通量差分裂格式的二维水流水质计算的适用性分析

将通量差分裂(FDS)格式应用于二维水流水质数值模拟中.应用若干理想条件下的简化模型对格式的计算精度进行分析,结果表明:FDS格式不仅能高精度地模拟浓度梯度较缓的污染物稳定排放情况,且其二阶格式能高分辨率捕俘水质间断,与理论值吻合很好,说明FDS二阶格式能高精度地计算污染物间断排放引起的大浓度梯度或水质突跃情况.该格式在长江南通江段水环境数值模拟中的应用验证了它的实际应用能力.     

通量差分裂方法在一维河网模型中的应用

以通量差分裂格式离散非守恒型圣维南方程组,为保证河网整体离散形式的一致性,采用特征线方法离散边界节点,并引入限制器和熵修正使离散模型具有TVD（Total Variation Diminishing）特性,在线性隐式化的基础上最终构建基于隐式TVD类方法的一维河网水流模型。通过实例验证,表明提出的方法能处理跨临界流变化,而且在实际复杂河网中对水位及主、支河道分流比都能较好地模拟,具有一定实用性。     

Convergence of a symmetric MPFA method on quadrilateral grids

This paper investigates different variants of the multipoint flux approximation (MPFA) O-method in 2D, which rely on a transformation to an orthogonal reference space. This approach yields a system of equations with a symmetric matrix of coefficients. Different methods appear, depending on where the transformed permeability is evaluated. Midpoint and corner-point evaluations are considered. Relations to mixed finite element (MFE) methods with different velocity finite element spaces are further discussed. Convergence of the MPFA methods is investigated numerically. For corner-point evaluation of the reference permeability, the same convergence behavior as the O-method in the physical space is achieved when the grids are refined uniformly or when grid perturbations of order h ² are allowed. For h ²-perturbed grids, the convergence of the normal velocities is slower for the midpoint evaluation than for the corner-point evaluation. However, for rough grids, i.e., grids with perturbations of order h, contrary to the physical space method, convergence cannot be claimed for any of the investigated reference space methods. The relations to the MFE methods are used to explain the loss of convergence. Wheeler was partially supported by NSF grant DMS 0411413 and the DOE grant DE-FGO2-04ER25617. Yotov was supported in part by the DOE grant DE-FG02-04ER25618, the NSF grant DMS 0411694 and the J. Tinsley Oden Faculty Fellowship, The University of Texas at Austin.     

Finite volume discretization with imposed flux continuity for the general tensor pressure equation

We present a new family of flux continuous, locally conservative, finite volume schemes applicable to the diagonal and full tensor pressure equations with generally discontinuous coefficients. For a uniformly constant symmetric elliptic tensor field, the full tensor discretization is second order accurate with a symmetric positive definite matrix. For a full tensor, an _M-matrix with diagonal dominance can be obtained subject to a sufficient condition for ellipticity. Positive definiteness of the discrete system is illustrated. Convergence rates for discontinuous coefficients are presented and the importance of modeling the full permeability tensor pressure equation is demonstrated.     

An efficient iterative method for solving the governing equation of water infiltration problems in unsaturated soils

One of the significant problems in geo-environmental and geotechnical engineering is the unsaturated flow of soil in unsaturated soils. The model of this phenomenon in porous media is governed by the Richards equation. In this paper a new, efficient, iterative method is used to handle the Richards equation. This new technique is obtained from the variational iteration method by a simple reconstruction that is the Laplace iteration method (LIM). In order to evaluate the efficiency and accuracy of the solutions obtained by the proposed method, two representative examples were investigated. The obtained results show that the Laplace iteration method is a very effective method, simplifies the difficulty of classical techniques and is quite accurate for systems of partial differential equations.     

青藏公路沿线多年冻土区土壤热通量参数化方案的优化和检验

土壤热通量是地表能量平衡的重要分量,其估算方案在研究地表能量平衡研究中必不可少。利用青藏公路沿线5个站点0~20 cm的实测土壤层温、湿度及5 cm土壤热通量资料,以翁笃鸣气候学计算方案为基础建立了优化的5 cm土壤热通量计算方案。通过唐古拉和西大滩两个独立站点的检验结果表明,优化方案的结果相对于原方案有较大的改善,唐古拉和西大滩5 cm土壤热通量均方根误差值分别减小了3.2 W·m^-2和4.8 W·m^-2,而相对误差分别减小了61.9%和36.1%,即新方案能够较好地估算出青藏公路沿线多年冻土区5 cm土壤热通量。使用优化方案模拟了青藏公路沿线11个站点5 cm土壤热通量变化,结果显示,近十年青藏公路沿线土壤热通量呈现出增大的趋势,其中,5 cm土壤热通量增大了近1.0 W·m^-2,而且各观测场的年平均土壤热通量值均大于0.0 W·m^-2,表明就年尺度而言,热量有盈余,盈余热量用于加热下层土壤,引起活动层厚度增加,平均状况下土壤热通量每增大1.0 W·m^-2,活动层厚度增大约21.0 cm。     

考虑煤层气藏地解压差的物质平衡储量计算方法

以往的煤层气藏物质平衡法未考虑地解压差问题,对此进行了改进,提出了新方法。首先对煤层的原始吸附气含量采用临界解吸压力(而非前人采用的原始地层压力)下的Langmuir方程进行表征;然后通过近似化和线性化处理,将基本物质平衡方程转化为视平均储层压力(P/Z^*)和累积产气量(G_P)的直线方程。该直线在直角坐标系横坐标上的截距为原始地质储量,在纵坐标上的截距为视临界解吸压力(而非前人的视原始地层压力)。运用该物质平衡法,计算Eclipse建立的一个煤层气藏模型的储量,发现误差仅为0.35%。这表明在参数准确的情况下,Langmuir体积和压力、原始割理孔隙度和某些时刻的平均地层压力等在数模中可准确获知,该方法是准确可靠的。     

Shear wave splitting as a diagnostic of variable anisotropic structure of the upper mantle beneath central Fennoscandia

We analyze splitting of shear waves recorded during the SVEKALAPKO passive seismic experiment in south-central Finland to study fabrics of the mantle lithosphere of the Precambrian region and thus to bring information into a debate on existence of plate tectonics or its forms in the early stage of continent formation. Geographical variations of the splitting parameters and their distinct dependence on direction of wave propagation through the upper mantle allow us to identify six domains of the central Fennoscandian mantle lithosphere, including the Proterozoic–Archean transition, and to model their fabrics by joint inversion of body wave anisotropic parameters. Fabrics of the Archean mantle lithosphere can be approximated by a peridotite aggregate with lineation a dipping to the NE. On the other hand, anisotropy of the Proterozoic mantle lithosphere is weaker and we model its fabric by the (a, c) foliations dipping to the SE. We present a 3D self-consistent anisotropic model of the Proterozoic and Archean upper mantle along the SW-NE profile in the south-central Finland. Boundaries of inter-growing wedges of the Proterozoic and Archean mantle lithospheres explain the longitudinal and shear wave propagation and polarization, mantle xenolith ages, surface wave tomography and location of the upper mantle reflectors. We interpret the six anisotropic domains as fragments of mantle lithosphere retaining an old fossil olivine fabric which was created before these micro-continents assembled.     

Pelagic processes and vertical flux of particles: an overview of a long-term comparative study in the Norwegian Sea and Greenland Sea

Pelagic processes and their relation to vertical flux have been studied in the Norwegian and Greenland Seas since 1986. Results of long-term sediment trap deployments and adjoining process studies are presented, and the underlying methodological and conceptional background is discussed. Recent extension of these investigations at the Barents Sea continental slope are also presented. With similar conditions of input irradiation and nutrient conditions, the Norwegian and Greenland Seas exhibit comparable mean annual rates of new and total production. Major differences can be found between these regions, however, in the hydrographic conditions constraining primary production and in the composition and seasonal development of the plankton. This is reflected in differences in the temporal patterns of vertical particle flux in relation to new production in the euphotic zone, the composition of particles exported and in different processes leading to their modification in the mid-water layers.In the Norwegian Sea heavy grazing pressure during early spring retards the accumulation of phytoplankton stocks and thus a mass sedimentation of diatoms that is often associated with spring blooms. This, in conjunction with the further seasonal development of zooplankton populations, serves to delay the annual peak in sedimentation to summer or autumn. Carbonate sedimentation in the Norwegian Sea, however, is significantly higher than in the Greenland Sea, where physical factors exert a greater control on phytoplankton development and the sedimentation of opal is of greater importance. In addition to these comparative long-term studies a case study has been carried out at the continental slope of the Barents Sea, where an emphasis was laid on the influence of resuspension and across-slope lateral transport with an analysis of suspended and sedimented material.     

利用土壤温度估算土壤有效热导系数和水流通量

土壤有效热导系数和水流通量是研究大气-土壤系统水分转化的重要变量。采用动态回归模型（DHR）获取土壤温度的振幅和相位变化,联合土壤水热耦合方程的解析解估算土壤有效热导系数和土壤水流通量,并将该方法应用于毛乌素沙地的土壤水流通量估算中。结果显示,实例研究估算获得的有效热导系数在10-7m2/s数量级变化,且随振幅比的增加呈指数增加,随相位差的增加呈指数衰减。当土壤含水率小于0.08时,有效热导系数呈线性增加;当土壤含水率大于0.08时,接近恒定值（定量0.08）,土壤水流通量随土壤含水率的变化无明显的线性关系。     

Inexact Newton methods and the method of lines for solving Richards' equation in two space dimensions

Richards' equation (RE) is often used to model flow in unsaturated porous media. This model captures physical effects, such as sharp fronts in fluid pressures and saturations, which are present in more complex models of multiphase flow. The numerical solution of RE is difficult not only because of these physical effects but also because of the mathematical problems that arise in dealing with the nonlinearities. The method of lines has been shown to be very effective for solving RE in one space dimension. When solving RE in two space dimensions, direct methods for solving the linearized problem for the Newton step are impractical. In this work, we show how the method of lines and Newton-iterative methods, which solve linear equations with iterative methods, can be applied to RE in two space dimensions. We present theoretical results on convergence and use that theory to design an adaptive method for computation of the linear tolerance. Numerical results show the method to be effective and robust compared with an existing approach.     

对迭代法位场向下延拓方法的剖析

位场向下延拓迭代法的实质内容是"向上延拓而不是向下延拓"和以"迭代的结果趋近于观测值"为标准的操作过程。根据数据操作流程剖析了位场向下延拓迭代法的运行机制,得到了迭代数据在空间域的变化规律,即用迭代法将观测高度的位场向下延拓一个深度h。这实际上是通过不同高度的向上延拓来实现的。也就是说,迭代次数增加一次,涉及的上延平面就增大一个h的高度。一般地,迭代次数n与上延高度h的关系为n~(n+1)h。在空间域中,初值、上延结果、差以及每一次校正后的结果都能用满足莱布尼兹定理的交错级数表示,从而得出了迭代法能够收敛的结论;或者,以"观测高度上的实测值与计算值的差值小到可以忽略"为标准,从数学上也能证明迭代法能够收敛。数学推论和模型试验结果说明了迭代的位场初值可以任意给定。在实际操作中,迭代误差标准的影响和由于迭代误差标准不恰当可能出现不能达到迭代标准的情况,需引起注意,也值得进一步研究。     

北冰洋浮冰区近冰层湍流通量计算方法比较

利用2003年中国第二次北极科学考察获得的北冰洋浮冰区近冰层气象要素梯度观测资料,应用空气动力学的廓线法和总体输送法以及不同的普适函数,计算分析了2003年8月23日至9月4日浮冰区近冰层的摩擦速度、感热通量和潜热通量.结果表明:Holtslag普适函数的计算结果明显优于其它普适函数,总体输送法计算的不同层次湍流通量比廓线法更能够满足近冰层的常值通量层的假设,其结果可望为进一步优化北冰洋浮冰区边界层参数化方案和提高计算精度提供重要依据.     

Study on the action of the active earth pressure by variational limit equilibrium method

Within the framework of limiting equilibrium approach, the problem of active earth pressure on rigid retaining wall is formulated in terms of the calculus of variations by means of Lagrange multipliers. It is transcribed as the functional of extreme‐value problem by two undetermined function arguments, and is further transformed into determining the minimax solution of restrained functions incorporating the geometrical relations of the problem. The function of (fmincon) in the optimization toolbox of MATLAB 6.1 can be used to find the minimax solution. Computation results show there exist two kinds of modes of failure sliding along plane surface and rotating around log‐spiral cylinder surface when the soil behind the walls reaches the critical active state. The magnitude of active earth pressure in the case of translational mode is less than that in the case of rotational mode. The location of action point of earth pressure in the case of translational mode is at or below $\frac{1}{3}$ height of the wall, and in the case of rotational mode, is above $\frac{1}{3}$ height of the wall. Preliminary study indicates a pair of numbers by two theoretical modes can be regarded as an interval estimation of active pressure. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

黑龙江哈尔滨地下输水管道突然破裂对地铁隧道的影响

城市地下管线的开裂导致水油气等的泄露通常会对周围环境产生重要影响,由于其隐蔽性,问题发现滞后,导致预测起来相对困难。同时,突发的管线破裂渗漏会导致地质环境的改变,从而影响基础结构的力学特性,对工程安全构成直接威胁。目前,突发流量大小对地铁隧道的影响程度还没有准确定论。本文以哈尔滨地铁建设为依托,研究了精确寻找管线破裂而产生的水流源的方法,并根据现场实测数据分析地下输水管线的破裂造成水流对地表沉降、隧道拱顶沉降、净空收敛的影响。     

Laminated sediments in the Bay of La Paz, Gulf of California: a depositional cycle regulated by pluvial flux

Abstract Core BAP96‐CP, sampled from the deepest part of the Bay of La Paz, Gulf of California, has been analysed sedimentologically taking into account regional climate and oceanography. Laminated sediments at the bottom of the bay are essentially not bioturbated by benthic fauna. A subanoxic condition (O₂ < 0·2 mL L^?1) inhibits the proliferation of benthic fauna. Within the bay, the relative abundances of terrigenous and biogenic inputs change periodically. The terrigenous input is greater than the biogenic input and apparently experiences larger fluctuations. The terrigenous input dominates in dark laminae, whereas the biogenic input mostly occurs in light laminae. Thus, it is assumed that, down the core, the alternation of dark and light laminae represents cycles in the extent of dilution of the biogenic input by terrigenous input. The terrigenous input into the Bay of La Paz is mostly regulated by pluvial runoff. Thus, its temporal fluctuation follows the periods shown by the regional pluvial regime, particularly the 11·2 year period. This is equal to the frequency of sunspot cycles.     

Lateglacial and Holocene variation in aeolian sediment flux over the northeastern Tibetan Plateau recorded by laminated sediments of a saline meromictic lake

Predominantly laminated lake sediments from a saline closed‐basin lake on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau were investigated using a multi‐proxy approach (¹⁴C‐accelerator mass spectrometry dating, smear‐slide analysis, loss on ignition, grain size, X‐ray diffraction, elemental concentration, ostracod assemblages, stable isotopes of ostracod shells) to trace the regional environmental and climatic history in the Lateglacial and Holocene. Before about 15 cal. ka BP, small saline water bodies probably filled the basin under unstable cold and harsh environmental conditions. Soon after about 14.9 cal. ka BP, a relatively deep saline lake was established, probably as a result of runoff from melting snow, ice and frozen ground in the lake's catchment. Large changes in flux of aeolian material to the lake were recorded during this initial period of formation of Lake Kuhai. Highest lake levels, a low sediment accumulation rate and less saline conditions were maintained between about 12.8 and 7.1 cal. ka BP when the aeolian influx diminished significantly. After about 7.1 cal. ka BP, the aeolian influx remained at a moderate level apart from a strongly increased dust delivery to the lake between about 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP and a minor short‐lived period of slightly enhanced aeolian influx at about 2.7 cal. ka BP. The strongly enhanced dust input to the lake between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP represented the largest influx of aeolian material to Lake Kuhai during the entire Holocene. However, evidence for climatic deterioration during this period is not seen at most other palaeoclimate sites on the Tibetan Plateau, but instead a significant increase in aridity has been recorded at numerous sites in the northern foreland of the Tibetan Plateau and on the Chinese Loess Plateau. The large dust input to Lake Kuhai between 6.1 and 5.4 cal. ka BP probably did not result from a severe climate deterioration on the Tibetan Plateau itself, but from the pronounced aridity in its northern and eastern foreland. In contrast, the increase in dust influx about 2.7 cal. ka BP seems to correspond to a brief warming spell recorded at other sites on the Tibetan Plateau too. A slight increase in lake level and decrease in salinity after about 0.6 cal. ka BP suggests a slightly higher effective moisture during the final lake stage, accompanied by a somewhat larger dust influx. This apparent contradiction possibly results from enhanced human activities on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during the last 600 years. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于岩石圈厚度和地幔横向黏度变化的地幔对流模型重估云南地区剪切波各向异性源的深度

在已有模型的基础上,考虑岩石圈厚度和软流层横向黏度的变化,本文建立了更接近地球实际情形的地幔对流模型,然后重新推测了导致云南地区剪切波各向异性的软流层源的深度.结果 表明:岩石圈厚度和软流层横向黏度变化对云南地区的软流层各向异性源的深度及软流层的变形程度和机制具有重要影响;软流层各向异性对云南西南部区域、东部区域北纬2...     

Analysis of fracture propagation in a rock mass surrounding a tunnel under high internal pressure by the element-free Galerkin method

Fractures developed around high pressurized gas or air storage tunnels can progressively extend to the ground surface, eventually leading to an uplift failure. A tool reasonably reproducing the failure patterns is necessary for stability assessment. In this study, a numerical method based on the element-free Galerkin (EFG) method with a cohesive crack model is developed to simulate fracture propagation patterns in the rock mass around a tunnel under high internal pressure. A series of physical model tests was also conducted to validate the reliability of the developed method. A qualitative agreement between physical model tests and numerical results can be obtained. The in situ stress ratio, k, has a strong influence on both the position of crack initiation and the propagation direction. The numerical analyses were extended to full-scale problems. Numerical tests were performed to investigate the prime influencing factors on the failure patterns of a high pressurized gas circular tunnel with varying parameters. The results suggest that initial in situ stress conditions with a high k (larger than 1) is favorable for construction of pressurized gas or air storage tunnels.     

Modeling the seismic response of basin-edge structure by a sequential waveform method

A sequential waveform method is developed to simulate the seismic response of basin-edge structure excited by a plane incident P-wave. The full procedure involves: (a) a previous parameterization of the investigated model using the seismic wave velocities and depths of the sedimentary stratifications; (b) an input motion determined from the records at stations installed on hard rock; (c) forward computation of the P-SV elastic wave field by means of a two-dimensional finite difference (FD) method; (d) the optimization of the model vector using simulated annealing technique and comparing the simulated seismic response of the tested structure with the observed wave field; (e) the correction of the initial model by trial-and-error by testing the differences between synthetics and observed data, and (f) the final solution obtained by iteration using the conjugate gradient algorithm. The search of an optimal basin-edge model has been parallel processed by varying the shapes and velocities of strata on the basis of the fitting of relative timing, amplitude and phase between the output and the observed data. The input motion and sensitivity have been checked and the validity of the method has been demonstrated by numeric analysis. Using the teleseismic records generated by 7 earthquakes recorded at 26 broadband seismic stations, we have studied the seismic velocity structure of the southern edge of the Jiyang depression located in the Bohai Bay basin, northern China. Two cross sections show an agreement between the velocity results and the geological sections available in the region. In addition, we obtain evidence of three hidden faults under the sections and features that suggest major extensions at the Paleogene.