五大连池老黑山,火烧山火山喷发史料的新发现及其意义

火山喷发史料是研究近代火山的重要基础资料。对于具体的火山而言,喷发史料了解的越全面、越准确,对该火山研究就会越深入。因此,火山喷发史料一直为火山工作者所关注。五大连池老黑山、火烧山属于近代活动的火山(五大连池火山群中另有12座火山属于更新世火山(王允鹏等,1...     

五大连池火山1720-1721年喷发观测记录

存于黑龙江将军衙门档案中的五大连池火山喷发满文史料 (由吴雪娟发现并译成汉文 ) ,详细记载了五大连池火山在 172 0年 1月 14日至 172 1年 3月 18日喷发形成老黑山、172 1年 4月 2 6日至 172 1年 5月 2 8日喷发形成火烧山的全部过程 ,记述了这 2座火山的喷发时间、地点、喷发状态和火山堰塞湖形成以及参加观测的人员情况等各种史实。这是中国历史上迄今为止对火山喷发仅有的一次有组织的观测活动 ,这些记录为火山观测研究提供了珍贵的第一手资料。同时 ,也表明中国是世界上火山观测开展较早的国家之一。以往认为五大连池老黑山、火烧山火山喷发的时间为公元1719— 172 1年 ,实际应为公元 172 0— 172 1年     

堪比美国黄石的中国火山奇景 五大连池世界地质公园拍摄记

正五大连池世界地质公园本是休眠火山,为何不叫火山地质公园,而称"五大连池"?昔日火山喷发时的壮观景象好像就在眼前:遮天蔽日的火山灰弥漫在东北大地,滚滚的岩浆瞬间在黑龙江肥沃的土地上形成了五个互相连通的熔岩堰塞湖,故名:五大连池。后来,在1060多平方公里土地上分布的十四座新老火山先后喷发,给古老的东北大地带来了闻名中外的火山地貌景观。     

五大连池火山带的火山喷发方式及灾害类型

沿科洛—五大连池—二克山NNW向分布的五大连池火山带上分布了约40座第四纪单成因火山。通过野外地质特征结合火山岩年代学数据分析表明,研究区火山活动分为2期:上新世—早更新世期火山活动主要分布在北部的科洛火山区,以熔岩溢流式喷发为主;中更新世—全新世期火山活动分布在整个火山带,爆破式喷发形成大量火山碎屑锥,溢流式喷发产生结壳熔岩、渣状熔岩与块状熔岩,形成广泛分布的熔岩流。野外调查发现了夏威夷型、斯通博利型与强斯通博利型等岩浆爆破式火山喷发的典型堆积剖面,首次发现并报道研究区射汽岩浆型火山喷发堆积剖面。结合火山活动历史与火山地质特征,分析认为五大连池火山带的火山系统仍有再次活动的潜力。基于火山时空分布与喷发特征,文中对五大连池火山带未来可能喷发的方式和危险区进行评估。如若发生强斯通博利型喷发,将形成高度10km的喷发柱,产生的火山灰一般不会对航空运输产生影响;斯通博利型喷发产生的火山碎屑最远可抛射约1km;夏威夷型喷发及溢流式喷发产生的熔岩流是主要的灾害源,计算得出结壳熔岩运移的距离为3. 0～13. 5km,渣状熔岩运移的距离为2. 9～14. 9km;射汽岩浆型喷发产生的基浪速度可达200～400m/s,运移距离≤10km,是潜在的重要灾害类型,应该引起更多重视,并积极进行防范。     

德都五大连池火山地质

本文对五大连池火山群14座火山喷发口的喷发活动期、喷出的火山熔岩特征,岩浆活动期序进行了初步划分与概述,并通过火山地质地貌、新构造活动、火山口周围活化迹象进行初步调查后认为:德都地震与火山尚无直接联系.     

论新托尔巴奇克火山对五大连池近代火山研究的借鉴意义

新托尔巴奇克火山是世界上著名的大裂隙喷发火山，前苏联火山学家对这次喷发有准确预报，而且从喷发的第一天起就做了详细观测记录，取得了丰富的观测研究成果，本文从火山锥体的形成，喷发区特征和监测预报三个方面论述这些成果对研究我国五大连池近代火山的借鉴意义。     

从历史记录看地震与火山喷发关系

史料记载表明，五大连池火山1720~1721年喷发期间有大量地震活动.本文从描述这些地震活动的文字记录入手，并结合国际火山地震研究的新成果，探讨了地震类型及地震与火山喷发关系，指出震群是火山喷发的重要前兆指标，强调火山地震的监测对火山喷发预报的意义.      

天下称奇的五大连池天然火山博物馆

我国是世界上多火山国家之一,但现代火山（有历史记载的火山）仅有１０余座。五大连池火山群是最著名的现代火山景观之一,其火山景观素有天下称奇的天然火山博物馆之美称。这里以山奇、石美、水秀、泉甜、泥怪著称于世,火山喷发遗迹方圆７０ｋｍ＾２,珠链般的五大连池湖,环绕着火山熔岩分布,湖光山色把这座北国小城打扮得分外妖娆。每年迎来数以万计的中外游客来此疗养旅游,已成我国著名的火山景观旅游疗养城市。     

我国火山地震事例

概述了我国1597年10月6日吉林长白县望天鹅火山地震、 1720—1721年黑龙江五大连池老黑山和火烧山火山地震,以及1867年12月18日台湾基隆7级地震与海底火山喷发的事例。分析了1597年10月6日渤海7级地震与同日望天鹅火山喷发的关系等有关问题。分析表明:我国火山喷发现场考察的历史上溯至1720年,是世界上较早开展火山现场调查的国家之一。     

黑龙江省新生代火山活动分期

依据同位素年龄、地层的披盖关系、火山岩风化程度以及火山地貌等综合因素,将黑龙江省新生代火山划分为8期。其中,中新世与早、中更新世火山喷发的数量多、规模大,为新生代火山活动的高潮期。同时指出,五大连池老黑山、火烧山火山、镜泊湖全新世火山为活火山。     

THE VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES AND HAZARD PREDICTION OF WUDALIANCHI VOLCANIC BELT

More than 40 late Cenozoic monogenetic volcanoes formed a volcanic belt striking NNW from Keluo, through Wudalianchi to Erkeshan in NE China. These volcanoes belong to a unified volcano system, namely Wudalianchi volcanic belt(WVB for short). Based on the volcanic evolution history and the nature of monogenetic volcanic system, we estimate that the volcanic system of WVB is still active and has the potential to erupt again. Hence, this paper studied the temporal-spatial distribution and volcanic eruption types to evaluate the possible eruption hazard types and areas of influence in the future. Volcanic field characteristics and K-Ar radiometric data suggest two episodes of volcanism in the WVB, the Pliocene to early Pleistocene volcanism(4.59~1.00MaBP)and the middle Pleistocene to Holocene volcanism(0.79Ma to now). The early episode volcanoes are distributed only in the north of WVB(mainly in Keluo volcanic field), featured by effusive eruption, and mainly formed monogenetic shield, whose base diameter is large and slope is gentle. However, the late episode eruptions occurred over the entire WVB. The explosive eruption in this stage formed numerous relatively intact scoria cones of explosive origin. Meanwhile the effusive eruption formed widely distributed lava flows. Both effusive eruption and explosive eruption are common in WVB. The effusive eruption formed monogenetic shields and lava flows. The resulting pahoehoe lava, aa lava and block lava appeared in WVB. There are three end-member types of explosive eruption driven by magmatic volatile. Violent Strombolian eruption has the highest degree of fragmentation and mass flux, characterized by eruption column. Strombolian eruption has the high degree of fragmentation, but low mass flux, featured by pulse eruption. Hawaiian eruption has low degree of fragmentation, but high in mass flux, generating large scoria cones. In addition, this paper for the first time found phreatomagmatic eruption in WVB, which formed tuff cone. Transitional eruptions are also common in WVB, which have certain characteristics among the end-member eruption types. Besides, certain volcanoes displayed multiple explosive eruption types during the whole eruption span. According to the volcanic temporal-spatial distribution and eruption characteristics in WVB, the potential volcanic hazards in future are constrained. It appears that the violent Strombolian and Strombolian eruption will not have significant impact on aviation safety in the vertical direction. In the radial direction, the ejected volcanic bomb can reach as far as 1km from the vents and the fallout tephra may disperse downwind over a distance ranging from 1~10km. The major hazard of Hawaiian eruption and effusive eruption comes from lava flow, and its migration distance may reach 3.0~13.5km for pahoehoe lava and 2.9~14.9km for aa lava. The base surge in phreatomagmatic eruption can reach a velocity of 200~400m/s, and the migration distance is around 10km. This is a big threat that people should pay more attention to and take precautions in advance. Besides, it is necessary to strengthen the real-time observation of the volcanoes in the WVB, especially those formed in the late episode as well as near the active fault.     

Volcanic Debris-avalanche Deposits of the Laoheishan Volcano and Huoshaoshan Volcano in Wudalianchi

Large amounts of volcanic debris-avalanche deposits, which take the shape of hummocks, are distributed around the peripheries of the Laoheishan volcano and Huoshaoshan volcano in Wudalianchi World Geopark. In earlier times, they were called "satellite volcanoes", namely, freestanding volcanoes. This paper points out that these deposits actually came from the collapse of the cones of these two volcanoes. When the lava flow spilled out at the base of the slope of the cones, the slope broke up and collapsed under the action of gravity. Later, ravines were formed on the slope. Caved slope clastics, accompanying lava flow, accumulated at the rims of the volcano cones. Although some accumulations may form very large cones, they are not volcanoes, but deposits of volcanic debris avalanches.     

五大连池火山群最新喷发时间的热释光(TL)年代学证据

首次利用ＴＬ测年技术,测定了五大连池火山群中两座最新喷发的火山熔岩中的烘烤捕虏体的年代。测定结果（（２６４±１９）ａＢ．Ｐ．,（２７３±１９）ａＢ．Ｐ．）在误差范围内与喷发的历史记载（１７１９～１７２１年）一致,表明这两座火山是同期喷发的产物,同时也表明利用ＴＬ测年技术能比较准确地测定年轻火山活动的年代,它为恢复火山最新喷发历史的研究提供了一种比较可靠的年代测定途径     

2017年全球活动火山时空分布以及阿贡火山喷发前后的形变特征

归纳总结2017年度全球81座活火山的活动情况,共计活动1058座次,平均每周记录20座活火山的活动信息。根据火山潜在喷发的危险性和火山活动的强弱程度对上述火山进行分级描述,火山活动主要反映了地球表层的构造活动,其中大角度俯冲带的弧后火山最为强烈,小角度的俯冲带、拉张裂谷和走滑为主的板块边界火山活动较为平静,火山活动频繁的印度尼西亚岛链是受灾最为严重的区域。预计全球火山活动将进一步加剧,印尼岛链受火山灾害威胁的程度依然较大。位于印尼岛链巴厘岛上的阿贡火山自2017年9月开始活动以来,整个喷发过程极具代表性,监测阿贡火山喷发过程可为全球典型火山喷发事件研究提供参考。     

petrological and geochemical characteristics of quarternary volcanic rocks in haixing area,eastern north china

Field investigation and lab analysis on samples were carried out for Quaternary volcanoes, including Xiaoshan volcano, Dashan volcano and Bianzhuang hidden volcano, in Haixing area, east of North China. Results show that Xiaoshan volcano with the eruptive material of volcanic scoria, crystal fragments and volcanic ash is a maar volcano, the eruptive pattern is pheatomagmatic eruption, and the influence scope is near the crater. Dashan volcano exploded in the early stage, and then the magma intruded, forming the volcanic neck. The eruption strength and scale are limited, and the eruptive materials are scoria, volcanic agglomerate and dense lava neck. The volcanic rocks in Bianzhuang are porosity and dense volcanic rocks and volcanic breccia, reflecting the pattern of weak explosive eruption and lava flow, and the K-Ar age dating on volcanic rocks indicates that the eruption happened in early Pleistocene. Xiaoshan volcanic scoria and Bianzhuang hidden volcanic rocks are mainly basaltic, Dashan volcanic rocks with lower SiO₂ content are nephelinite in composition. Their oxide contents have no linear relationship, indicating that there is no magma evolution relationship between these magmas from the three places. Three volcanic rocks all have enrichment of light rare earth. The Bianzhuang volcanic rocks are rich in large ion lithophile elements, and have no high field strength elements Zr and Hf, Ti losses. The volcanic materials from Xiaoshan and Dashan are intensively rich in Th, U, Nb and Ta, and significantly poor in K and Ti. Although the magmas from these three places in Haixing area may all come from asthenosphere, the volcanic materials have different petrological and geochemical features, and relatively independent volcanic structures, therefore, they experienced different magma processes.     

Cladistic analysis applied to the classification of volcanoes

Cladistics is a systematic method of classification that groups entities on the basis of sharing similar characteristics in the most parsimonious manner. Here cladistics is applied to the classification of volcanoes using a dataset of 59 Quaternary volcanoes and 129 volcanic edifices of the Tohoku region, Northeast Japan. Volcano and edifice characteristics recorded in the database include attributes of volcano size, chemical composition, dominant eruptive products, volcano morphology, dominant landforms, volcano age and eruptive history. Without characteristics related to time the volcanic edifices divide into two groups, with characters related to volcano size, dominant composition and edifice morphology being the most diagnostic. Analysis including time based characteristics yields four groups with a good correlation between these groups and the two groups from the analysis without time for 108 out of 129 volcanic edifices. Thus when characters are slightly changed the volcanoes still form similar groupings. Analysis of the volcanoes both with and without time yields three groups based on compositional, eruptive products and morphological characters. Spatial clusters of volcanic centres have been recognised in the Tohoku region by Tamura et al. (Earth Planet Sci Lett 197:105–106, 2002). The groups identified by cladistic analysis are distributed unevenly between the clusters, indicating a tendency for individual clusters to form similar kinds of volcanoes with distinctive but coherent styles of volcanism. Uneven distribution of volcano types between clusters can be explained by variations in dominant magma compositions through time, which are reflected in eruption products and volcanic landforms. Cladistic analysis can be a useful tool for elucidating dynamic igneous processes that could be applied to other regions and globally. Our exploratory study indicates that cladistics has promise as a method for classifying volcanoes and potentially elucidating dynamic and evolutionary volcanic processes. Cladistics may also have utility in hazards assessment where spatial distributions and robust definitions of a volcano are important, as in locating sensitive facilities such as nuclear reactors and repositories.     

中国晚新生代火山和现代高温水热系统

中国的晚新生代火山并不罕见,它们主要分布在东北-华北、东南沿海、台湾北端以及昆仑山区和云南省腾冲县境内.前二区为大陆板内火山,以喷出碱性系列为主.台湾北端是中国唯一的酸性火山岩区.昆仑山和腾冲火山则为陆-陆碰撞型板缘火山,以喷出钙碱系列为主,但昆仑山区以南既有碱钙系列,又有碱性系列.五大连池和白头山等板内火山虽然年青附近却不存在高温水热活动;西藏南部存在板缘高温水热活动,却没有任何近代火山.这一现象表明,地表火山未必是西藏地下存在高温水热资源的必要条件,壳内局部熔融也许是藏南高温水热活动的可几热背景.     

大同地区玄武岩的岩石学特征

大同盆地第四纪的火山可以划分为两部分:西北区(通常称大同火山群)和东南区。西北区的火山群属典型的中心式喷发,其玄武熔岩是碱性橄榄玄武岩。东南区的火山岩属裂隙式喷溢,其玄武岩流主要是由橄榄拉斑玄武岩组成。本文概括了这两个地区的玄武岩类在岩石学、地球化学、稀土和微量元素等方面的差别和各自的特点     

Microgravity and height changes caused by volcanic activity: Four

Microgravity measurements and levelling surveys on volcanoes are not always easy to make, but are useful for studying volcanic processes quantitatively. Gravity changes associated with volcanic activity are not always significant. Precision of microgravity measurements depend critically on the procedures adopted, and those applied in the present paper are described. Levelling technique is now orthodox, and some empirical laws relating ground deformation to volcanic activity are deduced from the accumulated data. Gravity changes occur at the same time and places as ground deformations. The relationship between microgravity and height changes are discussed from the standpoint of analyzing the data obtained on volcanoes. The observational results obtained on four volcanoes in Japan are separately analyzed because each volcano exhibits different patterns of gravity changes and deformations. During the 1977–1982 activity of Usu volcano, deformation was accompanied by microgravity changes frequently observed at a particular benchmark at the base of the volcano for about five years. The gravity changes prove to be not a direct effect of magma movements but to be caused by the deformations of ground strata and aquifers around the benchmark. The 1983 eruption of Miyakejima volcano was associated with local gravity changes around the eruptive fissures due to magma intrusion which was approximately modelled. Similarly the 1986 eruption of Ooshima volcano caused gravity changes on the volcano, but these were poorly correlated with elevation changes and their origins were not uniquely interpreted. To detect gravity changes associated with the activity of Sakurajima volcano, an equigravity point was selected at the north of the volcano besides the gravity points on and around the volcano itself. The probable gradual accumulation of magmas beneath the volcano for eight years is substantiated by observed microgravity and elevation changes.     

Seismicity and crustal deformation preceding the January 1996 eruptions at Karymsky Volcanic Center,Kamchatka

Two explosive eruptions occurred on 2 January 1996 at Karymsky Volcanic Center (KVC) in Kamchatka, Russia: the first, dacitic, from the central vent of Karymsky volcano, and the second, several hours later, from Karymskoye lake in the caldera of Akademia Nauk volcano. The main significance of the 1996 volcanic events in KVC was the phreatomagmatic eruption in Karymskoye lake, which was the first eruption in this lake in historical time, and was a basaltic eruption at the acidic volcanic center. The volcanic events were associated with the 1 January Ms 6.7 (Mw 7.1) earthquake that occurred at a distance of about 9–17 km southeast from the volcanoes just before the eruptions. We study the long-term (1972–1995) and short-term (1–2 January 1996) characteristics of crustal deformations and seismicity before the double eruptive event in KVC. The 1972–1995 crustal deformation was homogeneous and characterized by a gradual extension with a steady velocity. The seismic activity in 1972–1995 developed at the depth interval from 0 to 20 km below the Akademia Nauk volcano and spread to the southeast along a regional fault. The seismic activity in January 1996 began with a short sequence of very shallow microearthquakes (M ~0) beneath Karymsky volcano. Then seismic events sharply increased in magnitude (up to mb 4.9) and moved along the regional fault to the southeast, culminating in the Ms 6.7 earthquake. Its aftershocks were located to the southeast and northwest from the main shock, filling the space between the two active volcanoes and the ancient basaltic volcano of Zhupanovsky Vostryaki. The eruption in Karymskoye lake began during the aftershock sequence. We consider that the Ms 6.7 earthquake opened the passageway for basic magma located below Zhupanovsky Vostryaki volcano that fed the eruption in Karymskoye lake.