成矿远景区带蚀变岩的图像识别与制图

蚀变岩是成矿带具有特殊空间结构和矿物成分的一种地质单元，在遥感图像上构成了空间识别信息和光谱识别信息。分别论述了基于蚀变岩空间结构信息的图像检测方法和基于蚀变岩特征谱带的光谱信息提取方法。重点论述了最优波段组合、波段比值和双重主成分分析等应用方法，并介绍了蚀变岩遥感填图的基本工作程序。     

基于TM/ETM影像的复合法遥感蚀变异常提取应用研究

通过甘肃龙首山干旱基岩裸露区碱交代岩提取、青海玉树地区大面积蚀变异常提取、江西相山铀矿田植被覆盖区蚀变异常提取三个实例应用来验证"无损线性拉伸+去除和抑制干扰因素+波段比值法/主成分分析/(波段比值法+主成分分析)+密度分割"复合法在蚀变异常提取的应用效果。在甘肃龙首山提取的碱交代岩与在其两个子区实测的碱交代岩相比较,面积大于1个、1/2个、1/4个像元的碱交代岩提取率分别为100%、94.74%、80%。面积小于1/4个像元的碱交代岩成群出现,岩体之间相距较小,这些岩体也可以被提取出来,并且提取的面积有所扩大,结果显示面积大于1/4个像元的蚀变信息能够有效提取。在青海玉树地区提取的蚀变异常信息与与其区内的84个矿床(点)相比较,提取的蚀变与74个矿床(点)能够吻合,吻合率达88.1%。矿床(点)与提取的蚀变信息吻合关系为铁矿床>铜矿床>锌矿床>铅矿床,且多金属矿床多处于两种或多种蚀变异常叠合部位。在江西相山铀矿田植被覆盖区蚀变异常提取效果相对差,但是提取的蚀变信息在野外得到较好验证。西部矿区矿床(点)与铁化蚀变吻合较好,北部矿区矿床(点)吻合较好,同时分析了部分矿床(点)未能与遥感蚀变异常吻合的原因。     

河南灵宝小秦岭金矿带矿化分带特征

小秦岭矿化带近东西向展布有5个金矿化宫集带（亚矿带）。其中以文峪-杨砦峪亚矿带矿脉密度最大，矿床数量最多。全区发育有两类金矿化，即含金石英脉型与蚀变岩型，两者空间发育具互补性特点以及一定的分带趋势。全区自西向东，石英脉型矿化所占比重渐减，蚀变岩型矿化逐增，至东部雪家山岩体以东则形成一些蚀变岩型小型矿床，垂向分布上，含金石英脉型矿化多在浅部；蚀变岩型矿化则多发育于深部。     

植被覆盖区高光谱遥感影像上蚀变岩与蚀变矿物信息的提取

在高光谱遥感找矿应用中,从影像上提取的蚀变信息经常包含了很多对找矿无用的信息。为了避免这些无用信息,本研究选取植被覆盖的云南普朗斑岩铜矿区作为研究区,使用该区高光谱遥感数据分别提取蚀变岩和蚀变矿物的信息,分析它们对找矿的有用性。提取蚀变矿物信息使用的是从影像上提取的矿物端元参考光谱,光谱匹配采用的是光谱角方法;提取蚀变岩信息使用的是野外蚀变岩参考光谱,光谱匹配不仅考虑光谱的整体形态,而且考虑吸收谷位置形态。在蚀变岩识别图上,4个典型蚀变岩点的野外验证表明:识别结果与实地地物基本一致。但是,在蚀变矿物信息图中,这4个圈定点无任何信息。这表明:这些点的蚀变岩信息较其表面蚀变矿物信息更丰富,因而能被有效提取出。通过比较蚀变岩、蚀变矿物的信息分布图,发现:一些粘土矿物(比如硬石膏和高岭石)的大量信息分布在沉积岩区,因而可能是假的蚀变信息。这表明:通过蚀变岩光谱获取的蚀变信息比通过蚀变矿物光谱获取的蚀变信息更可靠。在蚀变岩信息提取中,比较吸收谷位置识别前后的结果表明:考虑光谱整体和局部形态比仅考虑整体形态的识别结果具有更高的可靠性。     

新疆彩霞山铅锌矿及外围遥感蚀变信息提取及找矿应用

通过对彩霞山矿区成矿地质特征分析,总结区内成矿规律,分别对TM图像上已知蚀变岩分布区及地质背景采样,总结地物在不同波段的波谱特征,建立提取蚀变信息的遥感地质模型。在该模型指导下,完成彩霞山铅锌矿区及外围的蚀变遥感异常信息提取。通过野外验证,蚀变遥感异常信息分布与已知矿化带吻合度较好,证实该方法在东天山荒漠戈壁及同类地区可行。     

坦桑尼亚维多利亚湖东部绿岩带金矿床地质特征及成因浅析

坦桑尼亚维多利亚湖绿岩带是世界上非常有名的金成矿区,目前已发现数个世界级的金矿床。本文分析了该地区典型金矿床成矿地质特征,认为维多利亚湖东部绿岩带金矿床类型为构造蚀变岩型,矿体赋存在受EW向、NW向和NE向三组剪切破碎带控制的构造蚀变岩中,矿石类型主要为黄铁绢英蚀变岩和含金石英脉,与成矿有关的蚀变主要为硅化、绢云母化和黄铁矿化。同时,将这些矿床与中国胶东绿岩带的“焦家式”金矿床进行了对比,探讨了成矿模型研究所面临的问题。     

滇南南丙河金异常查证及找矿效果

异常区位于含金褐铁矿化硅化破碎带中,通过加密地质测量、土壤测量、岩矿分析、工程揭露等组合手段,在含金蚀变带找到工业矿体,取得找矿突破。     

遥感探测微细粒浸染型金矿蚀变信息的应用研究—以黔桂交界地区为例

从微细粒浸染型金矿蚀变岩的光谱信息与地球化学因子的关系出发，探讨了ＴＭ波段数据反映蚀变岩成分的情况。研究结果表明，ＴＭ波段比值不仅能反映蚀变岩成分，而且还能降低波段之间的相关性。采用ＴＭ卫星数据经图像处理的办法，可直接提取出与金矿有关的褐铁矿化、粘土化、碳酸盐化，地植物异常的遥感信息。对经过研究圈定的几个异常取样进行测金分析检验结果表明，它们都有金矿化，最高品位达８．９８ｇ／ｔ。     

构造形变类型与金矿化类型的关系

含金构造形变类型决定或控制金矿化类型,深层次的韧性超韧性变莆为元素迁出区,一般不利于金矿化;韧性含金构造控制蚀变糜棱岩型金矿化,韧脆性变形含金构造控制构造蚀变岩型金矿化,脆性含金构造控制石英脉型金矿化。对于韧性剪切带和未来发生叠加蚀变矿化的糜棱岩来说,往往是构造变形越强,金元素含量越低。但在蚀变糜棱岩型金矿床中,已经叠加蚀变矿化的糜棱岩若幅度,石英变形机制与金矿富集程度都有密切的关系,而且含金构造     

新疆谢米斯台地区岩矿光谱特征提取及光谱分析

不同岩石矿物和矿化蚀变具有不同的光谱特征, 这是利用遥感技术进行岩石矿物和蚀变信息识别的基础。本研究在谢米斯台地区进行岩矿样品采集, 利用ASD野外光谱辐射仪采集光谱反射率数据, 通过去噪处理、标准化处理、微分处理和去包络线处理, 开展了典型岩矿样品、风化面与新鲜面样品和不同矿化蚀变的光谱特征提取和光谱分析。研究发现, 岩矿在380~1 100 nm波段的光谱特征, 主要是金属离子产生;在1 100~2 500 nm波段的光谱特征, 主要是阴离子基团中的羟基、碳酸根和水分子产生;矿化蚀变光谱具有可诊断性特征谱带, 是其矿物组成中的各种蚀变矿物特征信息的反映;受到矿物含量改变和外界环境因素的影响, 光谱的整体形态或局部特征都发生变化。岩矿光谱特征的提取和分析, 将提高和改善高光谱技术对不同区域同种类型的矿床勘查。     

GENERAL CHARACTER OF MULTISTAGES OF METALLOGENESIS FOR MICRO-MESOTHERMAL GOLD DEPOSITS:EXAMPLES FROM ZHANG-BALING TECTONIC BELT,ANHUI,CHINA

In Zhangbaling Tectonic Belt,two types of mineralization,auriferous quartz veins and alteration halos,can observed within many deposits.The pressure of metallogenesis of auriferous alteration halos is much higher than that of quartz vein,the temperatures of metallogeneses of these two types of orebodies are don't the same Geochemistry study indicates that both of them are micro-mesothermal deposits related to Yanshanian granites.The results of proton microprobe analysis of sulphides from the gold deposits in the area show that the "invisible" gold existed in sulphides is in the form of micro inclusions,and the concentration of "invisible" gold in sulphide minerals within quartz vein is poorer than that from alteration halos.Field observation shows that the structural modality of the fractures controlling the orebodies of auriferous quartz vein is different from that of the auriferous alteration zones.The fracture controlling the orebodies of auriferous alteration halos is compress-shear fracture,auriferous quartz vein is controlled by extensive fault.The alteration halos crosscut by auriferous quartz vein.The wallrocks of the former altered strongly and developed alteration zones well.The wallrocks of auriferous quartz vein altered slightly.The results of tectonogeochemical study shows that the concentration of associated metallogenesis elements and intensity of alteration are positively correlated with tectonic deformation strength for auriferous alteration halos.It indicates that it is probably a general character for micro-mesothermal gold deposits due to the multistages of metallogeneses took place.The tectonic environment is the most important fact determining the mechanism of fluid flow and precipitation of gold,and then the types of mineralization and modes of gold.     

阿希金矿主要蚀变类型及其与金矿化关系

阿希金矿床赋存于下石炭统大哈拉军山组陆相火山岩中,成矿与破火山口(火山机构)环状断裂构造系统有关,属典型的冰长石-绢云母型大型金矿.阿希金矿近矿围岩蚀变为硅化、绢云母化、冰长石化、叶腊石化、绿泥石化等,以主矿体为中心向两侧共划分出6个蚀变矿物组合带,其中强硅化带和绢英岩化带与金矿化关系密切.     

内蒙古东伙房金矿大比例尺成矿预测

东伙房金矿位于内蒙古武川县,为一小型金矿床,属于与浅成花岗斑岩有关的中浅成中高温热液矿床.本次成矿预测思路为：在已知Ⅰ号矿体及其他含金蚀变带上,建立大量的观测点,把每个观测点的地质、地球物理、地球化学、矿物学等方面的成矿信息分析研究,并把Ⅰ号矿体作为已知矿体,总结Ⅰ号矿体的成矿信息特征,建立接近于客观实际的已知矿体模型,用之与其他含金蚀变带进行对比,从而预测出成矿的有利地段.作者把以上这种工作方法称为综合信息叠加组合及相似类比法.本次工作发现了两处较好的矿体,同时发现了一种新的矿化类型——斑岩型金矿化,这对该地区找矿预测具有重要意义.     

中国东部含金矽卡岩矿床分布规律 与深部地球物理背景研究

在收集整理中国大陆上十几条地学断面、数十条地震剖面、大地电磁剖面、地壳上地幔剪切波资料的基础上,对含金矽卡岩矿床的深部地球物理背景进行了深入的研究,作者认为岩石圈剪切带是控制含金矽卡岩矿床的最主要的深部地球物理背景条件。壳内低速高导层因与地幔流体分布有关,同样对含金矽卡岩矿床有控制作用、大（ 深） 断裂带的交汇部位控制着与矿有关的中酸性侵入岩浆,可以利用这些因素的共同制约作用进一步圈定含金矽卡岩矿床和铜伴生金矽卡岩矿床分布的远景预测区。     

韧性剪切带中含金石英脉的就位机制

本文以韧性剪切带中含金石英脉的地质特征分析为基础。重点讨论:a.绿片岩相—低角闪岩相环境中的韧性剪切带内,变形岩石的韧—脆性转变既受温度、压力条件控制,又受高压流体相的广泛介入影响。对于多阶段金矿化过程,流体相的存在对岩石力学性质的转变具有更重要的意义;b.Roberts(1987)论述的含矿Riedal裂隙系(D、P、R、R′和T、P′)中不同类型裂隙内含金石英脉的就位机制有很大的差异;c.Ramsay的破裂—愈合机制可以很好地解释沿R、R′、T和某些沿D、P就位的含金石英脉的形成;d.本文作者提出液压扩容破裂机制是沿D、P方向就位的某些含金石英脉的重要就位过程。     

Low potassium hydrothermal alteration in low sulfidation epithermal systems as detected by IRS and XRD: An example from the Co–O mine,Eastern Mindanao,Philippines

Detailed hydrothermal alteration investigations, including petrography, infrared reflectance spectroscopy (IRS) and XRD of the low sulfidation epithermal Co–O mine, located in Eastern Mindanao (Philippines) revealed that both distal and intermediate hydrothermal alteration zones contain dominantly illite and chlorite, whereas the proximal alteration zone comprises mainly illite, chalcopyrite and pyrite. The gold-bearing veins and the proximal hydrothermal alteration zone display a distinct absence of K-rich hydrothermal alteration minerals such as K-feldspar (adularia).Gold mineralization in the Co–O mine is controlled by an extensive quartz-breccia vein system, which is characterized by three distinct stages of vein (incl. breccias) formation. Gold is mainly observed in stages 2 and 3 veins. Stage 1 veins appear as fragments in stage 2 veins and display boiling textures such as quartz pseudomophs after bladed calcite. These veins further display colloform to crustiform banding and contain pyrite, chalcopyrite and minor gold located in the colloform bands and between bladed quartz pseudomorphs. Stage 2 veins comprise mostly banded to massive quartz and contains sulfides parallel to bands or disseminated. These veins are fine-grained with mosaic/jigsaw quartz and contain calcite blebs and/or fragments of stage 1 veins. Gold is in textural equilibrium with chalcopyrite, sphalerite, and locally pyrite. Stage 3 veins consist of quartz and carbonate (locally Mn-rich), and display irregular banded and comb textures. In auriferous veins of this stage gold is in textural equilibrium with chalcopyrite and pyrite (with local abundance of sphalerite). Other sulfide minerals observed with gold in stages 2 and 3 are galena, acanthite and locally jalpaite.The XRD and IRS provide inconsistent results regarding the abundance of K-rich clays (e.g., illite) associated with auriferous veins. Illite, with possibly interlayered swelling clays, such as Al-smectite, was identified in auriferous vein stages 2 and 3 using IRS, but could not be confirmed by XRD. Comparative analysis of the results of these techniques with respect to the ordering of micaceous minerals, suggest less ordered white mica proximal to the veins.Vein textures such as banded quartz, the absence of K-feldspar and the abundance of illite (interlayered Al-smectite) suggest relatively low temperatures of formation of the hydrothermal alteration system and point to a potential boiling horizon located deeper or marginal to the currently exploited levels of the Co–O mine. The absence of K-feldspar may also be related to relatively low temperatures of the hydrothermal fluid, the medium potassium-rich magma series of the host rocks, and/or a relatively low oxidation state of the hydrothermal fluid.     

Extracting mineral alteration information using WorldView-3 data

The multispectral commercial satellite-WorldView-3 (WV-3) has the highest spatial, spectral and radiation resolutions among the satellites currently and can generate good data in the shortwave infrared (SWIR). The study area is located in the Pobei area of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, which is rich in mineral resources. The spectral analyses of some typical altered hydroxy-bearing, iron-bearing, and carbonate-bearing minerals could establish several Principal Component Analysis (PCA) models and mineral indices, using the visible and near infrared (VNIR) and the shortwave infrared (SWIR) subsystems of WV-3 data. In addition, the Spectral Angle Method and the spectrum index tool of ENVI software were used to extract the relevant alteration information. The WV-3 data is well suited for identifying hydroxy-bearing alteration with rich SWIR bands which distinguish Al-OH-bearing from Mg-OH-bearing alteration. Hence, this study provides a basis for the prediction of mineral resources in the Pobei area and sets the foundation for WV-3 data to be used as an important tool in extracting alteration information and prospecting practices.     

中国南天山萨恨托亥-大山口成矿带韧性剪切带与金成矿作用

以南天山中段萨恨托亥-大山口成矿带内控矿韧性剪切带为例,对韧性剪切带的金成矿作用进行了初步探讨.通过对地质体的构造变形特点、变形演化过程的分析表明,韧性剪切带的构造属性控制了金矿的产状及规模,金矿化阶段与韧性剪切带的变形演化过程密切相关.矿化类型、矿化强度及矿化方式受韧性剪切带发展阶段制约,剪切带内物质组分迁移变化揭示出韧性剪切带与金在剪切带内的迁移富集、沉淀成矿的内在联系.韧性剪切带成矿作用是南天山成矿带中段重要的金矿成矿作用.     

综合找矿方法在河台金矿找矿预测中的应用

河台金矿是一个典型的与韧性剪切带有关的金矿床,也是目前粤西、桂东南已发现的最大的金矿床。为了给深边部的找矿提供科学依据,本文应用伽马能谱、地电化学及数值模拟产生的体积应变异常带对本区进行了找矿预测实验研究。伽马能谱K异常带指示了本区糜棱岩化及热液蚀变过程中引起的钾化蚀变作用,金矿体与糜棱岩化带主要分布在K异常带中;地电化学异常带可能代表了本区不同深度矿体在地表的垂直投影;体积应变异常带及其附近有利于发展为本区的含矿糜棱岩化带。在同一构造成矿体系中,根据相似类比原则,表明以上三种方法在本区进行找矿预测可行。综合以上三种方法,圈定了3个可能的含矿带,建议对其进行验证。     

石湖金矿区中石英的找矿信息研究

石英与金矿床关系十分密切,石英中含有众多的信息.通过对它的研究,可提取出许多找金矿的信息或标志.石英热发光曲线反映金的矿化强度,矿体中的石英热发光曲线呈双蜂或多峰;而矿化带中则呈包含多种隐伏峰的单蜂曲线.与成矿有关的石英红外吸光度D_2、D_2/D_1可定性地评价其含金性.含金石英中的Al_2O_3、K_2O、Na_2O、H_3O~(+)的含量随着矿体埋藏深度的增大而增加,可用其判别矿体的埋藏深度.