福建崇安—宁化地区金锡多金属成矿地球化学研究

本文较系统地研究了成矿元素，稀土元素和铅、硫、氢、氧同位素以及流体包裹体等成矿地球化学特征，探讨了成矿物质和成矿溶液来源，研究结果表明，不同成因类型矿床的成矿物质和成矿溶液来源存在很大差异。     

香炉碗子金矿床成矿物质来源及矿床成因探讨

通过对香炉碗子金矿床中稀土元素特征及硫,铅,氢,氧同位素地球化学研究表明,矿床中矿石与主要赋矿围岩次火山隐爆角砾岩,靠细岩,变辉绿岩的稀土元素配分模式和特征值相近,围岩提供了成矿物质来源,矿石硫同位素组成显示出硫主要来自深源岩浆原,矿石铅同位素组成显示出铅来源单一,来自上地幔或下地壳;氢氧同位素组成显示出成矿流体除岩浆水外,还有大气降水加入,成矿与燕山期次火山活动密切相关,成因应属浅成次火山热液型     

新疆阔尔真阔腊金矿田成矿流体地球化学及其意义

新疆阔尔真阔腊金矿田是萨吾尔金矿带中最重要的金矿田, 对矿田中阔尔真阔腊金矿床和布尔克斯岱金矿床的流体包裹体及矿物中氢、氧、氦、碳、硫、铅、锶等同位素的研究, 确定了这两个矿床成矿流体来源相同, 主要来自具壳幔混合性质的幔源流体, 少量来自壳源流体, 其中水以岩浆水为主, 有少量大气降水的加入, 矿化剂和成矿物质主要来自地幔, 混入有少量壳源物质. 结合矿床产出的构造环境和矿床地质研究结果, 文中提出这两矿床成因相同, 是火山晚期热液型金矿床的新认识.     

新疆额尔齐斯金矿带的成矿作用及其与中亚型造山作用的关系

额尔齐斯金矿带在泥盆纪－早石炭世处于沟弧盆体系之喀拉通克岩浆弧与克兰弧后盆地的交界处,前人因此套用活动大陆边缘的成岩成矿模式研究和解释额尔齐斯构造带的金矿形成与分布．但是,大量同位素测年和地质研究均表明成矿事件明显晚于洋壳俯冲体制,而发生于晚石炭－早二叠世的碰撞造山过程中,尤其是挤压－伸展转变期．通过分析典型金矿床的成矿时代、构造背景、矿床地质、成矿流体性质和成矿物质来源等,确证它们与碰撞造山体制的矿床特征一致,成矿物质主要来自矿区南侧地层或地体,因此运用碰撞造山成矿模式重新解释了金矿带的形成,指出了找矿方向．     

金顶超大型铅锌矿床氦、氩同位素地球化学

对金顶超大型铅 锌矿床成矿阶段形成的黄铁矿中流体包裹体的氦、氩同位素的研究结果表明 ,成矿流体的40 Ar/ 3 6Ar≈ 30 1 .7～ 385 .7,3 He/ 4 He≈ 0 .0 3～ 0 .0 6Ra,成矿流体属于饱和空气的表生水 .在此基础上 ,对氦、氩、硫、铅同位素耦合关系的研究进一步确定出该矿床成矿流体的形成演化过程为 :饱和空气的大气成因地下水下渗增温→通过水 岩作用从盆地地层中获取硫和氯以及放射成因的氦和氩→浸取盆地底部幔源火成岩中的铅和锌→含矿流体回返上升成矿 .由于这一过程的结果 ,而使成矿流体留下了地壳放射成因氦、(叠加有部分放射成因40 Ar的 )大气氩、地壳成因硫和幔源铅的同位素组成特征 .     

新疆望峰金矿成矿物质和流体来源同位素示踪──碰撞造山成矿作用研究示例

望峰金矿是天山地区５个最重要金矿之一,其成矿时间、空间、地球动力学背景、矿床地质和成矿流体特征研究均已证实其形成于古生代末的碰撞造山过程,是窥探碰撞造山过程成矿规律的理想代表．通过氢、氧、碳、硫、铅、锶等同位素研究,揭示成矿物质主要来自沉积岩建造（碳酸盐、硫酸盐）,进而通过区域地质分析确定矿区北部以碳硅泥岩建造为主（夹火山碎屑岩）的海西期构造层提供了主要的成矿物质;古生代末,海西期构造层沿红五月桥断裂向南陆内俯冲到望峰矿区之下,派生了携带成矿物 质的大量流体并向低温低压的浅部运移,从而诱发了望峰金矿的成矿作用．该研究排 除了其他构造成矿模式解释的可能性．     

长江中下游两个系列铜、金矿床及其成矿流体系统的氢、氧、硫、铅同位素研究

基于长江中下游成矿带铜、金矿床地质特征和氢、氧、硫、铅同位素研究,认 为两个系列铜、金矿床是不同动力学背景、不同时代的两个成矿流体系统演化的产物： 层状矿床组成的系列Ⅰ铜、金矿床形成于海西期拉张构造背景下,由热卤水沿同生断裂上升,经海底喷流（气）和热水沉积作用形成;与中酸性岩浆侵入活动有关的系列Ⅱ铜、金矿床形成于燕山期特提斯构造域和古太平洋构造域复合及与之相关联的地幔隆起和地壳减薄等深部过程耦合作用背景下的造山作用挤压－伸展转变期,是岩浆热液与部分大气降水混合形成的热液流体经复杂的水－岩作用和输运－化学耦合过程形成的．叠加 作用是区内大型矿床的重要形成条件．     

西昆仑山构造格架与成矿堆积环境

本文在对西昆仑山广布的岩浆岩尤其是风岗岩研究取得的成果基础上，结合区域构造、沉积建造等其它地质特征，再造了西昆仑山地质构造发展历程，进而研究了区内成矿堆积环境及其矿床地质特征。结果表明，昆仑山经历了复杂的地质构造演化，是一条由北而南分别由加里东造山带、华力西造山带和燕山早期造山带组成的复合型造山带。区内存在以下5种主要成矿堆积环境：洋脊（蛇绿岩）成矿堆积环境（塞浦路斯型含铜黄铁矿矿床，豆莱状铬、镍矿床），被动陆缘成矿堆积环境（MVT铅锌矿床，Sedex型铅矿成床），火山弧成矿堆积环境（斑岩型铜矿床，黑矿型铜锌铅矿床，矽卡岩型铜铅锌多金属矿床），弧后盆地成矿堆积环境（海底火山喷发沉积型铁铜金矿床，气液充填型铜金铁矿床）和同碰撞成矿堆积环境（伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床，伟晶岩型多金属银矿床）。     

东天山金窝子石英脉金矿床成矿流体和成矿物质的来源

对东天山金窝子石英脉金矿床的3号脉和210号脉的主成矿阶段的石英、黄铁矿和闪锌矿的包裹体流体做了气体组分和H,O同位素组成测定。主成矿阶段的石英与硫化物交替沉淀,并且硫化物的沉淀总体较石英晚。石英和闪锌矿中的流体包裹体以原生为主。黄铁矿包裹体水的H,O同位素组成反映了成矿流体的2个主要来源,一个是去气后的隐伏岩体,一个是~(18)O/~(16)O组成受围岩缓冲控制的地下水。石英包裹体水的H,O同位素组成主要反映了地下水。硫化物包裹体流体的大部分气体组分都比石英者高。气体组分之间的线性关系指示富气体岩浆流体与大气降水来源的地下水的混合趋势。硫化物和石英包裹体流体分别含有较多的岩浆流体和地下水,因而记录了成矿流体成分的脉动式变化,说明岩浆流体是脉动式输入到地下水的。黄铁矿和方铅矿的硫、铅同位素组成表明,硫主要来自于岩浆,金属物质来源于从地幔到全壳的各种贮库。     

东天山金窝子石英脉金矿床成矿流体和成矿物质的来源

对东天山金窝子石英脉金矿床的3号脉和210号脉的主成矿阶段的石英、黄铁矿和闪锌矿的包裹体流体做了气体组分和H,O同位素组成测定.主成矿阶段的石英与硫化物交替沉淀,并且硫化物的沉淀总体较石英晚.石英和闪锌矿中的流体包裹体以原生为主.黄铁矿包裹体水的H,O同位素组成反映了成矿流体的2个主要来源,一个是去气后的隐伏岩体,一个是~(18)O/~(16)O组成受围岩缓冲控制的地下水,石英包裹体水的H、O同位素组成主要反映了地下水.硫化物包裹体流体的大部分气体组分都比石英者高.气体组分之间的线性关系指示富气体岩浆流体与大气降水来源的地下水的混合趋势.硫化物和石英包裹体流体分别含有较多的岩浆流体和地下水,因而记录了成矿流体成分的脉动式变化,说明岩浆流体是脉动式输入到地下水的.黄铁矿和方铅矿的硫、铅同位素组成表明,硫主要来自于岩浆,金属物质来源于从地幔到全壳的各种贮库     

S,C, O,H, and Pb isotopic studies for the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit,Southwest Guizhou,China: constraints for ore genesis

The Shuiyindong gold deposit is one of the most famous and largest Carlin-type gold deposits in China and is located in southwest Guizhou, in the eastern part of the Huijiabao anticline. The Shuiyindong's gold mineralization occurred in bioclastic limestone of the Permian Longtan Formation. Sulfur, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and lead isotopic compositions are reported in this paper. The properties and sources of ore-forming fluid have been discussed and a metallogenic model for the Shuiyindong gold deposit has been proposed. The d34 S values of stibnite, realgar, orpiment, pyrite from orebodies, and pyrite from quartz veins are similar to or slightly higher than the d34 S values of mantle sulfur. It is suggested that the sulfur of hydrothermal sulfides was likely of magmatic origin with minor heavy sulfur contributed from the country rocks. The measured d D values and calculated d18OH2 O values of inclusion fluid in quartz plotted within or below a magmatic hydrothermal fluid field far from the meteoric water line. This indicates that the ore-forming fluid for the main-stage gold mineralization could have been derived mainly from a magmatic source and mixed with a small amount of meteoric water. The carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of calcites in the d18 O vs. d13 C diagram suggest that the CO2 in ore-forming fluid was derived from dissolution of bioclastic limestone and oxidation of sedimentary organic carbon in limestone. However, the d13 C values of ore-related calcites, which contain intergrown realgar and/or orpiment, are similar to those of mantle carbon. Although no igneous intrusive rock has been observed in the vicinity of the gold deposits, the possibility of mantle fluid integrated into the ore-forming fluid cannot be eliminated based on the d13 C values of ore-related calcites. The lead isotopes of sulfides are distributed near the growth curves of upper crust and orogenic belt in the plumbotectonic diagram. Their calculated Dc and Db values plotted within the magmatism field of crust-mantle subduction zone in the Dc- Db diagram. This suggests that the lead of sulfides has an intimate connection with magmatism. Our S, H, O, C, and Pb isotopic studies for the Shuiyindong Carlin-type gold deposit in Guizhou manifest a concordant possibility that the ore-forming fluid was mainly derived from magmatic fluid with minor contribution from the surrounding strata. With the integration of comprehensive geology and isotopic geochemistry, we have proposed a magmatic hydrothermal model for the origin of the Shuiyindong gold deposit.     

Characteristics of Cd isotopic compositions and their genetic significance in the lead-zinc deposits of SW China

Up to now, the evaporation and condensation, as well as the biological absorption and inorganic absorptions, have been proved to be major factors in Cd isotope fractionation. And Cd isotopes have been widely applied in studies on the universal evolution and marine environment and so on. However, only a few researches have been conducted in applying Cd isotopes to trace the source of metallogenic material and the evolution of the ore-forming fluid in a complex mineralization environment, especially in a hydrothermal ore-formation system. We measured the Cd isotopic compositions of sphalerite, galena, and ores from five lead-zinc deposits in SW China, and found that the δ ^114/110Cd values varied from ?1.53‰ to 0.34‰, with a total range of 1.87‰, which is greater than most of measured geological samples. Meanwhile, through contrasting the Cd content with Cd isotopic compositions of different deposits, it may be concluded that different genetic lead-zinc deposits have different Cd content and isotopic compositions, which could be a tool for the studies on the origin of ore deposits. Also, the biomineralization and crystal fractionation may also result in Cd isotope fractionation. In a word, although the research of Cd isotopes is presently at the preliminary stage (especially in hydrothermal ore-formation system), this study demonstrated that Cd isotopes can give a clue in tracing the evolution of ore-forming fluid and metallogenic environment.     

Geochemistry of ore-forming fluids and geological significance of the Kuoerzhenkuola gold field in Xinjiang, China

The Kuoerzhenkuola gold field (including the Kuo- erzhenkuola and the Buerkesidai gold deposits), lo- cated 68 km east of Jimunai County in northern Xing- jiang, China, is an important component of the Sawuer gold belt which is the eastward extending part of the Zarma-Sawur gold-copper belt in Kazakhstan. Some studies are concerned with the geology of the gold ores[1―3], the associated volcanic rocks[4], radiogenic isotope[5―8], and the ore-forming environment[8]. Most researchers inferr…     

Nitrogen isotope and content record of Mesozoic orogenic gold deposits surrounding the North China craton

NH4 is the most common form of nitrogen found in rocks and may substitute for K in potas-sic minerals such as biotite, muscovite, and K-feldspar[1,2]. N2 has been observed in fluid inclu-sions, and thermodynamic calculations suggest that N2 is the most c…     

Geochemistry of ore-forming fluids and geological significance

The Kuoerzhenkuola gold field (including the Kuoerzhenkuola and the Buerkesidai gold deposits) is the most important one in the Sawuer gold belt, northern Xinjiang, China. Isotopic studies including D, O, He, C, S, Pb and Sr reveal that the ore-forming fluids of the Kuoerzhenkuola and the Buerkesidai deposits shared the same source: the water of ore fluids was magmatic water and minor meteoric water; the mineralizers and ore materials derived mainly from mantle beneath the island arc, and partially from crust. The ore-forming fluids of two deposits are a mixture of mantle-derived fluids incorporated by crust-derived fluid, and meteoric water. Based on these results, combined with the consideration of the tectonic setting and geological features, we suggest that the two gold deposits in the Kuoerzhenkuola gold field, Sawur gold belt share the same genesis, and are volcanogenic hydrothermal gold deposits occurring in the same caldera.     

Helium and argon isotopic geochemistry of Jinding superlarge Pb-Zn deposit

The study results of He and Ar isotopes from fluid inclusions in pyrites formed during mineralization stage of Jinding superlarge Pb-Zn deposit in west Yunnan, China are reported. The data show that the⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar and³He/⁴He ratios of fluid inclusions are respectively in the range of 301. 7–385. 7 and 0. 03–0.06Ra, suggesting the oreforming fluid is a kind of air saturated meteoric groundwater. On the basis of research on coupled relationships among He, Ar, S and Pb isotopes, the evolution history of ore-forming fluid of the deposit can be summarized as (i) air saturated meteogenic groundwater infiltrated down and was heated→ (ii) leached S, C and radiogenic He, Ar from the basinal strata → (iii) leached Pb and Zn from mantle-derived igneous rocks located in the bottom of the basin→ (iv) ore-forming fluid ascended and formed the deposit. Due to this process, the isotope signatures of crustal radiogenic He, atmospheric Ar (with partial radiogenic⁴⁰Ar), crustal S and mantle-derived Pb remained in the ore-forming fluid. Project supported by A30 Project of the National Climbing Program of China and University of Manchester.     

Sources of ore-forming fluids and metallic materials in the Jinwozi lode gold deposit, eastern Tianshan Mountains of China

This paper presents gas compositions and H-, O-isotope compositions of sulfide- and quartz-hosted fluid inclusions, and S-, Pb-isotope compositions of sulfide separates collected from the principal Stage 2 ores in Veins 3 and 210 of the Jinwozi lode gold deposit, eastern Tianshan Mountains of China. Fluid inclusions trapped in quartz and sphalerite are dominantly primary. H- and O-isotopic compositions of pyrite-hosted fluid inclusions indicate two major contributions to the ore-forming fluid that include the degassed magma and the meteoric-derived but rock 18O-buffered groundwater. However, H- and O-isotopic compositions of quartz-hosted fluid inclusions essentially suggest the presence of groundwater. Sulfide-hosted fluid inclusions show considerably higher abundances of gaseous species CO2, N2, H2S, etc. Than quartz-hosted ones. The linear trends among inclusion gaseous species reflect the mixing tendency between the gas-rich magmatic fluid and the groundwater. The relative enrichment of gaseous species in sulfide-hosted fluid inclusions, coupled with the banded ore structure indicating alternate precipitation of quartz with sulfide minerals, suggests that the magmatic fluid has been inputted to the ore-forming fluid in pulsation. Sulfur and lead isotope compositions of pyrite and galena separates indicate an essential magma derivation for sulfur but the multiple sources for metallic materials from the mantle to the bulk crust.     

Metallogenesis of superlarge gold deposits in Jiaodong region and deep processes of subcontinental lithosphere beneath North China Craton in Mesozoic

The study of ore-forming chronology indicates that the superlarge gold deposits in the Jiaodong region were formed in 120±10 Ma. Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions from typical gold deposits suggest that ore-forming materials were derived from the multisources, mantle component was partly involved in mineralization, the deep dynamic processes are the major geological background of large-scale metallogenesis in the Jiaodong region in Mesozoic. The deep pro- cesses mainly include the effect of post deep-subduction of continental crust of the central orogen belt and the distant effect of subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate underneath the Eurasian continent. However, lithosphere thinning, crust-mantle interaction, crustal extension and formation of large-type ore-controlling structures would be the comprehensive consequences of the above- mentioned geodynamic processes in the region.     

Metallogenesis of the Ertix gold belt, Xinjiang and its relationship to Central Asia-type orogenesis

The Ertix gold belt is located on the boundary of the Kalatongke arc and the Kelan back-arc basin of D-C1. Most scholars used to interpret the formation and distribution of the gold deposits in the Ertix tectonic belt in terms of the petrogenic and metallogenic models for active continental margins. However, enormous data of isotopic dating and geologic research show that the mineralization was obviously later than the oceanic subduction, whereas exactly simultaneous with the collisional orogenesis during C₂-P, especially at the transition stage from collisional compression to extension. Based on study of metallogenic time, tectonic background, ore geology, ore fluid nature, ore material source, etc., we reveal that all the gold deposits possess the character of orogenic deposits formed in collisional orogenic system, and that their ore-forming materials mainly have derived from the stratigraphic terranes south to individual deposits. Accordingly, the theoretical tectonic model for collisional metallogenesis and petrogenesis is employed to explain the formation of the Ertix gold belt and to determine the gold exploration directions.     

Pb-Sr isotopic evidence for contribution of deep crustal fluid to the Hishikari epithermal gold deposit, southwestern Japan

The gold-bearing quartz-adularia veins of the world-class Hishikari mine in southwestern Japan occur in a geological regime where the rocks of the upper to middle crust are simple and their chemical and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions are well studied. Detailed comparison of Pb and Sr isotopic data of the Hishikari veins with those of all possible source materials demonstrates that metals in the veins were essentially derived from a mixture of magmatic fluid with a deep crustal fluid that originated near the boundary between the Shimanto middle crust and the underlying subcontinental crustal materials. We propose that the release of the deep crustal fluid was triggered by intrusion of the Shishimano rhyodacite magma related to timing of the mineralization. This fluid mixture carried metals to the brittle upper crust along fissures created by extensional stress forming the ore deposits. Although the deep crustal fluid has not been paid much attention, it may be distributed over a large scale in the deep crust from the continent to the arc system and play an important role in the genesis of magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits and in the generation of flow-induced deep tremor.