野外露头观察,对鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长6—长7深水重力流沉积特征、触发机制、沉积过程、沉积模式及石油地质意义进行了系统分析。研究结果表明:研究区共存在滑动岩体、滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积及泥质碎屑流沉积5种类型的重力流沉积物,各类型的沉积物特征明显。不同类型重力流沉积物垂向组合可分为5类,研究区重力流的形成过程可分为5个阶段:三角洲前缘沉积阶段、滑动阶段、滑塌变形阶段、砂质碎屑流及泥质碎屑流形成阶段以及浊流形成阶段。滑动、滑塌砂体多呈孤立透镜体状,砂质碎屑流砂体多以扇沟道的形式展现出来,浊流砂体多分布在扇沟道的前端或侧翼,呈席状砂展布。深水重力流砂体垂向叠置厚度大,可形成规模大的油藏,大大扩展了深湖的勘探范围。研究区长6、长7油层组砂质碎屑流砂体储集层物性较好,含油性好,是重点勘探层位。     

中国南沙海域大中型盆地沉积特征与油气分布

中国南沙海域大中型盆地蕴含着丰富的油气资源,这些盆地大多形成于新生代,自下而上沉积陆相—海陆过渡相—海相地层。不同的盆地沉积分布主控因素不同。碎屑岩沉积受控于3大古水系:即华南古陆南缘造山带古水系控制南薇西盆地和北康盆地扇三角洲,巽他陆架古水系控制湄公盆地和万安盆地三角洲,婆罗洲古水系控制曾母盆地和文莱—沙巴盆地扇三角洲与三角洲。碳酸盐沉积受控于水体和构造条件,温暖、干净、适度动荡的浅水环境有利于碳酸盐岩台地和生物礁形成与生长。多种沉积相类型构成多种油气储集体,中新统砂岩和碳酸盐岩储集层最为重要,烃源岩分布具规律性。研究认为块体漂移控制了南沙大中型盆地油气分布,形成3套生储盖组合,发育3类岩性地层圈闭。     

东营凹陷史112区块沙三中亚段深水重力流体系精细刻画及在开发中的意义

深水重力流作为一种重要的、特殊类型的沉积体系,自发现以来就得到了学术界的广泛关注,并在油气勘探中日益受到重视。东营凹陷古近系沙三中段发育深水重力流体系,综合地震、岩心、测录井等资料,对郝家油田史112区块深水重力流体系的沉积类型、特征及在不同层序中的发育演化进行了精细刻画,总结了该区重力流沉积模式,为开发区储层预测提供重要参考。研究表明,本区深水重力流体系发育于三级层序的高位域,从下至上可划分出4个四级层序(SQQ^1-4),主要发育滑塌沉积、碎屑流沉积和浊流沉积3种成因类型,可识别出12种岩相组合。四级层序$\mathrm{SQQ}_{3}^{2}$时期重力流规模较小,$\mathrm{SQQ}_{3}^{3}$时期随着东营三角洲向湖盆中心推进,重力流规模扩大。滑塌沉积主要发育在三角洲前缘或前三角洲斜坡根部,在滑塌沉积前方形成碎屑流沉积,碎屑流向前搬运的过程中,逐渐转化成浊流沉积。三角洲前缘及前三角洲的浊流和碎屑流是开发井区进一步寻找储层的有利部位。     

Reflection of seismic paleoevents in Mesozoic–Cenozoic terrigenous sequences of the northern Caucasus

Numerous traces of paleoseismic events (seismites) were established in Mesozoic–Cenozoic marine sedimentary sequences of the northern Caucasus. These traces are most prominent in the terrigenous Middle Miocene sandy–clayey sediments. Impact of seismic shocks upon the relatively weakly lithified sediments provoked distortion of the primary sedimentary structure, liquefaction of the sandy material, and injections of different morphologies (neptunic dikes and sills). The formation of jointing in sediments fostered their vertical permeability and promoted the migration of diagenetic solutions into the adjacent horizons, which stimulated the formation of subvertical carbonate bodies. The amount and intensity of seismic events varied at different stages of the accumulation of sequences and in different areas of the paleobasin. In the eastern sector of the northern Caucasus, seismic activity similar to the present-day general pattern was likely developed as early as the Middle Miocene: maximum activity in the Dagestan and its westward attenuation. Traces of seismic activity are also recorded in the Maikopian (Oligocene–Lower Miocene) and Lower–Middle Jurassic rocks.     

南海北部第三系的沉积特征与生油、储油层系

南海北部指北纬16°00'至23°00'与东经108°00'至120°00'之间的海域。包括广东大陆以南、海南、台湾两岛之间的广阔大陆架和陆坡区以及北部湾。东西长约1300公里,南北宽约200至400公里。面积约40万平方公里。经过地球物理勘探普查工作及几十口钻井资料,证实该区第三纪沉积广泛分布,厚逾万米。按沉积岩厚度大于1000米所圈定的范围约在30万平方公里以上,形成了北部湾、莺歌海、琼东南、珠江口及台湾西南五个沉积盆地(图1、2)。在北部湾、琼东南、珠江口及台湾西南盆地中,分别在下第三系流沙港组、陵水组、珠江组，上第三系角尾组、韩江组发现了储油气层(表1)。