柴北缘东段克鲁克组泥页岩储层特征

柴北缘东段石炭系克鲁克组为一套海陆过渡相碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩混合沉积,其中泥页岩较为发育。通过野外剖面踏勘和实测对克鲁克组泥页岩纵向发育特征进行了研究,发现克鲁克组一段泥页岩累计厚度为60 m,泥地比达92.6%,是泥页岩发育最好的层段。通过精细岩心观察描述、全岩X射线衍射分析、岩石薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察及物性分析等,对泥页岩矿物组成、岩相、储集空间类型及物性特征进行了研究,结果表明,泥页岩矿物组成以石英和黏土矿物为主;黑色纹层状泥质中粉砂岩相、灰黑色条带状泥质粗粉砂岩相、灰黑色条带状含灰灰质泥质粗粉砂岩相和黑色纹层状含生物碎屑泥质中粉砂岩相为主要的岩相类型;储集空间主要发育顺层裂缝、溶蚀孔隙、黏土矿物晶间孔、有机质粒内孔隙及生物碎屑粒内孔;孔隙度在1%~3%,渗透率分布在0.01~1 mD。储层的发育主要受沉积环境、矿物组成和成岩作用的影响,黑色纹层状泥质中粉砂岩相和灰黑色条带状泥质粗粉砂岩相由于沉积厚度大、碳酸盐胶结作用弱、脆性指数较高、储集性能良好,有利于泥页岩储层的发育。     

Study of mechanical properties of Vindhayan shaly rocks at elevated temperature

Shale is an important rock due to its suitability for different engineering and scientific applications. Elevated temperature may cause major deformation or damage in shale rock and it may be of irreversible in nature. Such damage have adverse effect on the physicomechnical properties of shale rock. The uniaxial compressive strength and tensile strength of two shales (upper Vindhyan basin, India) have been estimated at elevated temperature using point load strength index method. The rock samples have been analyzed at various temperatures starting from room temperature to 900 °C. The effect of elevated temperature on the physicomechanical properties and their influence on the uniaxial compressive strength has been studied in detail. Damage induced, in both shale have been estimated using compressional wave velocity. The analysis of the experimental result shows that the uniaxial compressive strength decreases from 63.45 to 18.45 MPa and 60.94 to 22.22 MPa, for Jhiri and Ganurgarh shale respectively. Tensile strength of shales have been also estimated. The value of tensile strength decreases from 3.65 to 1.05 MPa and 3.46 to 1.26 MPa respectively for Jhiri and Ganurgarh shale. Multivariate regression analysis has been carried out to obtain the correlation between physicomechanical properties and uniaxial compressive strength of Jhiri and Ganurgarh shale.     

焉耆盆地侏罗纪煤系源岩显微组分组合与生油潜力

焉耆盆地为我国西部含煤、含油气盆地, 侏罗系含煤地层是最重要的潜在源岩.对侏罗纪煤系中的暗色泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤层分别进行了有机岩石学、Rock-Eval热解分析和核磁共振分析.泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤层具有不同的有机岩石学和有机地球化学特征, 其中煤层具有3种有机显微组分组合类型, 不同显微组分组合类型的煤层具有不同的生油、生气潜力或倾油、倾气性.基质镜质体、角质体、孢子体等显微组分是煤中的主要生烃组分.侏罗系泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤层具有不同的生物标志物分布特征, 生物标志物组合分析表明焉耆盆地已发现原油是泥岩、碳质泥岩和煤层生成原油的混合产物.含煤地层的地球化学生烃潜力分析和已发现原油的油源对比均表明, 含煤地层不仅是重要的气源岩, 而且可成为有效的油源岩.      

川东焦石坝地区页岩气特征及其意义

焦石坝地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩富集有大量的天然气,但针对页岩气地球化学特征研究还较薄弱,其蕴含的地质意义不甚明确.通过页岩气组分及其碳同位素特征和页岩干酪根的碳同位素特征分析,讨论了页岩气的来源、成因类型和完全倒转的碳同位素分布特征.五峰组-龙马溪组页岩具有很好的生烃能力、有机质丰度与含气量的关系有明显的正相关性、甲烷与干酪根相似的碳同位素特征、地层的超压特征等,综合表明研究区天然气应为页岩自生自储的页岩气;页岩气的甲烷含量均超过98%,其碳同位素平均为-29.93‰,反映了成熟度已经达到过成熟干气阶段;相对稳定的ln（C₁/C₂）和快速增大的ln（C₂/C₃）揭示其成因主要为二次裂解气;页岩气碳同位素完全倒转的分布特征主要受到在相对封闭环境中的原油裂解生气作用的影响,其完全倒转的碳同位素分布特征也反映了研究区良好的页岩气保存、富集条件.      

Fragility of a dark gray shale in northeastern Jamaica: effects and implications of landslip exposure

Rapid weathering of strong, hitherto un-weathered shale rocks was fast enough to have been measurable weekly (>4 mm depth per week). Regular early morning rain showers followed by hot, dry afternoons caused frequent wet/dry cycles which facilitated rapid slaking of the shale. Other landslips occurred concurrently on the south bank of the Wild Cane River, where the rock beds dip towards lower ground. Resistance to impacts in the rock fabric was equally low after decades, or weeks of exposure. It was concluded that the combination of high frequency wet/dry cycles on steeply dipping shale beds, and rock attitude caused very rapid weathering. Rapid slaking of the illitic shales could cause high turbidity levels in contiguous aquatic environments. Building foundations and roads could be rapidly de-stabilized even on such freshly exposed, apparently consolidated sites.     

四川盆地东南缘下志留统龙马溪组页岩基本特征

下志留统龙马溪组是四川盆地东南缘最为重要的烃源岩和页岩气勘探层位之一.在岩石学研究的基础上,利用岩石热解、色谱-质谱等分析技术,对研究区龙马溪组页岩地球化学特征进行了系统分析.龙马溪组厚为60 ～ 420 m,主要由8种岩性构成:层状-非层状泥/页岩、白云质粉砂岩、层状钙质泥页岩、泥质粉砂岩、层状-非层状粉砂质泥/页岩...     

陕南志留系五峡河组地层的沉积环境与笔石生活和保存的关系

笔者测制五峡河组剖面时,在约1m2的面积内,逐层系统地采集笔石和岩性标本;统计了典型层层面上笔石的丰度,绘制了一些属种的死亡曲线;系统鉴定了围岩岩石的矿物成分,分析了岩石中的二价铁(Fe++),三价铁(Fe+++),硫(S),碳(C)的含量和pH值.在此基础上,本文讨论了五峡河组的沉积环境、笔石的生存及保存状态以及它们之间的关系.     

Provenance,weathering, and paleoenvironment of the Upper Cretaceous Duwi black shales,Aswan Governorate,Egypt

The mineralogy and geochemistry of the Upper Cretaceous Duwi black shales of Nile Valley district, Aswan Governorate, Egypt, have been investigated to identify the source rock characteristics, paleoweathering, and paleoenvironment of the source area. The Duwi Formation consists mainly of phosphorite and black shales and is subdivided into three members. The lower and upper members composed mainly of phosphorite beds intercalated with thin lenses of gray shales, while the middle member is mainly composed of gray shale, cracked, and filled with gypsum. Mineralogically, the Duwi black shales consist mainly of smectite and kaolinite. The non-clay minerals are dominated by quartz, calcite, phosphate, dolomite, feldspar, with little gypsum, anhydrite, iron oxides, and pyrite. Based on the CIA, PIA, and CIW values (average?=?84, 94, 95, respectively), it can be concluded that the litho-components of the studied shales were subjected to intense chemical weathering and reflect warm/humid climatic conditions in the depositional basin. The provenance discrimination diagram indicates that the nature of the source rocks probably was mainly intermediate and mafic igneous sources with subordinate recycled sedimentary rocks (Nubia Formation). Geochemical characteristics indicate that the Duwi black shales in Nile Valley district were deposited under anoxic reducing marine environments.     

Geotechnical consequences of the Newcastle Coal Measures rocks

This paper attempts to relate the lithology and fabric of four main groups of Newcastle Coal Measures rock types to their geotechnical properties and engineering behaviour. The four groups comprise: massive sandstone and conglomerate; claystones and tuffs; mudstone, shale and siltstone; and the coal itself. Although their geological relevance is primarily concerned with underground coal mining, these rocks are exposed at the surface across most of Newcastle and its suburbs, and are thus significant in terms of urban environmental geology. The key mining issues include longwall support design and panel layouts, caving and subsidence mechanisms, soft floors and stiff roofs, water inflows and pillar design. The urban geotechnical issues include landslides and rock falls, shallow abandoned mine workings, reactive and erodible soils, waste disposal and potential sources for geomaterials.     

Texture, mineralogy, and rock strength in horizontal stress-related coal mine roof falls

Geologic structures can represent planes of preferential weakness that, by dismembering the roof beam, may contribute to the failure of roof spans. However, beam deflection and roof failure also occur in rocks where no visible geologic discontinuities are present. This suggests that roof failure may depend on rock strength, which in turn depends on intrinsic textural properties inherent to the rock. In this study, rock samples were collected from horizontal stress-related roof fall material in coal mines for petrographic characterization and compressive strength testing. Brittle, stress failure-prone rock types include thinly interlaminated siltstone and shale, and black shale that had been lightly recrystallized. Samples exhibit a narrow range of density values between approximately 2.5–3.0 g/cm³ but exhibit a wide range of unconfined compressive strength values, between approximately 20–70 MPa. Results of laboratory observations suggest that for samples of coal mine immediate roof shale, compressive strength is not well correlated with density, grain size, sutured grain boundaries, or quartz content. These results for shale are generally at odds with the results of similar studies for sandstone. The great variability of strength, texture, and mineralogy documented in these samples may be an indication of their complexity and the need for specialized methodology in the study of shale strength.     

柴北缘团鱼山地区中侏罗统石门沟组油页岩有机地球化学特征及古湖泊条件

根据Leco（莱科）、岩石热解、GC（气相色谱）和GC-MS（气相色谱/质谱）等分析,开展了柴达木盆地北缘团鱼山地区中侏罗统石门沟组油页岩有机地球化学特征研究,探讨了油页岩的生烃潜力、有机母质来源、沉积环境及成矿差异。结果表明：石门沟组页岩段共发育3层油页岩（自下而上分别为油1、油2和油3）,油页岩w（TOC）较高,平均值为8.16%,有机质类型为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ₁型,整体生烃潜力较好,且油1、油2的生烃潜力高于油3;样品中检测出丰富的正构烷烃、类异戊二烯烷烃、甾类化合物、萜类化合物和芳香烃化合物,其中,正构烷烃呈单峰式分布,主峰碳数为nC₂₃或nC₂₇,Pr/Ph值为0.20~1.08,油1、油2的C₂₇/C₂₉值、芳基类异戊二烯烃、藿烷和藿烯质量分数明显比油3高,揭示油1、油2形成于强还原条件,有机母质来源以低等水生生物为主,油3形成于弱还原-还原条件,有机母质来源具有陆源高等植物与低等水生生物双重生源特征。结合油页岩特征的差异及古湖泊条件,说明较深的湖水并不是形成优质油页岩的必要条件,藻类、细菌等提供优质有机质的生物输入以及底层水的强还原条件更有利于优质油页岩的形成。     

The dynamics of shale compaction and evolution of pore-fluid pressures

A mathematical model of sedimentation and compaction of fine-grained rocks such as shale has been constructed. Water is considered to flow upward or downward out of a compacting rock according to Darcy's law until the pore-water pressure within the rock is normal for the depth in question. The porosity decreases during compaction until a minimum porosity, determined by the difference between total vertical stress (overburden pressure) and pore-water pressure, is obtained. The model takes into account the dependence of permeability on porosity for a given rock type, and the dependence of water viscosity on salinity, temperature, and pressure. The derived equations have been computer programmed to obtain the time dependence of porosity, pressure, water velocity, permeability, and other factors within a compacting shale during (a) shale sedimentation, (b) a time lapse following shale deposition, (c) the deposition of normally pressured sediments over the shale, and (d) a second time lapse following deposition of the normally pressured unit. Solutions to these problems are given for the situation when the unit underlying the shale is normally pressured, and for the situation when the underlying unit is impermeable. The calculations show that a portion of a thick shale adjacent to a normally pressured unit may have a considerably reduced porosity and permeability, and act as a seal for the remainder of the shale. High fluid pressures may persist for many millions of years in thick shales with low permeability. The computations can be extended to cover more complicated cases of interbedded shales, sands, and other lithologies.     

柴达木盆地西部第三系盐湖相有效生油岩的识别

柴达木盆地西部第三系发现了储量可观的油气资源,但是总体上讲这里的生油层钙质含量高、有机质丰度低;如何识别有效生油岩,正确评价油气资源潜量,成为这里油气勘探和地球化学的首要问题。通过上、下干柴沟组生油岩的沉积特征和地球化学分析,可发现盐湖相存在许多有机质丰度较高的生油岩;利用热解和模拟实验等方法确定出有效生油岩的有机碳含量下限为 0.4%。这样既为该区生油岩提供了评价标准,又找到大量有效生油岩,解决了研究区油气资源预测的基本问题.     

Carbon isotopes of organic matter from the upper Jurassic oil shales from the Volgian-Pechora shale province and its accumulation mechanisms

The isotopic composition of carbon from the organic matter of late Jurassic oil shales from the Volgian-Pechora shale province is studied. The existence of a dependence between C_org content in the rock and the isotopic composition of kerogen carbon is ascertained. The content of the heavy carbon isotope increases with increasing C_org. This dependence is accounted for by the progressive accumulation of isotopically heavy hydrocarbons of the initial organic matter due to sulfurization. The data on the isotopic composition of individual n-alkanes of bitumen in the rocks and the data on the absence of isotopic fractionation between thermobitumen and the residual kerogen from oil shales from the Volgian-Pechora shale province obtained by treating shale in an autoclave in the presence of water are presented first in this paper.     

应用TIMA分析技术研究Alum页岩有机质和黄铁矿粒度分布及沉积环境特征

Alum页岩(中寒武—早奥陶世)是北欧一套重要的海相烃源岩,其成熟度跨度从为成熟-过成熟度阶段。由于我国下古生界海相烃源岩均已过成熟,未成熟-低成熟度的Alum页岩是研究下古海相的烃源岩生烃潜力特征的重要参照样品。因此,对这套成熟度较低的Alum页岩的生物组成特征、矿物组成及其沉积环境的分析,可为后续国内外下古生界海相烃源岩的对比研究奠定基础。本文以欧洲上寒武统富含有机质Alum页岩为主要研究对象,在有机碳含量(TOC)和有机岩石学观察的基础上,应用综合矿物分析技术(TIMA)进行扫描,通过细化样品扫描参数,获得了页岩矿物组成、含量及粒度分布。Alum页岩有机质成熟度较低(固体沥青反射率为0.30),TOC含量在11.16%~12.24%之间。有机质主要为浮游藻类降解形成的层状藻类体、底栖藻类来源的海相镜状体和裂缝中充填的固体沥青。TIMA扫描获得的有机质相对质量百分含量为9.79%~10.64%,略低于碳硫分析仪测定的TOC含量;黄铁矿含量为4.17%~4.49%。TIMA扫描获得的有机质与黄铁矿比值与化学法的C/S比值相近,均分布在2.18~2.55范围。粒径分布特征上,有机质粒径主要分布在0.9~27.0μm之间(80%以上颗粒分布在1.2~5.5μm);草莓状黄铁矿粒径分布在0.9~17.0μm之间(小于0.5μm的颗粒占78%以上),反映了缺氧甚至硫化的环境。综合C/S比、有机岩石学与TIMA黄铁矿粒度分布特征,认为该页岩形成于闭塞封闭甚至硫化的沉积水体体系。该研究为油气地质领域的烃源岩(包括页岩)的研究提供了一种新的技术支持。     

海陆相泥页岩气体生成的半封闭模拟实验

明确不同沉积环境下页岩气生成机理的差异性对于页岩气成因机理及页岩气地球化学特征研究具有重要意义.选择低演化阶段的海相（中元古界洪水庄组）和陆相（三叠统延长组长7段）泥页岩进行了半封闭热模拟实验,对其气体产物进行了组分和碳同位素分析.结果表明,洪水庄组页岩产气量要远远低于同温度条件下长7段泥岩的产气量.同时,长7段泥岩气体产物二次裂解程度比较高.洪水庄组页岩有机质母源以生油性为主,长7段泥岩沉积过程受到陆源混入,有机质母源以相对偏生气性为主.热模拟实验条件下黄铁矿转化成磁黄铁矿的过程也可能促进长7段泥岩烃类气的生成.热模拟实验中所用样品的状态,即柱状样或颗粒样,也可能会对气体的裂解行为产生影响.在这种情况下,南方地区页岩气高的甲烷产率以及碳同位素倒转可能与厚层页岩高的油气滞留率有关.      

Stratal disruption and development of mélange, Western Newfoundland: effect of high fluid pressure in an accretionary terrain during ophiolite emplacement

The Bay of Islands Ophiolite was emplaced onto the continental margin of North America during the mid-Ordovician Taconic orogeny, when tectonic slices of continental margin sediments were accreted to the moving allochthon. Tectonic slices grade into and are surrounded by mélange. Early fracture in sandstones formed without grain breakage and allowed penetration of liquid petroleum along fracture planes. Other fractures involved cataclastic flow and were sometimes re-activated during formation of later pressure solution cleavage. Shear-fracture and extension-fracture boudinage affect competent strata; extensional veins cut cement in limestone beds and are filled by shale, quartz, calcite and bitumen. Folds also formed, at a time when siltstone and sandstone were at least partially lithified. Mélange matrix shows abundant shear and extension fractures in a variety of orientations.Coaxial extension responsible for disruption of bedding can be explained by a brittle accretionary wedge model in which high fluid pressures resulted from tectonic dewatering of shales. Surface slope decreased as fluid pressure rose beneath the ophiolite, causing horizontal extension of the wedge. After escape of excess water the surface slope steepened again as renewed stacking occurred.     

黔北下寒武统黑色岩系的沉积环境与地球化学响应

下寒武统黑色岩系在我国华北、华南及塔里木盆地等广泛发育,但富有机质泥页岩的分布特征及其控制因素未有定论。本文对黔北地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组(及同时期地层)不同沉积相带典型剖面中的富有机质泥页岩及其上下层位进行了地球化学分析,识别出寒武纪早期不同沉积相带氧化还原环境的明显差异。台内凹陷相主要岩性为黑色页岩,底部为不等厚的薄层磷块岩和硅质岩或硅磷质结核,沉积的黑色页岩厚度大,有机质丰度高,V、Ni、Mo、U等微量元素显著富集,反映了贫氧-缺氧环境,以及短暂动态的硫化环境,Mo/TOC反映了其为局限盆地特征;上斜坡相为贫氧到氧化的沉积环境,但更多地是表现为氧化的沉积环境,其中牛蹄塘期存在局部的硫化环境,沉积的黑色页岩厚度小,但有机质丰度最高,V、Ni、Mo、U等微量元素的富集程度较低;盆地相为黑色硅质岩与富有机质的黑色硅质页岩间互沉积,同期沉积厚度较小,有机质丰度相对较低,V和U的富集程度大于台内凹陷相,而Ni和Mo的富集程度则低于台内凹陷相,指示了缺氧环境,期间伴随有贫氧和短暂的氧化环境存在,且可能存在局部的硫化环境,Mo/TOC反映了中等的局限程度。总的来说,黔北下寒武统黑色岩系的有机质丰度...     

A study of the gully phenomenon in Gombe Town,Bauchi State: Bedrock geology and environmental implications

In Gombe, Bauchi State, Nigeria, gullies are sculptured in the Upper Cretaceous Pindiga Formation and Gombe Sandstones. The former is a sequence of marine shales with limestone interbeds, the later is a sequence of sandstone, siltstone, and shales. Both formations have ironstone cappings. The degree of gully development, the gravity of attendant soil wastage, and environmental hazards are all related to the rock types in which the gully have formed. Hence, the most grievous situations are posed by gullies in the shale/clay member of the Gombe Sandstone and in the shale/clay/limestone units of the Pindiga Formation. An undercut and collapse model is put forward to explain gully initiation and propagation in Gombe.     

吉木萨尔凹陷二叠统芦草沟组地层与沉积环境特征研究

准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组是我国近些年致密油气勘探开发的热点地区之一。本文利用岩心、岩石薄片、测井和地震等资料,在识别和分析芦草沟组主要岩石类型的基础上,对芦草沟组的沉积演化特征、层序地层格架和沉积环境的变迁等方面进行了综合研究。研究表明,芦草沟组岩性主要为碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩两个大类,其中碎屑岩以泥页岩和粉（细）砂岩为主,碳酸盐岩主要为白云岩和灰岩。沉积特征表现为：下部（F 段）、中部（C+D段）和上部（A 段）的泥页岩层段,发育于湖进时期的深湖至半深湖相沉积,为烃源岩层段;下部致密储集层段（E 段）和上部致密储集层段（B 段）,发育于湖退期的浅湖相、三角洲前缘相沉积。由于后期的构造隆升,芦草沟组的沉积环境由早期的开阔湖盆逐渐向后期封闭的局限湖盆转变,沉积水体也逐渐向咸化和还原环境转变。