基于流变和固结理论的非饱和红层路堤沉降机制研究

路堤本体的沉降问题一直是公路和铁路路基研究解决的主要问题。路堤本体主要是非饱和土,其变形由3 部分组成,即瞬时压密产生的变形、主固结产生的变形和次固结产生的变形,但主固结和次固结并不是两个完全独立的过程,它们是相互影响的,即路堤本体的变形是非饱和固结-蠕变耦合的结果。以单轴压缩红层蠕变试验为基础,提出了非饱和单变量理论、路堤沉降计算理论;同时采用离心试验和数值模拟方法,对各种压实系数的路堤本体的沉降与填筑高度关系以及工后沉降与时间的关系进行了研究,并对工后最终沉降进行了预测,结果表明,模拟结果与离心试验数据预测的结果相符,说明该理论是正确的?     

基于一维固结试验的压实黄土蠕变模型

运用高压固结仪对压实黄土进行了长期蠕变试验,试验结果发现,压实黄土有很明显的蠕变变形,蠕变变形占总变形的6%～23%。试样含水率越高,压实度越小,蠕变占总变形的比例也越大,随着应力水平的提高,蠕变占总变形的比例减小。提出了适合描述压实黄土变形规律的非线性经验蠕变模型,结合分层总和法,对此模型进行了验证,并运用此模型,研究了不同含水率、不同压实度下黄土高填方工后沉降的变化规律,发现工后沉降与填料压实度和含水率之间符合对数关系。若以工后沉降速率v < 0.1 mm/d为工后沉降稳定标准,则高填方沉降在工后200～650 d稳定,且压实度越高,含水率越低,沉降稳定需要的时间越长。     

A creep model for compacted loess based on 1D oedometer testEI北大核心CSCD

A series of long-term 1D oedometer test on compacted loess has been conducted using a high pressure consolidometer. It is found that the compacted loess has remarkable creep deformation and the proportion of the creep deformation in total deformation can come up to 6%-23%. The creep deformation proportion goes higher as the water content of the sample increases and the compaction degree reduces. And the creep deformation proportion decreases with the increase of stress level. A nonlinear creep model, which can well describe the rules of post-construction settlement of compacted loess, is proposed. The validity of model is verified by comparing the results from proposed model with those from the layer-wise summation method. The proposed model is employed to examine the variation law of the post-construction settlement under the conditions of the different water contents and compaction degrees. It is found that there exist logarithmic relationships between the post-construction settlement and the compaction degree/water contents. Supposing the velocity of the post-construction settlement v<0.1 mm/d is the stabilized standard, the high embankment settlement trends to be stable in 200 to 650 days after construction. The higher the compaction degree is, the lower the water content is, the longer the time up to stable required is.     

砂砾卵石土高速公路路基填筑试验研究

为研究砂砾卵石土混合料作为路基填料压实后的压实效果,通过室内筛分试验、重型击实试验、CBR试验得到砂砾卵石土的颗粒级配组成,最大干密度、最佳含水率与粗颗粒含量的关系,CBR值与粗颗粒含量、击实次数的关系。试验结果表明,最大干密度随着粗颗粒含量的增加先增大后减小,CBR值随着粗颗粒含量的增加而增大。进一步分析砂砾卵石土作为路基填筑材料的压实机制,通过现场碾压试验,确定砂砾卵石土路基填筑施工工艺,利用压实度、CBR、弯沉、回弹模量等现场检测手段和现场沉降观测数据检验压实效果,通过比较分析各种检测方法的可靠性,提出适合砂砾卵石土压实质量的检测方法,运用统计学方法得到沉降差检测标准值,确定采用碾压遍数与沉降差双重控制保证压实质量,得到一些有益的结论。     

固结与荷载耦合作用下吹填土力学性质与微结构参数关联性

固结条件与荷载条件对吹填土的力学特性具有明显的影响,且土的微观结构特征是决定其宏观力学性质的本质因素,为了研究吹填软土力学特性在不同固结条件和荷载条件下的变化规律及与微结构参数的关联性,对天津滨海新区重塑吹填软土进行不同初始固结条件与荷载效应综合作用下的蠕变试验和微观结构测试,研究此条件下吹填土力学特性的变化规律,并通过灰色关联度理论建立宏观力学参数与微结构参数之间的关联性。试验结果表明:稳定性蠕变对吹填软土强度的增长起到积极作用,有偏压固结较无偏压固结强度增长更快,且初始固结越充分,强度增长越快;随蠕变时间的增加,颗粒的等效直径、形态比和圆度呈增大的趋势,而颗粒和孔隙的数量与周长、孔隙的等效直径、形态比和圆度则呈减小的趋势;抗剪强度指标C,φ值随颗粒等效直径、形态比和圆度的增大而增大,但随颗粒和孔隙的数量与周长、孔隙的等效直径、形态比和圆度的增大而减小。关联度分析表明,颗粒（孔隙）等效直径和圆度是影响吹填土力学性质演化的重要微结构参数,固结与蠕变越充分,土体微结构参数调整越稳定,强度越高。     

不同压实度下黄土填方边坡失稳的模型试验研究

黄土填方边坡在降雨入渗下容易发生滑坡。为了探讨降雨入渗下压实度对黄土填方边坡变形破坏机制、失稳模式以及滑动机理的影响,基于室内降雨系统,结合传感器监测和三维激光扫描技术,开展了边坡压实度为80%（低压实度）、90%（中压实度）、95%（高压实度）的降雨模型试验研究,分析了压实度对填方边坡体积含水率、基质吸力以及变形破坏过程的影响规律。结果表明:压实度的不同,边坡首先破坏的位置不一。中、高压实度下的边坡最先破坏发生在坡脚处,表现出滑塌破坏;而低压实度则是在坡顶,为湿陷沉降破坏。边坡压实度越大,其变形破坏过程持续时间越长,所需累积雨量就越大,但滑动距离和滑面深度越小。随压实度的增加,边坡破坏模式由深层整体破坏向浅层多级破坏转变。低压实度边坡为湿陷沉降-深层蠕滑拉裂式,中压实度边坡为深层蠕滑拉裂式破坏,而高压实度边坡则为浅层多级后退式失稳。     

A random virtual crack DEM model for creep behavior of rockfill based on the subcritical crack propagation theory

The post-construction settlement of rockfill dams and high filled ground of airport, which is a phenomenon of much significance, is mainly caused by the time-dependent breakage of the rockfill material. In this paper, a random virtual crack DEM model is proposed for creep behavior of rockfill in PFC2D according to the theory of subcritical crack propagation induced by stress corrosion mechanisms. The bonded clusters are adopted to represent the rockfill particles so as to simulate their irregular shapes. Virtual cracks are set at the bonds of the clusters, and the length of the crack is considered as a random value, which leads the crushing strength of a single particle to follow the Weibull’s statistical model and the corresponding size rules. Oedometric creep tests for rockfill are simulated by using this proposed model. The results show that the model, validated preliminarily by some test data, can reflect qualitatively the creep mechanism as well as the size effects reasonably. Particles can develop various breakage patterns during creep, including global breakage, local breakage and even complex mixed breakage. The increase in stress levels and particle size will lead to an obvious growth of the creep strain and creep rate of the rockfill. The scale effects on the creep behavior of rockfill are analyzed through 35 specimens, and formulas including the effects of scales and stress levels are tentatively proposed.     

Settlement of compacted ash fills

The coal ash is a by-product of coal-fired thermal power station. It is extensively used as a geo-material for landfill. The compacted ash is used as a structural fill if it is properly characterized for load-bearing capacity and settlement. The main objective of the present work is to characterize ash material and to evaluate its settlement characteristics. The ash is normally compacted by vibration at or near optimum moisture for its performance as structural fill. The overt characteristics of ashes are viewed similar to cohesionless soils. However, the mass behavior may have differences due to the subtle influence of chemical and physical processes involved in its formation. The empirical and analytical methods predicting settlement of footing under static loading require direct or indirect measurement of density and stress state in the deposit. In the present work, experimental investigations for settlement prediction were carried out on compacted coal ash produced at Ropar thermal power station in India, which was conveniently classified as ASTM class F ash. The settlement was experimentally obtained for the rigid plates having least dimension more than 0.3 m on ashes compacted at varying degree of compaction. The predicted settlement based on the observed data of coal ash using conventional techniques for soils was found to be conservative. A relationship between settlement and foundation size is proposed at varying compaction to obtain the settlement of compacted ash. At a higher degree of compaction, the settlement of a foundation may not exceed the allowable settlements in the working stress range.     

Analysis of creep settlement of pile groups in linear viscoelastic soil

This paper presents the analysis of creep settlement of pile groups for line pile groups, square pile groups, and rectangular pile groups undergoing creep settlements over a period of time. The soil is treated as a viscoelastic material and is modeled using a three-parameter viscoelastic model. The damping component (dashpot) takes care of the permanent time-dependent deformations in three-parameter viscoelastic model. An approach suggested by Mindlin has been employed to calculate the stress distribution along the pile length in a group. The viscoelastic problem is converted into an elastic problem by the application of Laplace transform. Results in the form of variation of interaction factors for parameters such as pile length to diameter ratio, pile spacing, Poisson's ratio, and modulus ratio have been presented. Comparison has been made between interaction factors for piles groups undergoing immediate settlements and creep settlements. Finally, a typical predictive example has been presented for a 3 × 3 pile group showing creep settlement. The load rearrangement due to creep settlements causes about 5% to 35% increase in base resistance over time. Interaction factors for pile groups (2 × 1, 3 × 1, 2 × 2, and 3 × 2) undergoing creep settlement is about 15% to 55% higher than the interaction factors considering only the immediate settlements for pile group spacing less than or equal to 5d.     

非饱和红层路堤沉降理论与应用研究

路堤本体主要是非饱和土,其变形由3部分组成,即瞬时压密产生的变形、主固结产生的变形和次固结产生的变形,因此其理论也应反映这3部分变形。以单轴压缩红层蠕变试验为基础,提出基于非饱和土单变量理论的红层非饱和土路堤沉降计算理论;通过算例对遂渝客运专线遂宁段某工点实际填筑过程的进行了数值模拟,并对其工后沉降进行了预则,结果表明,模拟结果与现场监测数据预测的结果相符,说明该理论是正确的?     

A combined method to predict the long-term settlements of roads on soft soil under cyclic traffic loadings

In order to investigate the mechanism of the long-term settlement of road on the soft soil, an in situ measurement of a highway in southeast China was conducted during both the construction and post-construction stage. In the theoretical analysis, the long-term settlement of the pavement on thick soft soils was divided into three main components: the consolidation settlement, the creep deformation and the traffic load-induced deformation. The equivalent time line model based on the viscous–elastic–plastic theory was adopted to simulate the road settlement caused by the consolidation and creep of the subsoil. A cyclic strain accumulation model, which was obtained from laboratory tests of soil elements, was adopted to consider the road settlement induced by cyclic traffic loadings. A pavement dynamic response model was used to calculate the dynamic stresses in the subsoil generated by moving traffic loads when the road was open to service. It was found that the equivalent time line model combined with the cyclic strain accumulation model could predict the road settlement accurately at both the construction and post-construction stage. Numerical results showed that the traffic speed had limited effect on the post-construction road settlements for the speed range considered. The post-construction settlement of the road, mainly composed of the traffic-induced settlement and soil creep deformation, could be reduced significantly by increasing the embankment surcharge during the construction stage. The creep component accounted for over 10% of the total post-construction settlement, while the percentage of the creep deformation in total post-construction settlement decreased rapidly as the embankment surcharge increased.     

贵阳既有地基红黏土蠕变特性试验研究

为了准确地掌握喀斯特发育地区岩溶作用对红黏土的结构影响,以及红黏土地基的蠕变特性,以贵州铝厂既有地基红黏土为研究对象,采用分别加载法进行了室内单轴蠕变固结试验和三轴蠕变试验,建立单轴蠕变经验方程以及Singh-Mitchell模型。结果表明:贵州铝厂红黏土的单向固结有线性规律,表现在t/ε和t存在高度的线性相关性,其单向固结经验方程中的一个参数b可用于预测试样在单向固结下的最终沉降量。所建立的Singh-Mitchell三参数的蠕变模型较好表达了试验土体在25%~100%偏应力水平范围内的应力-应变-时间三者的关系特性。同时,SEM图片表明随着竖向压力不断地增大,单轴固结试验下该红黏土的孔隙面积和微观颗粒数减小,颗粒面积变大,三维孔隙率增加,说明能用孔隙变化的微观规律来反映宏观现象。      

软土地基海堤沉降的有限元模拟

围涂工程的海堤直接坐落在软土地基上,致使地基土受到挤淤、排水固结,产生了较大的沉降量。当前计算海堤沉降基本上按照规范规定以分层沉降总和法为主,辅以软土修正系数,对工后沉降要求结合固结计算和类似工程经验等综合分析确定,对不同的设计人员往往会产生较大的计算误差。如何准确判断海积软土在海堤荷载作用下的沉降变形往往是堤防建造和围海造地等重大工程中的关键环节。为研究海积软土的变形特性,在室内试验和实测沉降的基础上,采用plaxis有限元软件对实际的工程项目全过程施工的模拟,认为采用粘性土弹塑性模型对堤坝沉降变形进行平面应变情况的模拟,沉降模拟跟实测比较接近,并能很好地模拟工后沉降,能解决由经验判断产生的较大误差。     

Numerical modelling of the improvements to primary and creep settlements offered by granular columns

Analytical vibro-replacement design approaches typically quantify the settlement reduction using a dimensionless settlement improvement factor, defined as the ratio of the settlements without and with treatment. Most approaches do not explicitly consider the improvement to creep settlement. This is unfortunate because the ‘stone column’ technique is being increasingly used to reduce settlement and improve bearing capacity in soft normally consolidated and lightly overconsolidated cohesive soils (in which creep settlement tends to account for a significant proportion of the total settlement). Analytical design approaches typically consider primary settlement only. In this study, two-dimensional axisymmetric analyses have been carried out using PLAXIS 2D to establish the variation of improvement factor with time using different soil models, one of which incorporates creep behaviour. Two different approaches have been used to establish the influence of creep on predicted settlement improvement factors. The first approach is based on a direct comparison of two different soil models (one of which incorporates creep) whereas the second approach is based solely on the model incorporating creep. The settlement improvement factors have been evaluated for different area-replacement ratios, modular ratios and column lengths. The primary settlement improvement factors are in good agreement with some of the more popular analytical design methods while the creep settlement improvement factors are either equivalent or lower (depending on the approach used). The primary settlement improvement factors show a dependence on the modular ratio whereas it appears that the corresponding creep settlement improvement factors are relatively independent of it.     

A practical evaluation of the surcharge preload period in staged construction subject to creep

Soft clay exhibits creep behavior, but simple methods of surcharge preload assessment generally do not take into account creep during primary consolidation. Because Yin–Graham’s model can predict both primary and secondary settlement, it is employed in this paper to obtain the formulae for critical settlement at the unloading time during surcharge preload and for final settlement at the end of the service life. Because “aged” soft natural clay exhibits obvious apparent preconsolidation pressure during a long-term sedimentary history as a result of creep effects and because the field permeability coefficient is considerably larger than the laboratory permeability coefficient, most field measurements indicate that the theoretical excess pore pressure based on Terzaghi’s theory is greater than the measured excess pore pressure even in soft natural clay with obvious viscous behavior. Because of the widespread application of the degree of consolidation in terms of effective stress based on Terzaghi’s theory in real preload projects, the analytical solution for the surcharge preload period subject to creep is derived through the combination of Yin–Graham’s model and Terzaghi’s theory for consolidation. Compared with the existing solution considering secondary settlement, the formula for the preload period presented in this paper is easily applied to assess the preload period using a chart. The case study described indicates that when the consolidation parameters of Terzaghi’s theory are calculated from field-measured excess pore pressure in preload tests, the surcharge preload period determined as described in this paper is suitable for preload design and performance.     

Stress deformation properties of macroporous loess soils

Milovic, D., 1988. Stress deformation properties of macroporous loess soils. Eng. Geol., 25: 283–302.

Herein are presented the results of laboratory and field tests which were carried out on loess in Yugoslavia.

Experience gained during recent decades show that the loess soil in some cases undergoes structural collapse and subsidence due to inundation. In order to find the explanation of such behaviour, numerous laboratory and field load tests on loess soil have been performed. Using the obtained results, several correlations have been established.

On the basis of the unconfined test results, a correlation between the initial dry density, initial water content and unconfined compression strength has been established.

A relatively large number of the consolidation subsidence tests (about 550), carried out on undisturbed loess samples, made possible the determination of the degree of subsidence and the corresponding values of the dimensionless coefficients of subsidence. These coefficients have been determined for several values of the initial dry density, for various degrees of saturation and for several stress levels upon wetting. Using these coefficients, the values of the additional settlement caused by flooding of loess under the foundation can easily be calculated. It is of particular interest to note that, in general, water penetrates under one part of the building, producing differential settlements, which are in most cases very dangerous.

By the comparative laboratory investigation of the undisturbed loess samples obtained by thin walled sampler and samples obtained from pits, it has been shown that the mechanical disturbance is an extremely important factor which governs the shear and deformation parameters of loess soils.

The laboratory test results obtained on undisturbed loess samples, cut from blocks in the vertical and horizontal direction, have shown that this soil exhibits anisotropic properties. For this reason a stress deformation problem in an anisotropic medium has been treated by the finite element method.

Static penetration tests and field load tests in loess soils with natural water content and also after saturation have been performed and are described.

The results of the observed settlements for two statically identical multi-storey buildings are also presented. Using the coefficients of subsidence for the undisturbed samples cut from blocks, very good agreement between the calculated and the observed settlements has been obtained.     

动静力排水固结法在淤泥质地基处理工程中的应用

以广州南沙泰山石化仓储区1期淤泥质地基处理工程为背景,介绍了采用动静力排水固结法处理促淤饱和软黏土地基的基本思想和工艺。该工程施工与现场实时监测相结合,利用孔隙水压力、土体分层沉降和载荷试验等检测指标对加固效果进行了监测和检测。工程实践表明,采取动力即低能量“少击多遍”的强夯施工工艺,辅以填土预压和设置竖向塑料排水板的静力方法来加固淤泥质地基,其效果明显,促淤地基的物理力学性能和抗变形性能显著提高,整体加固效果很好,工后各项指标完全达到或超过预期值。     

Forecast of creep settlements of heavy structures using pressuremeter tests

This paper presents a new method proposed for the prediction of long term settlement of very heavy structures based on a numerical interpretation of long term pressuremeter creep tests. The constitutive model used for the modelling of the soil creep is described. The constants of the constitutive model are determined by fitting a simulated curve, given by a simple Finite Element Method, to the results of a long term pressuremeter creep test. The calculation of long term settlement under nuclear power plants, using the soil parameters defined by this method, is presented and compared with the in situ measured values.     

炭质页岩的颗粒破碎及其路用性能试验研究

为综合评估炭质页岩的路用性能,充分认识炭质页岩的颗粒破碎行为,测试了炭质页岩块在循环压实过程中各粒组含量的演化规律,结合室内击实试验阐述了颗粒破碎对炭质页岩击实性能的影响,确定了最佳填筑级配,并依据最佳级配进行三轴湿化变形试验,从颗粒破碎角度分析了炭质页岩填料湿化变形的变化规律,最后对炭质页岩现场填筑效果进行了验证。结果表明：炭质页岩压实过程经历结构调整、颗粒破碎、压缩变形3个阶段,形成的相对稳定级配结构为其用作路堤填料提供了基础;填料最大干密度形成机制受颗粒破碎过程中粒径为20～40 mm与粒径小于2 mm颗粒含量变化的影响较大,随粗料含量增加,试样相对破碎率线性增大,最大干密度呈先增大后减小变化,最优粗料含量约为70%;湿化变形是混合料颗粒破碎的外在表现,浸水湿化后混合料强度降低约40%,可采用相对破碎率 B_r 预估混合料遇水产生的湿化变形量,并建立了相对破碎率与围压、应力水平间的数学关系式;现场填筑过程中路堤压实度检测与沉降观测表明,炭质页岩路堤的最佳铺松厚度约为40 cm。     

粤连电厂拦灰坝土石混合料碾压试验研究

对拦灰坝土石混合料进行3种不同铺填厚度、3种不同加水量、5种振动碾压遍数组合的现场试验,通过测试碾压前后的颗粒组成,沉降量、变形模量、干湿密度等确定1组优化参数作为现场施工控制参数,并对试验结果进行了分析,提出了相应的处理措施和建议。