准噶尔盆地北三台凸起断裂结构特征及成岩封闭作用

断层具有复杂的内部结构,可划分为滑动破碎带和诱导裂缝带两个结构单元。断裂带内部成岩作用普遍发育,其中,胶结作用是断裂两侧诱导裂缝带中较常见的成岩作用,影响着断裂的垂向封闭性。利用地震、测井、岩心等资料定量化的对准噶尔盆地北三台凸起主要断裂进行结构划分,利用岩心、镜下薄片观察的方法研究断裂带成岩胶结作用。研究发现:断裂带成岩胶结作用显著,胶结物以方解石为主,还发现有粘土矿物、沸石、石英等胶结裂缝。大型主控断裂裂缝充填程度相比派生断裂高,胶结程度致密,对油气的封堵性能更强。通过镜下鉴定及流体包裹体均一温度测定发现:北三台凸起断裂带至少经历了3期大规模流体活动,多期的流体作用导致该区断裂的成岩封闭。      

文昌A凹陷珠海组砂岩碳酸盐胶结物发育特征及其对储层质量的影响

碳酸盐胶结物是一类砂岩储层中最常见的成岩胶结交代物.厘清碳酸盐胶结物的发育特征、期次及其含量,可定量分析碳酸盐胶结物对储层质量的影响程度.以文昌A凹陷珠海组海陆过渡相砂岩储层的碳酸盐胶结作用为研究重点,分凹陷中心与近珠三南断裂两个主体区域,利用岩石学分析、铸体薄片显微镜下鉴定、阴极发光分析、同位素分析等技术手段,明确了...     

断层成岩封闭及其应用

影响断层封闭性的成岩作用类型主要包括:充填作用、压实作用和胶结作用。断裂带充填物中泥质含量越高, 其孔渗性越差, 形成封闭的可能性越大。压实作用是控制断裂带充填物致密性和断裂静止期封闭强度的关键, 压实作用越强, 断裂带越紧闭, 封闭性越好。流体进入断裂破碎带, 随压力和温度的降低, 热液矿物发生沉淀结晶, 逐渐胶结裂缝和角砾岩。断裂带胶结矿物主要有方解石和石英, 温度和压力是控制胶结作用发生的主要因素。夏503井断裂带内泥质充填物发育, 厚1 m左右, 由于埋藏深, 压实作用强, 断裂带充填物致密坚硬。扫描电镜观察, 裂缝和岩石孔隙中充填有沉淀结晶矿物, 这种胶结作用发生的范围大致在断裂带附近3 m左右。在充填、压实、胶结共同作用下, 夏503井断层封闭性强, 是控制江家店油田成藏的关键。      

准噶尔盆地红车断裂带结构与成藏差异性分析

红车断裂带中断裂十分发育,体系复杂,且主断裂延伸长,空间上不同部位断裂特征及控藏作用差异明显.利用测井、岩心、高精度地震数据体资料,根据断裂性质、组合样式及活动强度差异性等在平面上将红车断裂分为南北两段,北段主要发育逆断裂,南段主要发育走滑断裂;在剖面上分为上下两层断裂体系,上层为张性断裂体系,下层为压性断裂体系.红车断裂带深部断裂结构发育,成岩胶结作用强.对流体包裹体及裂缝胶结程度研究表明,红车断裂深部早期封闭性较差,但随成岩胶结作用进行,北段封闭性逐渐变好.断裂带浅部为砂泥岩互层,断裂结构不发育.利用断层泥比率、断裂带泥质含量、断面正应力及紧闭指数评价其封闭性,显示浅部封闭性在不同时期变化较大：白垩纪早期南段好于北段,古近纪中晚期—新近纪早期北段好于南段.红车断裂带北段油气比南段更为丰富,在北段为阶梯状成藏模式,南段为“花状”成藏模式.     

准噶尔盆地西北缘克-百地区侏罗系成岩作用及其对储层质量的影响

准噶尔盆地西北缘克拉玛依—百口泉地区侏罗系砂岩、砂砾岩储层经历了压实、胶结、溶蚀等多种成岩作用,其中压实和溶蚀作用是控制储层物性的主要成岩作用,其次为胶结作用。压实作用以机械压实为主,是孔隙减少的主要原因。胶结作用主要为碳酸盐胶结,少量黄铁矿胶结,偶见方沸石胶结和硅质胶结。溶蚀作用导致碳酸盐胶结物、长石颗粒和少量岩屑溶解流失。储层孔隙经历了由原生到次生的演化过程。在成岩演化过程中,长石的溶蚀作用、碳酸盐矿物的沉淀与溶解作用是影响储层孔隙发育的关键因素,早期方解石的胶结有利于后期次生孔隙的形成。在克-乌断裂带上、下盘地层中,断裂带上盘埋深浅,一般小于1200m,原生孔隙非常发育;断裂带下盘埋深较深,压实作用强,原生孔隙所占比例明显减少,次生溶蚀孔隙相对发育。次生孔隙的形成受流体及断裂控制。     

Tectonic implications of damage zone-related fault-fracture networks revealed in drill core through the Nojima fault, Japan

1800 m of drill core through the Nojima fault zone, Japan, reveals subsidiary fault and fracture networks that developed in the fault zone that triggered the 1995 Ms 7.2 Kobe earthquake. The subsidiary fault zones contain a fault gouge of < 1 cm bounded by thin zones of foliated cataclasite or breccia. Fractures are filled with calcite veins, calcite-cemented breccias, clay, and iron-oxide and carbonate alternation of the granitic host rock. These features are typical of extensional fractures that form the conduit network for fluid flux close to a major fault zone. The zone of distributed deformation surrounding the main fault is 50 m in width, and the dip of the Nojima fault at > 1 km depth is 75°. The fault-fracture networks associated with the Nojima fault zone are coseismic and were filled with carbonate and fine-grained material during repeated seismic-related infiltration of the fault zone by carbonate-bearing subsurface water. This study shows that fault-related fracture networks plays an important role as fluid flow conduits within seismically active faults, and can change in character from zones of high permeability to low permeability due to cementation and/or pore collapse.     

克拉苏冲断带白垩系储层成岩作用及其对储层质量的影响

利用大量岩石薄片、铸体薄片、测录井资料及岩芯观察等资料,对库车坳陷克拉苏冲断带白垩系巴什基奇克组储集层的岩石组分、成岩作用及孔隙类型特征等进行了系统研究。其岩石学特征为:成分成熟度低,分选中-好,磨圆次棱角状-次圆状,结构成熟度中等-偏低。储集空间为次生孔隙及原生孔隙。储层经历了压实、胶结、溶解、破裂等成岩作用,主要处于中成岩A2-B期。压实作用以机械压实为主,胶结作用主要为碳酸盐胶结;溶蚀作用导致碳酸盐胶结物、长石颗粒和少量岩屑溶解、破裂作用产生裂缝。在克拉苏断裂的上、下盘地层中,压实作用及胶结作用是孔隙减少的主要原因。断裂带上盘埋深较浅,抬升遭受表生溶蚀作用使得溶蚀孔隙非常发育;断裂带下盘埋深较深,压实和胶结作用使得储层致密化,后期构造挤压破裂作用形成的裂缝及溶蚀扩大缝有效地改善了深部储层物性。     

南白碱滩断裂带结构特征及流体作用

南白碱滩断裂带可分为滑动破碎带和诱导裂缝带两个结构单元。滑动破碎带具断裂角砾岩特征,厚度小,压实强,岩性致密,封闭性好;诱导裂缝带宽度大,裂缝发育,胶结充填作用强。断裂充填物主要为方解石,其次为方沸石,另外还发现硅质和沥青充填。充填物中流体包裹体发育,有盐水包裹体,也有有机包裹体,主要沿方解石解理面和微裂隙呈线状分布。盐水包裹体均一温度可分为3个区间,有机包裹体在荧光镜下也显示出棕色、亮黄色及蓝绿色3种颜色,表明南白碱滩断裂带至少经历了3期大规模的流体活动。成岩胶结作用对南白碱滩断裂带的封闭性起重要作用,受后期构造运动的影响,早期封闭性断裂会重新开启,流体将再次活动,形成新的胶结物,故该断裂的封闭是多期流体活动发生成岩胶结作用的结果。      

Relations between shallow cataclastic faulting and cementation in porous sandstones: First insight from a groundwater environmental context

The interplay between fault zone cataclasis and cementation is important since both processes can drastically reduce the permeability of faults in porous sandstones. Yet the prediction of fault cementation in high-porosity sandstone reservoirs remains elusive. Nevertheless, this process has rarely been investigated in shallowly buried faults (<2 km; T°<80 °C) where its sealing capacity could be acquired early in the geological history of a reservoir. In this paper, the macro- and microscopic analysis of a fault zone in the porous Cenomanian quartz arenite sands of Provence (France) shows that silica diagenesis occurs in the most intensely-deformed cataclastic parts of the fault zone. This fault zone shows 19–48% of its total thickness occupied by low-porosity quartz-cemented cataclastic shear bands whose porosities range from 0 – ca. 5%. The analysis of the weathering profile around the fault zone reveals the presence of groundwater silcretes in the form of tabular, tightly silicified concretions cross-cut by the fault. Detailed transmitted light, cold-cathodoluminescence and scanning electron microscopy analyses of the silica cements (from the fault and the silcrete) reveal that all the silica cements originate from groundwater diagenetic processes. This study therefore shows that silica cementation can occur specifically in fault zones and as groundwater silcrete in the shallow context of a groundwater system, generated at the vicinity of an erosional unconformity.     

碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带结构、分布与发育机制

断裂带通常包括狭窄的断层核与宽阔的破碎带,并对岩石物理及其水力学、流体与渗透性具有重要作用。根据断裂破碎带结构的差异,将碳酸盐岩断层核划分为颗粒支撑、基质支撑与胶结支撑等3种类型,将碳酸盐岩破碎带划分碎裂带与裂缝带。不同类型碳酸盐岩断层核与破碎带形成多种类型组合,并造成断裂破碎带多种复杂的渗流结构。通过井—震资料的结合,可以判识沉积盆地内部较宽的碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带,其宽度—位移关系可以指示断裂破碎带的不同生长方式与机制。复杂内部结构、多期构造成岩作用与non-Andersonian破裂机制可能导致碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带的异常生长,也是碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带机理研究的重要方向。     

碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带结构、分布与发育机制

断裂带通常包括狭窄的断层核与宽阔的破碎带,并对岩石物理及其水力学、流体与渗透性具有重要作用。根据断裂破碎带结构的差异,将碳酸盐岩断层核划分为颗粒支撑、基质支撑与胶结支撑等3种类型,将碳酸盐岩破碎带划分碎裂带与裂缝带。不同类型碳酸盐岩断层核与破碎带形成多种类型组合,并造成断裂破碎带多种复杂的渗流结构。通过井一震资料的结合,可以判识沉积盆地内部较宽的碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带,其宽度一位移关系可以指示断裂破碎带的不同生长方式与机制。复杂内部结构、多期构造成岩作用与non-Andersonian破裂机制可能导致碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带的异常生长,也是碳酸盐岩断裂破碎带机理研究的重要方向。     

Fault damage zone origin of the Teufelsmauer, Subhercynian Cretaceous Basin, Germany

Recognition of fractures as porosity-reducing deformation bands pervading all sandstone segments of the Teufelsmauer, Subhercynian Creatceous Basin, Germany, motivates a study relating the observed macroscopic and microscopic deformation to the damage zone of the nearby Harz border fault. Deformation bands, confirmed and documented by several porosity-reducing micro-mechanisms, such as cataclasis, particulate flow, pressure solution and a heavy quartz cementation, were mapped and analyzed in terms of the kinematics and deformation intensities expressed by them. Deformation band kinematics are uniform throughout the entire basin and consistent with the large-scale tectonic structures of the area. A strain intensity study highlights two narrow but long zones of deformation bands, sub-parallel to the Harz border fault. Deformation band kinematics, strain intensity, as well as micro-mechanisms are all consistent with a continuous but internally diverse deformation band damage zone of the entire Teufelsmauer structure along the Harz border fault, bringing new insights into the tectonic evolution and the origin of the heavy quartz cementation of the sandstones in the Subhercynian Cretaceous Basin.     

楚雄盆地砂岩铜矿容矿岩石胶结物与铜矿化

砂岩铜矿的含铜矿物较简单,为典型的溶蚀交代岩石组构。含铜砂岩中胶结物主要有碳酸盐类、硅质、泥质和铁质四种,胶结类型有孔隙式、接触式、基底式三种;与矿化关系密切的是碳酸盐类胶结物;矿化强度与铁白云石和孔隙式、接触式胶结类型关系密切。     

辫状河三角洲水下分流河道储层特征

以海安南地区堡1断块泰州组一段为例,在岩石薄片和压汞资料分析的基础上,从砂体的内部结构入手对水下分流河道储层特征进行了研究,将泰一段储层的孔隙结构划分为三种类型。经研究表明：泰一段辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道砂体内部结构单元为典型的中一低孔、中一低渗储层,碎屑组份成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较低,储层孔隙类型以次生孔隙为主,原生孔隙较不发育;填隙物为泥质杂基和碳酸盐矿物胶结物,属长石岩屑质砂岩和岩屑长石质砂岩;成岩作用主要发育压实作用、胶结交代作用和溶解溶蚀作用等,塑性颗粒的变形、碎屑颗粒的破裂甚至错断、石英次生加大、方解石及铁白云石交代碎屑组份、溶蚀现象等均较普遍。对各结构单元孔隙结构类型参数分析表明,水下分流河道内部结构单元河道主体砂岩储集性能好于河道侧缘,认为岩相类型和沉积环境是影响储层物性的原生因素。     

箕状断陷湖盆缓坡带层序地层格架内成岩特征研究——以东营凹陷南部缓坡带沙河街组为例

东营凹陷在沙河街组沉积期为北陡南缓的箕状断陷湖盆。通过钻井岩心、测井、薄片及扫描电镜分析,在断陷湖盆的南缓坡带古近系沙河街组中识别出了冲积扇、河流、三角洲和湖？白沉积体系,以及滨浅湖砂坝和缓坡远端浊积扇沉积相。建立了东营凹陷南部缓坡带层序地层格架及层序演化模式。在此基础上,详细研究了层序地层格架内的成岩作用特征。层序地层格架内主要成岩作用类型有压实作用、压溶作用、溶解作用等,成岩阶段为早成岩A、B期,晚成岩A、B期。层序地层格架内发育了碳酸盐胶结、石英次生加大、高岭石胶结和泥岩压实四种成岩相。     

山东平度大庄子金矿床地质特征及成因

大庄子金矿床是产出于胶莱盆地北缘的一个新类型金矿床,金矿受盆地边缘具有顺层产出特征的平缓断裂的严格控制。金矿化主要发育在断裂内的硅化大理岩质碎裂岩和角砾岩等张性构造岩石内,以其胶结物发育黄铁矿化、硅化为特点。控矿断裂具有与胶莱盆地“同生”的性质,其成生和金矿床的形成与郯庐断裂带在中生代燕山期间构造岩浆活动及胶莱盆地的发育演化密切相关,成矿流体及成矿物质具有明显的深源性。     

Structural and petrophysical characterization of mixed conduit/seal fault zones in carbonates: Example from the Castellas fault (SE France)

The Castellas fault in SE France affects carbonate rocks with a plurimeter scale offset along 1.5 km of outcrop. In order to decipher the structural control on fault petrophysical and hydraulic character, we performed high resolution field structural mapping, laboratory porosity-Vp measurements, and thin sections analysis of deformations and diagenesis. Field mapping shows that the fault zone architecture displays strong lateral variations at the hectometer scale characterized by core thicknesses of 0–5 m, one or several slip planes, and varying fracture patterns within the damage zone. The fault zone heterogeneity may be related to the magnitude of the throw, the position along the fault and the affected rock facies. Laboratory measurements revealed a strong porosity reduction correlated to a Vp increase, related to the cementation of pore volumes within a decameter area around the fault plane. This fault-sealing occurred mainly through a chemical diagenesis related to fluid circulation within fault-zone heterogeneities. A 3D conceptual model of a mixed conduit/seal fault zone is proposed, characterized by sealed impermeable fault tips and more or less permeable units within which flow can occur either perpendicular or parallel to the fault strike.     

鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬西部三叠系延长组长8油层组成岩作用与致密化过程*

利用岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、碳氧同位素及流体包裹体等资料,对鄂尔多斯盆地姬塬西部三叠系延长组长8油层组致密储集层特征进行了研究,重点分析了储集层成岩作用特征和储集层致密化成因机制及过程。研究区长8油层组砂岩主要为岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩,经历了压实—压溶、胶结、交代、溶蚀及构造破裂等成岩作用,整体处于中成岩A期晚期。典型成岩序列依次为机械压实、绿泥石黏土膜、早期(泥晶)方解石胶结、石英次生加大、长石、岩屑溶蚀、自生高岭石胶结、自生石英胶结、中期(含)铁方解石胶结。综合研究认为:(1)近物源伴随湖平面快速上升的沉积环境提供了储集层致密化的物质基础,不同沉积微相储集层物性差别较大,分流河道最好,分流间湾最差;(2)长8油层组原始孔隙度为41.35%,压实作用损孔率为50.67%,造成储集层孔隙度急剧降低,胶结作用损孔率为37.48%,导致孔隙度进一步减小,溶蚀作用仅增加了3.26%的孔隙度,难以有效改善储集层质量;(3)上述沉积与成岩因素共同导致储集层致密,致密化过程可分为压实孔隙骤减阶段、早期胶结减孔阶段、溶蚀作用增孔阶段和晚期胶结致密阶段共4个阶段;(4)油气大量充注期储集层孔隙度远低于10%,长8油层组先致密后成藏。     

Structure and flow properties of syn-rift border faults: The interplay between fault damage and fault-related chemical alteration (Dombjerg Fault,Wollaston Forland,NE Greenland)

Structurally controlled, syn-rift, clastic depocentres are of economic interest as hydrocarbon reservoirs; understanding the structure of their bounding faults is of great relevance, e.g. in the assessment of fault-controlled hydrocarbon retention potential. Here we investigate the structure of the Dombjerg Fault Zone (Wollaston Forland, NE Greenland), a syn-rift border fault that juxtaposes syn-rift deep-water hanging-wall clastics against a footwall of crystalline basement. A series of discrete fault strands characterize the central fault zone, where discrete slip surfaces, fault rock assemblages and extreme fracturing are common. A chemical alteration zone (CAZ) of fault-related calcite cementation envelops the fault and places strong controls on the style of deformation, particularly in the hanging-wall. The hanging-wall damage zone includes faults, joints, veins and, outside the CAZ, disaggregation deformation bands. Footwall deformation includes faults, joints and veins. Our observations suggest that the CAZ formed during early-stage fault slip and imparted a mechanical control on later fault-related deformation. This study thus gives new insights to the structure of an exposed basin-bounding fault and highlights a spatiotemporal interplay between fault damage and chemical alteration, the latter of which is often underreported in fault studies. To better elucidate the structure, evolution and flow properties of faults (outcrop or subsurface), both fault damage and fault-related chemical alteration must be considered.     

Diagenetic Evolution and Formation Mechanisms of High-Quality Reservoirs under Multiple Diagenetic Environmental Constraints: An Example from the Paleogene Beach-Bar Sandstone Reservoirs in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

The diagenetic environment, diagenetic responses, diagenetic transformation model and formation mechanisms of high-quality reservoirs (beach-bar sandstones of the Paleogene fourth member) in the Dongying depression were studied through the analysis of fluid inclusions, thin section and burial evolution history. The diagenetic fluids of the beach-bar sandstone reservoirs evolved from early high salinity and weak alkalinity to low salinity and strong acidity, late high salinity and strong alkalinity and late low salinity and acidity, which were accompanied by two stages of oil and gas filling. The fluids at the margins of the sandbodies were continuously highly saline and strongly alkaline. The western (eastern) reservoirs experienced early open (closed), middle open, and late closed diagenetic environments during their burial history. The flow pattern was characterized by upwelling during the majority of the diagenesis (in the east, a non-circulating pattern transitioned into an upwelling current). Due to the evolution of the diagenetic fluids, the diagenetic sequence of the beach-bar reservoirs was as follows: early weak carbonate cementation; feldspar and carbonate cement dissolution and authigenic quartz cementation; late carbonate and anhydrite cementation, authigenic feldspar cementation, and late quartz dissolution; and late carbonate cementation, feldspar dissolution, and authigenic quartz cementation. The diagenetic strength during these stages varied or was absent altogether in different parts of the reservoirs. Due to the closeness of the diagenetic environment and the flow pattern of the diagenetic fluids, the diagenetic products are variably distributed in the sandstones interbedded with mudstones and in the fault blocks. The evolution of multiple alternating alkaline and acidic diagenetic environments controlled the distribution patterns of the reservoir diagenesis and reservoir space, and the reservoir quality index, RQI, increased gradually from the margins to the centers of the sandstones. The closeness of the diagenetic environment and the flow patterns of the diagenetic fluids controlled the differences in the reservoir properties among the fault blocks. With increasing distance from the oil-source faults, the RQI values in the west gradually decreased and in the east initially increased and then decreased.