基于CryoSat-2测高数据的全南极冰盖DEM的建立与精度评估

数字高程模型(DEM)是南极冰盖变化研究的基础,由于现场实测数据的稀缺,卫星测高数据是南极地区构建DEM的'主要数据来源.CryoSat-2是新一代用于极地冰盖、海冰监测的测高卫星,本文利用2012-12-2015-01两个完整周期的CryoSat-2测高数据建立一个新的南极冰盖DEM.坡度是影响卫星测高精度的重要因素之一,利用改进的重定位方法对CryoSat-2数据进行坡度改正.插值方法是影响DEM精度的重要因素,通过对几种常用插值方法的比较,最后选用克里金插值方法对测高数据进行插值,建立了1km分辨率的南极DEM.在88°S以南的CryoSat-2数据空白区,利用南极数字数据库(ADD)的等高线数据对DEM进行填补,建立了全南极冰盖DEM.利用ICESat卫星测高数据、IceBridge航空测高数据以及GPS地面实测数据对新建立的CryoSat-2 DEM进行精度验证,并与Bamber 1 km DEM、ICESat DEM、RAMPv2 DEM以及JLB97 DEM等四种国际上常用的南极DEM进行比较.结果表明:新建立的CryoSat-2 DEM的整体精度约为0.730±8.398 m;在冰弯顶部区域,DEM精度优于1 m;在冰架上,DEM精度约为4 m;在内陆冰盖大部分地区,DEM精度优于10 m;在地形复杂的山区和沿海边缘地区,DEM误差超过150 m.     

利用CryoSat-2波形数据建立南极Lambert冰川流域DEM

Lambert冰川-Amery冰架系统是南极冰盖最大的冰流系统之一,对南极冰盖物质平衡研究有着重要的作用.数字高程模型(DEM)是进行南极冰盖研究的基础.本文基于CryoSat-2 L1b波形数据,研究建立了Lambert冰川流域高分辨率DEM.测高卫星返回波形在冰盖区域存在变形,需进行波形重跟踪处理.利用交叉点分析方法对重心偏移法(OCOG)、阈值法和β参数法等常用的波形重跟踪方法对不同类型的CryoSat-2波形的适用性进行了研究.最后,利用克里金插值方法建立了500 m分辨率的Lambert冰川流域DEM——LAS DEM (Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf system DEM).利用ICESat卫星测高数据和GPS地面实测数据对LAS DEM进行精度验证,并与另外两种基于CryoSat-2数据的南极DEM进行了对比.结果表明:LAS DEM的整体精度约为0.295±2.7 m,优于另外两种CryoSat-2 DEM;在冰盖内陆地区,LAS DEM的高程误差在2 m之内;在Amery冰架上,LAS DEM的精度优于1 m.     

利用水系密度方法研究徐州地区隐伏活动构造特征

以90 m分辨率的SRTM DEM数据为基础,利用Arc GIS软件提取徐州及其周围流域水系,并结合地形图进行校正与修改。用GIS空间分析技术对徐州地区做水系密度的统计分析,在此基础之上结合地质、深部特征、地震活动性分布等资料,研究徐州及其周围地区隐伏活动构造特征,得出研究区隐伏活动构造的规律,同时验证了水系密度等值线高梯度带,特别是梯度带的转弯及两个方向的交接部位是现代强震的分布地带;水系密度图与布格重力异常图的异常区均为近代强震发生的区域。为探索利用水系密度等值线图探讨徐州地区隐伏活动构造的特征提供了一定的借鉴意义,为揭示全新世以来平原覆盖层下地震构造及其活动的基本特征提供新的技术思路。     

基于网络/基站RTK移动摄影测量数据的垂向精度分析

移动摄影测量技术SfM（Structure from Motion）的发展使活动构造研究中快速获得野外中小区域内高精度DEM数据更便捷,DEM数据精度是目前活动构造与测量领域较关注的问题。本文通过对比非RTK模式无人机摄影测量并结合地面控制点（GCPs）生成的SfM DEM数据与基于RTK移动摄影测量技术获取的RTK-SfM DEM数据差异,重点分析搭载RTK模块的移动摄影测量技术获取的DEM数据在垂向上的精度。数据采集、处理与对比结果表明:在添加地面控制点后的非RTK模式无人机摄影测量生成的DEM数据中,除测量区域边缘照片较少而产生畸变外,大部分地区畸变率较小;基于移动RTK技术摄影测量获取的高程数据畸变率更小,且与非RTK模式无人机摄影结合地面控制点生成的高程数据存在约0.85 m的系统高程误差,减去该误差后,点云对比结果表明二者95%以上的点垂向误差均＜0.05 m;搭载RTK模块的移动摄影测量技术获取的DEM数据在垂向上具有更高的精度,且节省了时间与人工成本。     

鄱阳湖流域径流模型

流域径流是鄱阳湖主要来水,建立鄱阳湖流域径流模型对揭示湖泊水量平衡及其受流域自然和人类活动的影响具有重要意义.针对鄱阳湖-流域系统的特点:流域面积大(16.22×104km2)、多条入湖河流、湖滨区坡面入湖径流等,研究了相应的模拟方法,建立了考虑流域土壤属性和土地利用空间变化的鄱阳湖流域分布式径流模型.采用6个水文站1991-2001年的实测河道径流对模型进行了率定和验证.结果显示,模型整体模拟精度较高.其中,赣江、信江和饶河均取得了较好的模拟结果,月效率系数为0.82-0.95;抚河和修水模拟精度略低,为0.65-0.78.模型揭示了研究时段内年平均入湖径流总量为1623×108m3,其中,赣江最多,占47%,其次为信江和抚河,分别占13%和12%,湖滨区坡面入湖径流约占4%,其余24%来自饶河、修水以及其它入湖支流.模型将用于评估流域下垫面或气候变化引起的入湖水量变化,为湖泊水量平衡计算提供依据.     

基于ASTER立体数据和ICESat／GLAS测高数据融合高精度提取南极地区地形信息

为了更好地保证从中山站到DomeA的南极内陆冰盖考察,该考察路线沿线的地形信息是必需的．虽然Radarsat南极制图计划fRAMP）能提供迄今为止最高精度的全南极数字高程模型（DEM）,其最高水平分辨率为200m,但其真正的水平分辨率根据源数据的比例尺和区域覆盖密度不同而不同．对于冰架和内陆冰盖地区,水平精度约为5km．在东南极内陆冰盖地区和远离山脉地区该DEM的垂直精度估计为±50m,因此更高精度的地形数据还不存在．为了满足将来对地形信息更高精度的要求,由于ASTER光学影像具有高的空间分辨率05m）,而ICESat／GLAS测高数据有较高的高程精度（13．8cm）,因此本文融合ASTER立体数据和ICESat／GLAS测高数据提取了该考察路线高精度数字高程模型．首先选择一些测高数据点作为ASTER提取DEM过程中的高程控制,以减少匹配错误．由于从75°～81°S范围没有合格的ASTER立体数据覆盖,并且在该范围内ICESat轨道覆盖度大,观测数据比较密集,因此在该区域仅使用ICESat测高数据提取DEM,最后生成覆盖整条路线的DEM．分析结果表明DEM精度得到很大的提高,DEM的绝对垂直精度某些地区优于15m,除了影像009—001外,其余所有结果精度都在30m以内．其内部精度优于15m,某些情况下优于7m．生成的结果达到1：50000制图标准．结果表明在南极地区,综合利用各种遥感数据提取南极地区冰面地形信息是一种经济有效的手段．     

利用水系流域偏转研究走滑断层的运动模式——以南汀河断裂带为例

构造地貌能够记录构造运动的长期积累,并能通过相关参数定量表达。水系是对构造作用反映最敏感的地貌之一,长期以来许多研究者利用水系来反映和研究构造。但是过去的研究大都集中在垂直运动的构造作用区域上,尤其是正断层区域上,而对走滑作用区域的研究非常少。文中以南汀河断裂带为研究区域,利用高精度DEM数据提取水系。通过研究断层附近水系流域的偏转来研究南汀河断裂带的运动模式。通过分析流水地貌对断层活动的响应特征,对断裂带的空间展布和活动性进行了分析,为探讨活动断层与地貌响应之间的关系提供良好范例。     

基于摄影测量技术的房屋提取方法——以中国西部地区乡村为例

房屋的分布位置、面积和高度等信息对城乡规划、地震应急和减灾等方面具有非常重要的作用。利用星载或机载可见光遥感图像进行地物信息自动提取,是高效快速获取大面积房屋数据的重要手段。但是,当出现同物异谱或异物同谱现象,以及地物遮挡的影响时,基于光谱信息的传统地物分类或提取方法房屋提取精度较低。文中选取新疆维吾尔自治区琼哈拉峻村房屋和农田光谱信息相似的地区,利用小型旋翼无人机获取了在航向和旁向具有一定重叠度的可见光遥感图像。然后,基于摄影测量原理获得了研究区的数字表面模型(Digital Surface Model,DSM)、数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model,DEM)和数字正射影像数据,并在此基础上通过阈值分析DSM和DEM差值提取出房屋像元及其面积和高度等信息。通过与传统监督分类法对比发现,使用摄影测量方法基于高度信息的房屋提取其用户精度和制图精度分别为88.69%和97.42%,而监督分类法提取房屋的精度分别为43.23%和85.30%,说明文中提出的方法在房屋和背景信号差别较小的区域时精度更高。     

DEM分辨率对提取东北地区坡度的影响研究

目前国内外广泛采用的坡度-等效剪切波速关系模型中,坡度主要基于30″分辨率数字高程数据的提取.DEM分辨率对坡度的提取具有重要影响,且对于不同地区、地貌单元的影响不同.本文以我国东北地区1″、3″、30″分辨率DEM为基础,分别提取研究区域内公里网格点的百分比坡度,分析不同分辨率下提取坡度差异的原因.区分平原、丘陵和山...     

基于P5立体像对和高分辨率Google Earth影像的丽江-小金河断裂断错地貌解译

丽江-小金河断裂斜切中国西南“川滇菱块”,走向北东,为一高角度斜滑断裂.与平面遥感影像相比,通过三维影像解译断错地貌有显著的优越性.印度P5卫星数据具备真正2.5m分辨率,在制图方面,像对生成DEM以及制图精度可达1∶25000.本文依据立体像对提取DEM的原理,利用ENVI软件DEM Extraction模块提耿出了丽江-小金河断裂带P5立体像对的DEM.文中利用等高线套合分析法和剖面线法对DEM精度进行评价,结论认为,DEM精度优于1∶5万地形图等高线高程精度,而且与实时动态差分（RTK）测量结果比较一致.文章重点选取了丽江市北东方向干塘子和西南方向南溪盆地两处,将三种高程数据——从P5立体像对提取出的DEM、google earth影像地形高程和1∶5万矢量地形图等高线生成的DEM,结合Google Earth影像做成三维立体影像,较为直观地对三种高程数据进行了有效的对比,结论认为,P5立体像对生成的DEM精度最高.在室内利用高精度三维立体图对丽江-小金河断裂断层地貌进行了解译,经过野外踏勘和探槽验证,证明三维影像解译具有很高的利用价值.     

APPLICATION OF DEM GENERATION TECHNOLOGY FROM HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGE IN QUANTITATIVE ACTIVE TECTONICS STUDY: A CASE STUDY OF FAULT SCARPS IN THE SOUTHERN MARGIN OF KUMISHI BASIN

Traditional method to generate Digital Elevation Model (DEM)through topographic map and topographic measurement has weak points such as low efficiency, long operating time and small range. The emergence of DEM-generation technology from high resolution satellite image provides a new method for rapid acquisition of large terrain and geomorphic data, which greatly improves the efficiency of data acquisition. This method costs lower compared with LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), has large coverage compared with SfM (Structure from Motion). However, there is still lack of report on whether the accuracy of DEM generated from stereo-imagery satisfies the quantitative research of active tectonics. This research is based on LPS (Leica Photogrammetry Suit)software platform, using Worldview-2 panchromatic stereo-imagery as data source, selecting Kumishi Basin in eastern Tianshan Mountains with little vegetation as study area. We generated 0.5m resolution DEM of 5-km swath along the newly discovered rupture zone at the south of Kumishi Basin, measured the height of fault scarps on different levels of alluvial fans based on the DEM, then compared with the scarp height measured by differential GPS survey in the field to analyze the accuracy of the extracted DEM. The results show that the elevation difference between the topographic profiles derived from the extracted DEM and surveyed by differential GPS ranges from -2.82 to 4.87m. The shape of the fault scarp can be finely depicted and the deviation is 0.30m after elevation correction. The accuracy of measuring the height of fault scarps can reach 0.22m, which meets the need of high-precision quantitative research of active tectonics. It provides great convenience for rapidly obtaining fine geometry, profiles morphology, vertical dislocations of fault and important reference for sites selection for trench excavation, slip rate, and samples. This method has broad prospects in the study of active tectonics.     

流域水系自动提取的方法和应用

讨论由栅格数字高程模型(DEM)自动提取流域水系的原理和方法,并以西苕溪中上游流域为研究区进行了河网生成实验. 研究表明:在山地丘陵区和平均地形坡度不小于3°的区域,所生成河网具有很高的可靠性. 为了解决在平均地形坡度小于3°的平坦区域河网生成中产生的虚拟河网与自然水系偏差较大的问题,提出了利用主干河道和平原水系数字化作为约束条件的生成河网的方法,取得了与实际情况比较接近的结果,从而使水文要素的模拟更具有实际意义.     

基于P5像对与GeoEye-1影像的近地表地层产状的提取

通过对P5立体像对、GeoEye-1影像的处理与分析,分别进行了数字高程模型的提取和地层的划分,用检查点法和目视检查法对提取的数字高程模型的误差评估结果显示,误差在5m以内,满足产状提取的要求.根据地层划分结果,在不同时代的地层边界处和同时代地层内部选择岩层三角面发育较好、产状相对稳定的区域,选取用于地层产状提取的点,...     

近30 a云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积变化遥感监测与时空分析

以云贵高原湖泊近30 a来的TM、ETM~+和OLI遥感影像为数据源,采用归一化水体指数(NDWI)、改进归一化水体指数(MNDWI)、新型水体指数(NWI)、增强型水体指数(EWI)和自动水体提取指数5种水体指数提取了1985—2015年云贵高原10个湖泊表面水体面积,并对各种算法进行精度对比分析.针对湖泊各自特点采用不同的水体指数提取其表面水体面积,并进行水体面积变化时空分析.结果表明:云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积总体呈现先增加后缩减趋势,1985—1995年湖泊表面水体面积增加了30.86 km~2,1995—2015年湖泊水体表面面积减少了48.12 km~2,其中,面积变化最大的是杞麓湖与异龙湖.对云贵高原湖泊表面水体面积变化与该区域的年降水量、蒸发量、平均气温、流域植被覆盖面积和人类活动时空进行相关分析,结果表明:1)高原湖泊对区域气候变化的响应具有明显的空间差异性,云贵高原湖泊的表面水体面积与气候相关性较显著,气温升高引起蒸发加速,降水量下降,湖面不断缩小,与逐年上升的气温呈负相关,与逐年波动上升的蒸发量呈负相关,与逐年减少的降水量呈正相关;2)云贵高原湖泊各流域的植被覆盖面积与湖泊面积变化相关性较弱;3)人类活动是影响湖泊面积变化的重要因素,大肆围湖造田、围湖养殖以及旅游开发等人类活动直接导致云贵高原湖泊面积的锐减,并对湖泊生态环境产生重要影响.     

Effect of transect location,transect spacing and interpolation methods on river bathymetry accuracy

Digital elevation models (DEMs) of river channel bathymetries are developed by interpolating elevations between data collected at discrete points or along transects. The accuracy of interpolated bathymetries depends on measurement error, the density and distribution of point data, and the interpolation method. Whereas point measurement errors can be minimized by selecting the most efficient equipment, the effect of data density and interpolation method on river bathymetry is relatively unknown. Thus, this study focuses on transect‐based collection methods and investigates the effects of transect location, the spacing between transects, and interpolation methods on the accuracy of interpolated bathymetry. This is accomplished by comparing four control bathymetries generated from accurate and high resolution, sub‐meter scale data to bathymetries interpolated from transect data extracted from the control bathymetries using two transect locating methods and four interpolation methods. The transect locating methods are a morphologically‐spaced and an equally‐spaced model. The four interpolation methods are Ordinary Kriging, Delaunay Triangulation, and Simple Linear, which are applied in curvilinear coordinates (Delaunay Triangulation is also applied in Cartesian coordinates), and Natural Neighbor only in Cartesian Coordinates. The bathymetric data were obtained from morphologically simple and complex reaches of a large (average bankfull width = 90 m) and a small (average bankfull width = 17 m) river. The accuracy of the developed DEMs is assessed using statistical analysis of the differences between the control and interpolated bathymetries and hydraulic parameters assessed from bankfull water surface elevations. Results indicate that DEM accuracy is not influenced by the choice of transect location method (with same averaged cross‐section spacing) or a specific interpolation method, but rather by the coordinate system for which the interpolation method is applied and the spacing between transects. They also show negligible differences between the mean depths and surface areas calculated from bathymetries with dense or coarse spacing. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Assessment of groundwater inflow in urban territories

Analytical and numerical methods are proposed for the calculation of water inflow into construction pits under various geological—engineering and hydrogeological conditions at the construction site. Water inflow into the pit is shown to depend not only on lateral seepage but also on the leakage from underlying aquifers at appropriate parameters of their interaction. Under certain natural conditions, the most efficient method for construction pit draining at low water yield of soils in the construction area are light wellpoint systems, the capacity and layout of which is determined by the potential inflow through the pit contour. The results of analytical and numerical calculations for the assessment of groundwater inflow into a pit are given, and light wellpoint systems are shown to be effective under different combinations of natural and engineering conditions.     

Watershed delineation using hydrographic features and a DEM in plain river network region

Watershed delineation is a required step when conducting any spatially distributed hydrological modelling. Automated approaches are often proposed to delineate a watershed based on a river network extracted from the digital elevation model (DEM) using the deterministic eight‐neighbour (D8) method. However, a realistic river network cannot be derived from conventional DEM processing methods for a large flat area with a complex network of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and polders, referred to as a plain river network region (PRNR). In this study, a new approach, which uses both hydrographic features and DEM, has been developed to address the problems of watershed delineation in PRNR. It extracts the river nodes and determines the flow directions of the river network based on a vector‐based hydrographic feature data model. The river network, lakes, reservoirs, and polders are then used to modify the flow directions of grid cells determined by D8 approach. The watershed is eventually delineated into four types of catchments including lakes, reservoirs, polders, and overland catchments based on the flow direction matrix and the location of river nodes. Multiple flow directions of grid cells are represented using a multi‐direction encoding method, and multiple outflows of catchments are also reflected in the topology of catchments. The proposed approach is applied to the western Taihu watershed in China. Comparisons between the results obtained from the D8 approach, the ‘stream burning’ approach, and those from the proposed approach clearly demonstrate an improvement of the new approach over the conventional approaches. This approach will benefit the development of distributed hydrological models in PRNR for the consideration of different types and multiple inlets and outlets of catchments. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.