IRON-FORMATION SAMPLES AND THE FIVE-MODE METHOD

Newly available analytical data on iron-formation reference samples are combined with values published earlier, in order to test the effectiveness of a revised version of the 'five-mode" method of evaluation, with the well-established sample IF-G as reference. The same method is then applied to improve the earlier evaluation of samples FeR-1, -2, -3 and -4. The resulting values are compared with those in the original evaluations. Better results are obtained than were possible with earlier versions of the method, but some problems do persist.     

液化判别的应力法与刚度法之比较

应力法和刚度法是判别土层液化的两种重要方法。本文在简要介绍判别原理的基础上,对两者作了比较,並结合工程实例和饱和标准砂样进行了对比。在相同的条件下,两种方法分析所得的抗液化安全系数是不相同的。本文提出的结论,就如何正确应用这二种方法提供了依据。     

西藏岗巴地区海相上白垩统碳、氧同位素对比实验结果偏差分析

对西藏南部岗巴地区上白垩统部分全岩样品进行了碳、氧同位素不同实验室、不同时间的对比实验，目的在于了解样品处理过程可能对试验结果的影响程度。结果发现，不同实验室的结果偏差比同一实验室不同时间的结果偏差大，碳同位素比值的偏差比氧同位素比值的偏差大。不同实验室结果偏差的关键原因是样品制备方法和岩性的不同：手工碎样、选样、磨样较难避免徽裂隙中充填的方解石脉和小型生物扰动组构对同位素值的影响，而毫米级直径钻头刮样取样则很大程度上可以避免；钙质页岩和泥灰岩受影响的程度相对较小，生物碎屑灰岩受影响较大。碳同位素比值偏差大干氧同位素。前者基数比后者大4～5倍可能是主要原因。     

Distribution of high field strength elements (Y, Zr, REE, Hf, Ta, Th, U) in adjacent magnetite and chert bands and in reference standards FeR-3 and FeR-4 from the Temagami iron-formation, Canada, and the redox level of the Neoarchean ocean

Adjacent magnetite and chert bands and reference standards FeR-3 and FeR-4 from the Neoarchean Temagami iron-formation (IF) show shale-normalized rare earth and yttrium (REY) patterns with low Nd/Yb ratios and positive Eu, Gd and Y anomalies, indicating that they formed as marine chemical sediments. In contrast to previous claims, none of the samples shows any Ce anomaly, indicating the absence of oxidative Ce-REY decoupling and arguing against oxic conditions in the wider vicinity of the Neoarchean “Temagami seabasin”. The distribution of Zr, Hf and Ta yields Zr/Hf and Hf/Ta ratios that differ from those of chondrites, average upper continental crust and local shales, suggesting that the Temagami IF is the only case observed so far in which a significant fraction of these elements is non-detrital but sourced from seawater. If Neoarchean seawater was characterized by Zr/Hf and Hf/Ta ratios similar to those of modern seawater these ratios point towards preferential scavenging of Hf over Zr and Ta, as is typical of the modern ocean. Similar to the 2.9 Ga old Mozaan IF in the Pongola Supergroup, South Africa, the Temagami IF shows low Th/U ratios that differ from those of the respective local shales and from that of average upper continental crust. Decoupling of U and Th results from U⁴⁺ oxidation in the Earth's surface system and fractionated Th/U ratios in these marine chemical sediments are, therefore, at odds with the lack of Ce anomalies. This suggests a different redox-sensitivity of the two paleo-redox-proxies Th–U and Ce-REY and demonstrates that the Temagami IF and the Mozaan IF warrant further study of other paleo-redox-proxies.     

1992 compilation of analytical data for rare-earth elements, scandium, yttrium, zirconium and hafnium in twenty-six GSJ reference samples

Abstract: Analytical data for fourteen rare-earth elements, scandium, yttrium, zirconium and hafnium, received by May 1992, have been compiled on twenty-six GSJ (Geological Survey of Japan) reference samples. Seventeen of them are 'Igneous rock series' and nine are "Sedimentary rock series". The reported data including personal communication were evaluated under the consideration on analytical methods and geochemical evidences. No significant difference has been observed between the values obtained by the different analytical methods. Based on the selected available data, 1992 compilation values were tabulated.     

Results for Fluorine in Coals and Other Reference Materials

Results of fluorine determinations by a pyrohydrolysis-ion selective electrode method are reported for four reference coals, two fly ashes and eight rock samples. These values were obtained during a study of Australian coals which showed that the standard oxygen bomb combustion method generally used for coals gives low results. The results are compared with available literature data for these reference samples which were obtained by a variety of methods.     

TRACE ELEMENT DETERMINATIONS FOR USGS BASALT BHVO-1 AND NIST STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS 278, 688 AND 694 BY INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA-MASS SPECTROMETRY

Results are presented for 26 to 30 trace elements determined in four rock reference materials of geochemical interest: USGS Basalt BHVO-1, Rhyolite Obsidian NIST 278, Basalt NIST688, and Phosphate Rock NIST694. Determinations were made by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Good agreement was obtained among solution standard comparison and standard addition analytical techniques, and among samples prepared with different dissolution methods. Generally good agreement was obtained between determined trace element values and values reported in the literature.     

阿尔泰造山带的铅同位素地质及其构造意义

阿尔泰遣山带中各构造带混合岩、片麻状花岗岩、钾长花岗岩的17个单矿物长石铅同位素测试分析表明:阿尔泰造山带中普遍存在前海西基底,模式年龄l₁年龄段为:1286²483Ma,对应着陆壳的增生事件及初始成岩年龄.模式年龄l₂年龄段为:389⁴12Ma,311³46Ma,166¹96Ma,分别对应着晚志留-海西早期大陆裂谷作用;海西中晚期强烈挤压遣山和斜向逆冲及印支期造山期后花岗岩的侵入作用.t₂中各时间段与各构造环境的判别相吻合.     

M1, M2 site populations and distortion parameters in synthetic Mg-Fe orthopyroxenes from Mössbauer spectra and X-ray structure refinements

Synthetic orthopyroxenes free of trivalent cations Mg _x Fe _2-x Si₂O₆ (x=0; 1; 1.6) were investigated using both Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) and single-crystal X-ray diffraction (XRD) in order to compare the results obtained on the same samples by the two techniques. The Mg-Fe distribution over M1 and M2 octahedral sites was determined on compounds with x = 1 and x=1.6, unheated and annealed at 650, 850 and 1040° C for 29 to 42 hours to obtain different degrees of order. The data obtained by the two techniques are in very good agreement, thus suggesting, for these compositions, the absence of systematic errors. The investigation of a synthetic compound with x=0 (ferrosilite) confirmed that the accuracy of both methods is very good. The observed small discrepancies between the results are not significant if compared with the relevant standard deviations which, for both methods, were derived by leastsquares calculations. The best fit is obtained for Fe(M1)/ Fe(tot) parameters that, in both methods, are directly calculated without using data from chemical analysis. For the unheated samples the values by MS and XRD are respectively: 0.185(9) and 0.180(4) for x = 1.6; 0.282(8) and 0.285(2) for x=1; 0.503(7) and 0.502(1) for x=0. For all the investigated samples the correlation between the geometrical distortion parameters, calculated by X-ray refinement, and the quadrupole splitting values, measured by Mössbauer spectroscopy, agrees with the theoretical model of Ingalls (1964).     

Quantification of Natural Fracture Surfaces Using Fractal Geometry

The purpose of this paper is to present an extensive evaluation of the methods to calculate the fractal dimension of natural fracture surfaces. Three methods; variogram analysis (VA), power spectral density (PSD), and roughness-length method (RMS) are applied to 2-D surface data (PSD) and 1-D profiles (VA and RMS) extracted from the surface data of 54 mm diameter crystallized limestone samples. Surface topography of the samples is quantified through a newly designed fully automated device. Before the application, self-affinity of the surface roughness and the applicability of these methods are validated using synthetically generated fractal surfaces. Fractal dimension values of the profiles are obtained as between 1 and 1.5 with a few exceptions. VA and RMS methods yield consistent fractal dimensions while the PSD values are lower than those of the other two methods. In terms of practical applicability, the VA is found more convenient than other two methods because there still exists shortcomings with the PSD and RMS methods due to difficulties in the mathematical analysis of the plots whose slopes are used in the computation of fractal dimension. However, it is observed that the data of limited size fracture surfaces are convenient for fractal analysis and the results are promising for further applications if the fracture surface size is restricted like cores recovered from deep boreholes.     

GEOCHEMICAL STANDARD REFERENCE SAMPLES GSD 9–12, GSS 1–8 AND GSR 1–6

The 18 Chinese geochemical standard reference samples GSD 9-12 (stream sediments), GSS 1-8 (soils) and GSR 1-6 (rocks) were prepared after GSD 1-8 (stream sediments) for even wider and increasing needs of geology, exploration geochemistry and geochemical analysis. Usable values of 41 trace, minor and major elements of the 18 samples were published in 1984. In the following two years, efforts were concentrated on the determination of other elements, most of which are more difficult to determine accurately and hence not many data were available in the literature. At the same time, additional data on the 41 elements already evaluated were also submitted. In all, 155 234 results were available along with the 35 284 analytical data submitted. The processing of samples, the examination of sample homogeneity, the plan of collaborative analysis of the samples, and the criteria for defining the recommended values are described. The recommended or reference values of the 72 constituents, to-gether with the 35 284 analytical data of the 18 samples are published in this paper.     

不同方法(仪器)测定水中铀氡数值的可比性试验与成果

本文对4种水中铀含量分析方法和5种型号水中氡浓度测定仪器测定水中铀氡数值的配对试验进行了总结。确定了不同方法(仪器)测定值间的可比性,求出了测定值换算成标准值的修正式。为在区域铀矿水化学找矿资料整理中。进行不同方法(仪器)测定水中铀氡数值的一致性处理提供了方法。     

MAJOR, MINOR AND RARE-EARTH ELEMENT DETERMINATIONS IN 25 ROCK STANDARDS BY ICP-ATOMIC EMISSION SPECTROMETRY

Analytical data for 31 elements in 8 Japanese, 12 South African and 5 Belgian Reference Materials of igneous and (meta-) sedimentary origin are reported. These data have been obtained by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). For most samples, relative standard deviations are in the range 0.5–3% for major elements, 2–10% for minor elements, and equal to or better than 5% for the REE. Accuracies, as estimated from a comparison with recommended values, are about 10% or better.     

PROVISIONAL ELEMENTAL VALUES FOR FOUR NEW GEOCHEMICAL SOIL AND TILL REFERENCE MATERIALS, TILL-1, TILL-2, TILL-3 AND TILL-4

The collection and preparation of two soil reference samples and two till reference samples are described. Like their predecessors the LKSD series and the STSD series, the TILL series are characterized for total elements and for elements derived by partial extractions. Provisional data are presented for major, minor and trace elements. In addition, information data from a single source are provided for a number of elements derived by EPA digestions 3050 and 3051; these data allow a comparison with other partial extractions reported herein.     

Analytical Data on Three Rock Reference Samples from the Institute of Geochemistry, Irkutsk, USSR

Analytical data obtained in our two laboratories on three rook samples from the Institute of Geochemistry, Irkutsk, are reported and compared with "established", "certified" and "uncertain" values. Methods used are described briefly and some comments offered on earlier published information.     

陕西西乡县龙王塘地区新元古代岩体和 脉岩锆石U-Pb年代学及源区性质

陕西西乡县广泛出露的晋宁期岩浆岩是研究和理解扬子克拉通基底地质演化的一个窗口。通过对西乡县龙王塘地区的辉长岩体、花岗岩脉和钠长斑岩脉进行锆石U-Pb定年和原位Lu-Hf同位素分析,确定了岩浆侵位时代,揭示了岩浆源区特征。年代学研究结果表明,辉长岩体和花岗岩脉的侵位时间分别为（863.6±4.4）Ma和（863.6±3.8）Ma,是新元古代岩浆作用的产物。在两条钠长斑岩脉中识别出（905.2±8.2）Ma、（807.0±8.9）Ma和（762.5±4.2）Ma三组锆石年龄,第一组为继承锆石的年龄,后两组年龄分别代表两条岩脉的侵位时代。综上可知,龙王塘地区存在~864 Ma、~807 Ma和~763 Ma三期岩浆作用,以及早期（~905 Ma）构造热事件,岩浆作用具有长期性和多阶段性特征。Lu-Hf同位素分析结果表明,辉长岩体和脉岩的ε_Hf（t）平均值介于+7.1~+10.0之间。对已有地质资料进行综合分析发现,汉南地区的绝大多数新元古代岩体的ε_Hf（t）为正值,具有随时间偏离亏损地幔线,接近球粒陨石线的基本演化趋势。上述锆石U-Pb年龄和原位Lu-Hf同位素结果表明,龙王塘地区出露的新元古代岩浆岩起源于亏损地幔或新生地壳的部分熔融,形成于活动型大陆边缘环境。      

随机-模糊处理方法在岩石力学指标统计及岩组划分中的应用

探讨了随机 模糊处理方法在岩石力学指标统计和岩组定量划分中的应用。文中对计算中的隶属函数取值及迭代方式进行了深入讨论。通过计算结果的比较分析, 认为随机 模糊处理方法更符合实际, 并优于其他方法。最后作者提出了岩组定性划分 岩石样本参数的随机 模糊统计分析 岩组定量划分及参数重新统计的分析程序。     

Neutron Activation Analysis of Two USGS Rock Reference Samples (Granite G-2, Andesite AGV-I) and Discussion in The Light of Compiled Data

New data for 21 trace elements including eight rare-earths, determined by neutron activation analysis (NAA) in two rook reference samples (Granite G-2, Andesite AGV-1), are compared with the preferred values previously proposed. Using compiled data published in 1969 and in 1972, further comparisons are made with the preferred means calculated for different methods of trace analysis. NAA data compiled in 1969 and in 1972 and new results published since then are assembled in two tables for the 21 elements. These 1976 NAA data lead us to suggest slight revisions of the preferred values for five to ton elements in each sample.     

PREPARATION, HOMOGENEITY EVALUATION AND COOPERATIVE STUDY OF TWO NEW CHROMITITE REFERENCE SAMPLES CHR-PT+ AND CHR-BKG

Two chromitite samples from the Isles of Shetland (North Scotland) have been processed, each in 200 kg quantities, as reference samples for the determination of gold and the platinum-group elements (PGE). One of these samples, Chromitite CHR-Pt⁺ is enriched in the PGE and the other, Chromitite CHR-Bkg has much lower concentrations. A detailed assessment of sample homogeneity is presented, together with the results of a cooperative study by thirty-five international geochemical laboratories, private and public. Contributed data together with derived working values are presented for Au and the PGE as well as for major, minor and a few trace elements. It is hoped that this first compilation report will encourage additional laboratories to participate in further studies of the PGE in these two CHR samples.