Research of the Conductive Structure of Crust and the Upper Mantle beneath the South-Central Tibetan Plateau

With the super-wide band magnetotelluric sounding data of the Jilong (吉隆)-Cuoqin (措勤) profile (named line 800) which was completed in 2001 and the Dingri (定日)-Cuomai (措迈) profile (named line 900) which was completed in 2004,we obtained the strike direction of each MT station by strike analysis,then traced profiles that were perpendicular to the main strike direction,and finally obtained the resistivity model of each profile by nonlinear conjugate gradients (NLCG) inversion. With these two models,we described the resistivity structure features of the crust and the upper mantle of the center-southern Tibetan plateau and its relationship with Yalung Tsangpo suture: the upper crust of the research area is a resistive layer with resistivity value range of 200-3 000 ?·m. The depth of its bottom surface is about 15-20 km generally,but the bottom surface of resistive layer is deeper in the middle of these two profiles. At line 900,it is about 30 km deep,and even at line 800,it is about 38 km deep. There is a gradient belt of resistivity at the depth of 15-45 km,and a conductive layer is beneath it with resistivity even less than 5 ?·m. This conductive layer is composed of individual conductive bodies,and at the south of the Yalung Tsangpo suture,the conductive bodies are smaller with thickness about 10 km and lean to the north slightly. However,at the north of the Yalung Tsangpo suture,the conductive bodies are larger with thickness about 30 km and also lean to the north slightly. Relatively,the conductive bodies of line 900 are thinner than those of line 800,and the depth of the bottom surface of line 900 is also shallower. At last,after analyzing the effect factors to the resistivity of rocks,it was concluded that the very conductive layer was caused by partial melt or connective water in rocks. It suggests that the middle and lower crust of the center-southern Tibetan plateau is very thick,hot,flabby,and waxy.     

青藏高原西缘壳幔电性结构与断裂构造: 札达-泉水湖剖面大地电磁探测提供的依据

青藏高原西缘札达至泉水湖剖面大地电磁探测结果表明, 研究区被雅江缝合带、班公-怒江缝合带划分为3个构造区域, 由南至北分别为喜玛拉雅地体、冈底斯地体和羌塘地体.研究区内普遍存在中下地壳高导层, 高导层的顶面埋深起伏较大, 冈底斯内的高导层埋深大, 羌塘和喜玛拉雅地体内的高导层埋深较浅.在班公-怒江缝合带南侧高导层埋深最大, 班公-怒江缝合带南北两侧高导层埋深存在一个约20km的错动.冈底斯地体内的地壳高导层呈北倾形态, 南羌塘的地壳具有双高导层.沿剖面的上地壳存在多组规模不等、产状不同的电性梯度带或畸变带, 反映了沿剖面地区的缝合带与断裂带分布情况.根据电性结构特征, 推断了雅江缝合带、班公-怒江缝合带以及龙木措、噶尔藏布等主要断裂的构造特征与空间分布.      

青藏高原东南部地壳导电性结构与断裂构造特征——下察隅-昌都剖面大地电磁探测结果

根据2004年在青藏高原东南部完成的下察隅—昌都(1000线)宽频带大地电磁探测剖面数据研究高原东南部地壳导电性结构及断裂构造特征,这有助于推进印度与亚洲岩石圈碰撞、俯冲构造模式的研究。研究结果表明,沿剖面上地壳大范围分布的是规模不等的高阻体,电阻率大约在90～3000Ω.m,厚度由南向北增加,底界面的深度大约在5～30km变化。高阻层之下发现由不连续高导体构成的中地壳低阻层,其电阻率小于10Ω.m;其结构与青藏高原中、西部的壳幔高导体相似,但规模小得多,底面埋深也浅得多。沿剖面的上地壳存在多组规模不等、产状不同的横向电性梯度带或畸变带,它们反映了沿剖面地区地壳的断裂分布。通过与该区高精度重力资料对比,在重要的电性梯度带上,均存在布格重力低异常和负重力均衡异常。结合区域地质资料分析推断了嘉黎—然乌、班公—怒江和甲桑卡—赤布张错等主要断裂构造带的空间格局。     

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE IN EASTERN REGION OF QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU

CRUSTAL STRUCTURE IN EASTERN REGION OF QINGHAI—TIBET PLATEAU     

THE GEODYNAMIC NATURE OF GEOMORPHIC CYCLES

Magnetotelluric (MT) measurements at six locations along a 90-km profile across the area between Gölpazari and Akcaova have been modeled in two dimensions to increase understanding of the deep conductivity structure of the western part of the North Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ) and the Istanbul and Sakarya zones.

It is well known from surface geology that the branch of the NAFZ that passes through the Pamukova Valley with an E-W strike separates the region into two sub-areas, containing contrasting sets of geological features. These two areas also exhibit significant differences in terms of their deep conductivity structure. Electrical resistivity is quite low (10 ohmm) south of the fault at an approximate depth of 26 km, compared to the area north of the fault zone. This low-resistivity zone may provide an indication of partial melting at this depth.

In the northern part of the profile beneath Ücgaziler (DUC) and Akcaova (DAK), a five-layered conductivity sequence obtained by magnetotelluric modeling and the magnetotelluric model has been examined in light of the surface geology. It is concluded that layers in the conductivity model may correspond to fragments of the Istanbul zone and the Sakarya continent, as well as the ophiolitic slab in between.     

利用接收函数方法研究青藏高原东南部地壳结构

青藏高原东南部作为板块碰撞的前缘地带一直是地球科学研究的热点,为了揭示碰撞前缘地带地壳结构特征,作者 利用布设在中国青藏高原东南部的38个宽频带流动台站记录的2487条远震P波接收函数,采用接收函数CCP叠加（共转换点 叠加）和H-κ叠加两种方法获得了研究区域详细的地壳厚度图像和泊松比值。研究结果显示：两种方法获得的地壳厚度特征 具有较好的一致性;青藏高原东南部地壳厚度存在明显的东西差异和南北差异;喜马拉雅构造区内莫霍面深度变化较大, 介于65~80 km之间;拉萨地体内莫霍面深度介于72~80 km之间;雅鲁藏布缝合带两侧地壳厚度突变,缝合带北侧和南侧地 壳厚度相差约8 km。研究区域平均泊松比值较小,为0.24,和大多数造山带泊松比偏低的特征类似。研究区域中下地壳广 泛存在强转换界面,该界面可能对应中下地壳高速层的上界面,埋深40~70 km,表明壳内发生深熔或部分熔融作用,导致 壳内发生重力分异,在中下地壳形成了高速薄层。     

Crustal Electrical Conductivity Structure of Southern Tibet from Magnetotelluric Survey

INTRODUCTIONAsatypicalintercontinent collisionarea ,Tibetanplateauisapresentlypopularregionnoticedbygeoscientistsallovertheworld ,sinceitisanidealandnaturallabforthestudyofthegeologicalevolutionoftheinnerlandmountain creatingzoneandoftheprocessofthecrust mantledeepdy namicsaswellasoftheinteractionbetweenthesurfaceandthecrustmovement.ThestudyoftheTibetanplateauevolutionisimportantnotonlyinsolvingsometheoreticalproblemsaboutcontinentaldynamicsandglobalchangesingeosciences ;butalsoinexplorin…     

华北中部岩石圈电性结构——应县—商河剖面大地电磁测深研究

20 0 1年, 沿着山西应县到山东商河, 重新布置大地电磁测深剖面进行研究.采用现代先进的大地电磁数据处理技术和快速松弛二维反演方法获得该剖面二维电性结构模型, 从而充分展示了华北地区岩石圈电性结构的特点.从电性特征上讲, 华北岩石圈以太行山前断裂为界划分为东、西两区, 东区为低阻区, 西区为高阻区.在东区, 上地壳电性结构基本与华北裂谷系的隆、坳构造格局相对应, 岩石圈的电导最高达3× 104 S, 远远大于强烈活动的安第斯山岩浆弧区和西藏高原岩石圈的电导.这里, 在构造连接部位的地壳中有不连续的高导体存在, 电导率大约0.1~ 0.8S/m.在西区, 太行山和恒山的岩石圈为高阻块体, 表现出稳定大陆区岩石圈导电性结构的特点.但恒山高阻块体之下发现一组向西缓倾的高导层, 其电导率为0.0 4~0.2 5S/m, 顶面在2 0km深处, 底面深度大约40km.      

共和盆地壳内部分熔融层存在的地球物理证据与干热岩资源区域性热源分析

新生代以来,共和盆地及其周缘造山带无火山、岩浆活动,印支期隐伏花岗岩体岩浆余热与放射性元素衰变生热等难以构成共和盆地干热岩资源的主要热源,而共和盆地又为一高温地热异常盆地.目前已基本探明了共和县恰卜恰与贵德县热水泉干热岩体2处,圈定出干热岩勘查目标靶区16处.区域重力和区域航磁调查、区域天然地震成像、盆地尺度天然地震背景噪声层析成像勘查,以及超高分辨率重力异常、电阻率与Rayleigh波群相速度线性反演结果均表明共和盆地下伏发育有壳内部分熔融层,进而构成地处板内环境、高热流区共和盆地干热岩资源的区域性热源.盆地尺度MT勘查结果表明,共和盆地西盆地壳内部分熔融层埋深15~35 km,东西向长约41 km,南北向宽约34 km,厚度2~12 km.综合分析认为,该部分熔融层熔融程度最高可达4%~7%,15 km深处温度约为574℃,主体位于贵南南山推覆体系与共和准推覆体系深部主拆离滑脱推覆界面之下,兴海大型复合推覆体系主拆离滑脱推覆界面之上.挽近地质时期深构相、多层次、近水平展布的韧性拆离滑脱推覆构造界面的连续动态剪切摩擦生热,可能是部分熔融层形成的主要因素.      

Deep structure of the Longling–Ruili fault underneath Ruili basin near the eastern Himalayan syntaxis: insights from magnetotelluric imaging

Magnetotelluric (MT) geophysical profiling has been applied to the determination of the deep structure of the Longling–Ruili fault (LRF), part of a convergent strike-slip fault system, underneath thick Caenozoic cover in Ruili basin in southwestern Yunnan, China. The recorded MT data have been inverted using a two-dimensional (2-D) nonlinear conjugate gradients scheme with a variety of smooth starting models, and the resulting models show common subsurface conductivity structures that are deemed geological significant. The models show the presence of a conductive (5–60 Ω m) cover sequence that is thickest (1–1.5 km) in the centre of the basin and rapidly pinches out towards the margins. A half-graben structure is interpreted for the Ruili basin. This is underlain by about 7–10 km thick upper crustal layer of high resistivity (>200–4000 Ω m) that is dissected by steep faults, which we interpret to flatten at depth and root into an underlying mid-crustal conductive layer at about 10 km depth. The mid-crustal layer does not appear to have been severely affected by faulting; we interpret it as a zone of partial melt or intracrustal detachment. The MT models suggest SE directed thrusting of basement rocks in the area. The Longling–Ruili fault is interpreted as a NW-dipping feature bounding one of the identified upper crustal fragments underneath Ruili city. We suggest that MT imaging is a potent tool for deep subsurface mapping in this terrain.     

Geoelectric section of the lithosphere of the Amur-Zeya sedimentary basin deduced from magnetotelluric soundings

The results of magnetotelluric sounding are analyzed along the Korfovo-Astashikha-Novosergeevka profile 200 km long in the south of the Amur-Zeya sedimentary basin. The Korfovo-Astashikha and Korfovo-Novosergeevka profiles were sounded in the AMT and AMT + MTS regimes with a step between the observation points of 1 and 5 km, respectively. The shape of the MTS curves, their variations along the profiles, the shape of the polar plots of the main and additional impedance, and the parameters of the heterogeneity (N) and asymmetry (skew) are characterized. The dimensions of the geological medium is estimated and methods of the interpretation of the magnetotelluric data are chosen. The geoelectric sections are constructed for the depths of 3 and 150 km. The structure and electric properties of the sedimentary cover, the Earth’s crust, and the upper mantle are characterized. The thickness of the sedimentary cover in the grabens of the basin attains 1.5–1.7 km. Blocks with various resistivities were identified in the basement. Based on the contrasting changing of the electric resistances, the thickness of the Earth’s crust was determined as 38–40 km, which agrees with that established by the seismic data. The geoelectric structure of the upper mantle of the basin is relatively simple. A layer of elevated resistivity from the first hundreds up to a thousand Ohm · m was identified in the background of the low electric resistivity (20–30 Ohm · m) of the mantle in the depth range of 50–80 km. This layer is discrete and divided on the blocks by the zones of the decreased resistivity penetrating to the middle part of the Earth’s crust and coinciding with faults of various origins. The petroleum prospectives are estimated for the individual grabens of the basin.     

大地电磁测深法在福建漳州地热区的应用

为了研究漳州地区深部构造和热源条件,在天宝、漳州、龙海一线进行了大地电磁测深测量工作。通过对大地电磁测深结果的分析和解释,表明在漳州地区龙海—浮宫一带上地幔高导基底明显上隆,在壳内10—13km深处具有明显的高导层,地表覆盖层电阻率很低。根据这些情况并结合地质资料推断,这一带地下存在着温度较高的热源及地下水补给条件,在地下水深循环和热对流良好的断裂交汇区,有可能形成水温较高的地热田。     

Geoelectric investigation of the Hellenic subduction zone using long period magnetotelluric data

The strongest evidence up to date for a subduction zone in the Hellenic region is a clearly identified Wadati-Benioff zone below the central Aegean Sea, to a maximum depth of 180 km. Alternative seismic tomography models suggest that subduction process continues deeper than the Wadati-Benioff zone to a maximum depth of at least 600 km. So far the lack of deep electrical studies in the region impeded scientists from imposing other control factors than seismic to the proposed models for the Hellenic Subduction Zone (HSZ). A Long Period Magnetotelluric (LMT) study was carried out in the southern part of the Greek mainland to study the deep electrical characteristics of the HSZ and examine whether prominent modelled features correlate with structures identified by the seismic methods. The study comprised collection, processing and modelling of magnetotelluric (MT) data in the period range 100–10000 s from ten sites located along a 250 km NE–SW trending profile. The dimensionality of the data was examined at a pre-modelling stage and it was found that they do not exhibit three-dimensional (3-D) features. The latter enabled to construct both one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) models. The proposed geoelectric model for HSZ was based on 2-D modelling, since it had better maximum depth resolution of about 400 km, and revealed structures not detected by 1-D modelling attempts. The model structure which was related to the African and Euro-Asian lithosphere is relatively resistive (> 800 Ω-m) and has an average thickness of 150–170 km. Although the bottom of the lithosphere is adequately resolved, the Wadati-Benioff zone that delineates the top of the subducting lithospheric slab is not identified by any electrical feature. The modelled structure associated with the subducting part of the African lithosphere penetrates a relatively conductive (< 200 Ω-m) asthenosphere with a dip angle of 42°. Intermediate electrical resistivities (200–800 Ω-m) are attributed to the ascending melting part of the lithosphere below the region of the Hellenic Volcanic Arc (HVA) and to a dipping zone below the south-western part of the profile, at 170–220 km depths.     

Deep earth electrical conductivity-depth profiles around African geomagnetic equator using solar quiet currents

Electrical conductivity structure of the Earth’s deep interior has been successfully mapped out down to approximately 1500 km around the geomagnetic dip equatorial regions of Africa using solar quiet-day ionospheric currents. Spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) was employed in separating the internal and external field contributions to the solar quiet variations. Transfer function was used for each of the external and internal pairs to compute the conductivity-depth profile for the region. Calculated average electrical conductivity values were evidently higher than obtained in other parts of the world farther away from the geomagnetic equator. Sq current vortex foci are observed very close to the geomagnetic equator. Depth of penetration was greatly enhanced. Stations on latitudes less than 1° from the geomagnetic equator show higher electrical conductivity when compared with that situated more than 4° away from it at various corresponding depths. Evidence of discontinuities in the earth layers were also noted at some depths. Highly conductive layers were delineated around 400 km depth and beyond 1200 km.     

西藏那曲大地电磁数据反演与电性结构分析

西藏地处青藏高原,地质构造复杂,新构造活动强烈。西藏境内蕴藏丰富的地热资源,已发现的地热资源储量居全国之首。青藏高原受南北向强烈挤压,构造活动频繁,随着地质应力的变化,产生了一系列构造带,西藏那曲观测区处于西藏北部的班公错—怒江深大断裂的次级构造带上,主要受控于一组近东西向的断裂和南北向断裂所构成的断裂带,据资料显示,观测区内新构造运动极为活跃,主要表现为深大断裂至今仍有继承性活动,为研究观测区深部电性结构,分析地热在观测区的空间分布特征及形成机理,共部署了3条大地电磁剖面。通过数据维性分析,揭示了观测区浅部主要呈现1D/2D构造,深部2D/3D构造明显,因此进行大地电磁数据2D和3D反演,同时获得观测区3km以浅2D和3D电性模型,十分必要,本文采用连续介质反演方法进行大地电磁法2D反演,采用REBOCC 3D反演代码进行3D反演,综合观测区水文地质调查结果,分析观测区2D和3D电性结构特征。研究结果表明,观测区2D地电结构横向电性梯度带为断层反映,纵向分层明显,高阻层间存在低阻层表明观测区深部地层构造复杂,观测区3D地电结构局部高阻体代表侵入岩活动范围,低阻区域反映了观测区地热的空间分布特征,观测区地热形成于次一级断裂,地热活动受断裂构造控制,由地表河流下渗形成。     

Magnetotelluric profile across the Dead Sea rift in Northern Israel

A series of magnetotelluric soundings were carried out in and on both sides of the Dead Sea rift in northern Israel. The more interesting result of this survey is the discovery of a high-conductivity layer within the crust and at a depth of probably less than 15 km. The depth to this layer is shallower than found elsewhere in Israel for the same layer. The high conductivity is not influenced by the presence of the rift and no indication was found for changes in the deep crustal structure across the rift. Information about the characteristics of the resistivity of the sedimentary layer is presented but is less certain. Determination of high-resistivity basement in the rift and the Golan Heights indicates a throw of about 2000 m on the rift eastern fault in this region.     

综合物探剖面揭示松辽盆地基底地质与地球物理特征——以过松科二井剖面为例

松辽盆地是中国东北部中—新生代陆相沉积盆地,本文在深入分析东北地区古生代地层特征、沉积环境及构造演化基础之上,以过松科二井地区综合地球物理资料解译为基础,开展基底的属性和地球物理特征研究。松科二井南北剖面发现:布格重力异常具有中间高两边低的特点;磁异常呈现出与重力异常负相关的趋势;电性表现为浅部分层、高—低阻交叉重叠和深部分区的特征。东西剖面发现:布格重力异常具有西高东低的趋势;磁异常形态呈"碗状";电性结构与南北剖面相比深部出现了高阻异常。结合地球物理特征与岩相古地理分析,得到以下结论:(1)上古生界晚石炭世至晚二叠世期间,具有浅海相、陆相、河湖相多种沉积环境,相应岩性组合具有不同的物性特征;(2)重磁电地球物理特征揭示了研究区基底主要由泥砂岩、大理岩和侵入岩组成,基底顶面埋深位于7 km左右,上古生界和侵入岩共同组成了研究区基底;(3)识别出了滨州断裂带、孙吴—双辽断裂带、海伦—任民断裂带以及深层次断裂体系的位置和走向,断裂构造主要以SN和EW向为主,它们作为构成古生代构造骨架的重要组成部分,控制着深部油气运移和贮藏。     

青藏高原申扎-双湖剖面岩石圈电性结构特征及其含义

为了研究班公湖-怒江缝合带的壳幔电性结构及构造特征,并为其俯冲极性提供电性约束,对青藏高原中部申扎-双湖大地电磁测深剖面进行全面数据处理分析,获得了可靠的二维电性结构模型,研究表明:沿剖面上地壳分布的是规模不等的高阻体,底面埋深在10~25 km变化,高阻层之下发现由不连续的高导体构成的中下地壳高导层.通过对电性结构的分析,认为班公湖-怒江特提斯洋的俯冲消亡极性可能是双向的,随后拉萨-羌塘地体碰撞带处的上地壳高阻体发生拆沉,以上两次动力学事件可能共同作用于缝合带处的壳幔高导体,同时北拉萨地体的壳幔高导体还可能体现了构造作用、岩浆活动和成矿作用之间的关系.     

Evidence for Continent-Continent Collision Zone in the South Indian Shield Region

With a view towards understanding the evolutionary history of the complex South Indian shield, several geological and geophysical studies have been carried out. Recent geophysical studies include magnetotelluric (MT), deep seismic sounding (DSS), gravity, magnetic and deep resistivity soundings (DRS). In the present study, MT results along 140 km Andiyur-Turaiyur east-west profile is presented. The data are subjected to Groom-Bailey decomposition and static shift correction before deriving a 2-D model. The 2-D modeling results have shown that the upper crust (up to about 15 km) towards western part of the profile have exhibited high resistive character of about 40, 000 ohm-m as compared to the eastern part (less than 5, 000 ohm-m). The mid-lower crust has shown a decrease in resistivity in western part of the profile, the order of resistivity being 2, 000 ohm-m. An anomalous steep conductive feature (less than 100 ohm-m) is observed near Sankari at mid-lower crustal depths (>20 km) towards middle part of the profile. This feature is spatially correlatable with the well-known Moyar-Bhavani Shear Zone (MBSZ). The features obtained in the present study are consistent with earlier MT studies in this region and correlatable with other geophysical studies. DSS studies near the study region gave an evidence for differing crustal structure on either side of MBSZ. Variation in geoelectric character along the profile both in the upper crust and mid-lower crust indicate a block structure in the SGT with shear zones acting as boundaries. The new evidence in the form of distinct geoelectric structure and also variation in seismic structure indicate a continent-continent collision zone in this region and plays an important role for the Gondwana reconstruction models of South Indian shield.     

On the interpretation of the distinctive pattern of geomagnetic induction observed in northwest India

The geomagnetic variation data from the 1979 Indian array experiment have been reanalyzed and reexamined using the hypothetical event analysis technique. The contour map of the |Z/H ratio replicates distinctive anomaly in northwest India previously delineated in maps of the Fourier coefficients. The anomaly reveals the presence of a significant conductor under the Ganga basin. The contour map has been used to derive a response profile perpendicular to the strike of the anomaly, for comparison with 2-D numerical models. An excellent fit was found for a conductor at a depth of 32 km, with a width of 110 km and a conductivity contrast of 1000. This result places the conductor deep within the lithosphere. In the absence of supporting data the origin of the conductor is difficult to resolve. However, it is thought to be related to pressure-released partial melting, caused by fracturing of the Indian crust during the collision of India with Asia.