Progress in the Study of Deep Profiles of Tibet and the Himalayas (INDEPTH)

This paper introduces 8 major discoveries and new understandings with regard to the deep structure and tectonics of the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau obtained in Project INDEPTH, They are mainly as follows. (1) The upper crust, lower crust and mantle lithosphere beneath the blocks of the plateau form a "sandwich" structure with a relatively rigid-brittle upper crust, a visco-plastic lower crust and a relatively rigid-ductile mantle lithosphere. This structure is completely different from that of monotonous, cold and more rigid oceanic plates. (2) In the process of north-directed collision-compression of the Indian subcontinent, the upper crust was attached to the foreland in the form of a gigantic foreland accretionary wedge. The interior of the accretionary wedge thickened in such tectonic manners as large-scale thrusting, backthrusting and folding, and magmatic masses and partially molten masses participated in the crustal thickening. Between the upper crust and lower crust lies a large detachment (e.g     

青藏高原地球动力学初探

青藏高原是当今世界上最高、最大和最年轻的高原。青藏高原的地球动力学研究是一个复杂而饶有兴趣的问题。本文试图从高原的范围、地球物理特征、地震活动、构造演化和新构造运动等方面探讨其地球动力学过程。 从新构造分析,笔者着重指出,青藏高原是欧亚大陆板块中最活动的一个块体,它在造就中国乃至东亚新构造运动的格局方面,是一个十分重要的因素。     

Si—PIN探测器便携式X荧光分析仪在海洋多金属结核结壳分析中的应用

采用自行研制的Si-PIN探测器便携式X射线荧光分析仪对海洋多金属结核、富钴锰结壳样品进行了应用实验,测定了Ti、V、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、As、Sr、Y、Zr、Mo和Pb等多种元素,并考察了仪器在进行现场分析的可行性。实验证明Si-PIN便携式X射线荧光分析仪能够满足大洋多金属结核和结壳现场分析的基本要求。     

黄土高原土壤侵蚀(水蚀)多尺度过程与水土保持研究进展

从产生土壤侵蚀机理出发, 分别阐述了黄土高原地区的坡面、 沟谷、 小流域、 流域尺度上的土壤侵蚀(水蚀)研究现状与取得的进展.结合平凉城南侧泾河一级支沟的纸坊沟小流域治理实践和调查, 总结黄土高原地区水土流失治理和水保措施实施的经验及其存在的不足. 建议未来的研究向着"规划性"、 "综合性"、 "量化尺度性"、 "弱化尺度性"模型的研究方向发展, 这对提高地区水土保持质量、 改善水土流失治理现状、 实现水保效益最大化目标具有重要意义.     

西阿尔卑斯Zermatt-Saas洋壳深俯冲超高压变质带与我国新疆西南天山超高压变质带的比较

根据对西阿尔卑斯Zernatt-Saas带的野外地质考察及有关资料的总结,详细地介绍了西阿尔卑斯Zermatt-Saas洋壳深俯冲超高压变质带的地质概括、岩石组成和变质作用演化过程,并着重与我国新疆西南天山洋壳深俯冲超高压变质带进行了比较,探讨了这两个洋壳深俯冲超高压变质带在变质作用和地质演化方面的异同。在此基础上,总结了这两个目前世界上已知最典型的洋壳深俯冲超高压变质带的基本地质特征是都具有保存完好的洋壳岩石组合特征和较低的地热梯度。     

三江源地区土壤侵蚀类型研究

全球气候变暖导致三江源地区雪线上升,冰川后移,降水和径流减少,草场退化,土壤沙化,使本来就十分脆弱的生态环境更加恶化。根据三江源地区当前所处的实际情况,在分析三江源地区土壤侵蚀环境背景以及土壤侵蚀营力作用的基础上,归纳总结了三江源地区土壤侵蚀类型与特征,重点研究了冻融侵蚀分布范围和强度、分布规律以及评价指标体系。结果表明：三江源地区各种土壤侵蚀类型中,冻融侵蚀分布范围最广;不同强度的冻融侵蚀空间分布差异显著。     

华北陆台基底构造格局研究现状一瞥

专家们对华北陆台早前寒武纪基底构造格局形成与演化的认识既有共同点又有分歧。共同点是太古宙为形成刚性小陆块的时期 ,其成因可能与地幔柱的垂直增生有关 ,如TTG质岩类的大量增生与侵位。小陆块的构造拼合形成华北克拉通的主体。分歧焦点是陆块拼合的时代 :第一种认为小陆块的拼合发生在新太古代 ,即华北陆台在新太古代就已克拉通化 ,到古元古代时在伸展构造体制作用下 ,形成了一系列的裂谷或拗拉谷。第二种认为拼合发生在古元古代 ,即华北陆台是吕梁运动才克拉通化的。形成裂谷或拗拉谷的时期在中元古代     

近期乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川成冰带及雪层剖面特征研究

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川的成冰带20世纪60年代初,自下而上划分为4个成冰带;1988年,由于气候变暖,冰川上部的冷渗浸重结晶带消失,被渗浸带所取代.对近期1号冰川的成冰带进行了划分,并通过大量雪坑资料,研究论述了目前1号冰川雪层剖面的层位特征.研究发现,由于气候变暖,剖面特征和成冰带谱有由“冷”向“暖”的转化趋势.同时还发现,1号冰川东支顶部发生了强烈的消融现象,该处已由渗浸带转化为具有强烈消融特征的局部消融区.     

Recycled oceanic crust as a source for tonalite intrusions in the mantle section of the Khor Fakkan block,Semail ophiolite (UAE)

Several types of felsic granitoid rocks have been recognized, intrusive in both the mantle and the crustal sequence of the Semail ophiolite. Several models have been proposed for the source of this suite of tonalites, granodiorites, trondhjemites intrusions, however their genesis is still not clearly understood. The sampled Dadnah tonalites that intruded in the mantle section of the Semail ophiolite display arc-type geochemical characteristics, are high siliceous, low-potassic, metaluminous to weakly peraluminous, enriched in LILE, show positive peaks for Ba, Pb, Eu, negative troughs for U, Ti and occur with low δ¹⁸O_H2O, moderate ε_Sr and negative ε_Nd values. They have crystallized at temperatures that range from ∼550 °C to ∼720 °C and pressure ranging from 4.4 kbar to 6.5 kbar. The isotopic ages from our tonalite samples range between 98.6 Ma and 94.9 Ma, slightly older and overlapping with the age of the metamorphic sole. Our field observations, mineralogical, petrological, geochemical, isotopic and melt inclusion data suggest that the Dadnah tonalites formed by partial melting (∼10%–15% continuous or ∼12% batch partial melting), accumulation of plagioclase, fractional crystallization (∼55%–57%), and interaction with their host harzburgites. These tonalites were the end result of partial melting and subsequent contamination and mixing of ∼4% oceanic sediments with ∼96% oceanic lithosphere from the subducted slab. This MORB-type slab melt composed from ∼97% recycled oceanic crust and ∼3% of the overlying mantle.We suggest that a possible protolith for these tonalites was the basaltic lavas from the subducted oceanic slab that melted during the initial stages of the supra-subduction zone (SSZ), which was forming synchronously to the spreading ridge axis. The tonalite melts mildly modified due to low degree of mixing and interaction with the overlying lithospheric mantle. Subsequently, the Dadnah tonalites emplaced at the upper part of the mantle sequence of the Semail ophiolite and are geochemically distinct from the other mantle intrusive felsic granitoids to the south.     

冀京津地区燕山构造旋回岩石圈演化探讨

冀京津地区燕山构造旋回岩石圈的演化构成一个完整的构造演化旋回,岩石圈经历了晚三叠世早期拉张裂解(非造山)、晚三叠世晚期稳定过渡(前造山)、早侏罗世至早白垩世中期挤压板内造山(同造山)、早白垩世晚期至古新世稳定过渡(后造山)的发展演化阶段。在燕山构造旋回板内造山过程中,原有克拉通型岩石圈被强烈改造与再造,形成新的造山型岩石圈,这是燕山构造旋回最为重要的内容和板内造山的实质性结果。     

Deformation during exhumation of medium‐ and high‐grade metamorphic rocks in the Variscan chain in northern Sardinia (Italy)

The Anglona and SW Gallura regions represent key places to investigate the tectonic evolution of medium‐ and high‐grade metamorphic rocks cropping out in northern Sardinia (Italy). From south to north we distinguish two different metamorphic complexes recording similar deformation histories but different metamorphic evolution: the Medium Grade Metamorphic Complex (MGMC) and the High Grade Metamorphic Complex (HGMC). After the initial collisional stage (D1 deformation phase), both complexes were affected by three contractional deformational phases (D2, D3 and D4) followed by later extensional tectonics. The D2 deformation phase was the most significant event producing an important deformation partitioning that produced localized shearing and folding domains at the boundary between the two metamorphic complexes. We highlight the presence of two previously undocumented systems of shear belts with different kinematics but analogous orientation in the axial zone of Sardinia. They became active at the boundary between the MGMC and HGMC from the beginning of D2. They formed a transpressive regime responsible for the exhumation of the medium‐ and high‐grade metamorphic rocks, and overall represent a change from orthogonal to orogen‐parallel tectonic transport. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

化学改性土的工程分类研究

在已有研究成果和课题组工作的基础上,确立了化学改性土的分类原则,并将其分为5类:即无机类改性土、有机类改性土、无机有机复合类改性土、化学物理类改性土和污染土;给出了各类土的定义,并对它们的成因、工程性质、机理、用途以及优缺点进行了比较详细的分析.研究表明:5类化学改性土具有各自的工程性质特点和形成机理,并适用于不同的工程用途;其改性效果取决于改性材料的性质、被改性土的性质以及改性工艺等,其中化学-物理类改性土的工程性质最具有优势,而污染土一般不能满足工程的环境和强度要求,需要采取一定的措施后,才能作为工程材料使用.化学改性土在环境岩土工程领域中具有广阔的应用前景.     

走滑—拉分盆地构造特征及盆地成因模式探讨：以中非多赛奥盆地为例

立足于中非剪切带的构造演化，文章分析了中非剪切带对多赛奥盆地形成与演化的控制作用，明确了多赛奥盆地的 构造演化阶段，并从盆地结构和构造样式分析入手，探讨了多赛奥盆地的成因机制。研究表明，受中非剪切带“强—弱” 两期走滑作用控制，多赛奥盆地经历了扭张期、压扭期、拗陷期三期的构造演化阶段，扭张期为盆地的主要形成期，压扭 期为盆地构造定型期。在晚白垩世压扭期，盆地东、西部遭受不同程度的压扭作用，形成东部主坳区和西部压扭区，东部 主坳区遭受后期压扭作用较弱，表现为不对称的双断结构特征，而西部压扭区遭受强烈的后期压扭作用，地层发生弯曲变 形，Borogop II断裂发生正反转作用，形成大型正花状构造区。受早期扭张作用和后期压扭作用双重控制，多赛奥盆地发育 两类五种构造样式。右阶右旋作用机制形成的扭张作用控制了多赛奥和塞拉迈特走滑—拉分盆地的形成。     

Study on the geochemical characteristics of ocean-ridge and oceanic-island volcanic rocks in the Nan-Uttaradit zone,northern Thailand

Field investigations and laboratory integrated research as indicated that ophiolite mélange in the Nan-Uttaradit zone, northern Thailand, consists of fragments of tectonites such as metamorphic peridotite (extremely silicified serpentinite), cumulates (pyroxenolite, gabbro, and gabbro-diorite), ocean-ridge basalt, oceanic-island ba-salt and radiolarian silicalite, and it was formed during D3-P. The rock series, rock types and petrogeochemical characteristics of metamorphic tholeiites in the Nan area of the Nan-Uttaradit zone are similar to those of ocean-ridge basalts (C1) in China's Ailaoshan zone. As for the Hawaiites in the Nan area of the Nan-Uttaradit zone, their major elements, REEs and trace elements are similar to those of oceanic-island basalts in China's Jinshanjiang zone (P11). In the Uttaradit area of this zone the metamorphic alkaline basalts show transitional petrogeochemical characteristics between ocean-ridge basalts and oceanic-island basalts, which were still formed in oceanic-island environments. The above-described basalts are all oceanic volcanic rocks and they are the most important part of the Paleo-Tethys oceanic crust in the Nan-Uttaradit zone.     

走滑—拉分盆地构造特征及盆地成因模式探讨: 以中非多赛奥盆地为例

立足于中非剪切带的构造演化,文章分析了中非剪切带对多赛奥盆地形成与演化的控制作用,明确了多赛奥盆地的 构造演化阶段,并从盆地结构和构造样式分析入手,探讨了多赛奥盆地的成因机制。研究表明,受中非剪切带“强—弱” 两期走滑作用控制,多赛奥盆地经历了扭张期、压扭期、拗陷期三期的构造演化阶段,扭张期为盆地的主要形成期,压扭 期为盆地构造定型期。在晚白垩世压扭期,盆地东、西部遭受不同程度的压扭作用,形成东部主坳区和西部压扭区,东部 主坳区遭受后期压扭作用较弱,表现为不对称的双断结构特征,而西部压扭区遭受强烈的后期压扭作用,地层发生弯曲变 形,Borogop II断裂发生正反转作用,形成大型正花状构造区。受早期扭张作用和后期压扭作用双重控制,多赛奥盆地发育 两类五种构造样式。右阶右旋作用机制形成的扭张作用控制了多赛奥和塞拉迈特走滑—拉分盆地的形成。     

关于成矿参数临界转换的探讨

在成矿过程中，普遍存在矿参数的临界转换现象。在制约成临界转换的参数和多种形式中，构造动力转换可能起着根本的作用。文章以山东焦家、阜山等矿床为例，列举剪切带构造中的临界转换现象。又以火山爆发和地震为例，说明构造动力体制转换诱发的突发地质事件及伴随的成矿作用。在说明构造动力转换的多重尺度后，重点论述了整体构造背景下的局部转换（例如总体挤压背景下的局部拉张、总体拉张盆地中的局部封闭）是一常见的矿源－运输－汇聚结构。在构造动力体制转换带动下，多种参数的联动转换是形成大型矿床的一种机制。     

Lithosphere formation in the central Slave Craton (Canada): plume subcretion or lithosphere accretion?

Major-element compositions of minerals in peridotite xenoliths from the Lac de Gras kimberlites provide constraints on the mode of lithosphere formation beneath the central Slave Craton, Canada. Magnesia contents of reconstructed whole rocks correlate positively with NiO and negatively with CaO contents, consistent with variable partial melt extraction. Alumina and Cr₂O₃ contents are broadly positively correlated, suggestive of melt depletion in the absence of a Cr–Al phase. Garnet modes are high at a given Al₂O₃ content (a proxy for melt depletion), falling about a 7 GPa melt depletion model. These observations, combined with high olivine Mg# and major-element relationships of FeO-poor peridotites (<7.5 wt%) indicative of melt loss at pressures >3 GPa (residual FeO content being a sensitive indicator of melt extraction pressure), and similar high pressures of last equilibration (∼4.2 to 5.8 GPa), provide multiple lines of evidence that the mantle beneath the central Slave Craton has originated as a residue from high-pressure melting, possibly during plume subcretion. Apparent low melt depletion pressures for high-FeO peridotites (>7.5 wt%) could suggest formation in an oceanic setting, followed by subduction to their depth of entrainment. However, these rocks, which are characterised by low SiO₂ contents (<43 wt%), are more likely to be the result of post-melting FeO-addition, leading to spuriously low estimates of melt extraction pressures. They may have reacted with a silica-undersaturated melt that dissolved orthopyroxene, or experienced olivine injection by crystallising melts. A secular FeO-enrichment of parts of the deep mantle lithosphere is supported by lower average Mg# in xenolithic olivine (91.7) compared to olivine inclusions in diamond (92.6).     

亚热带森林岩溶区土壤CO_2迁移动态初步研究

贵州茂兰是研究森林覆盖下岩溶表层系统结构特征、运行规律的重要基地。本文初步研究了该地区碳迁移的若干特征 :(1)土壤剖面中CO2 浓度变化。秋、冬季土下CO2 浓度 ,5 0cm处始终高于 2 0cm处 ,而在春、夏季土壤剖面中CO2 浓度变化幅度大 ,2 0cm处的浓度时常高出5 0cm处。土下 2 0cm、 5 0cm处CO2 浓度在不同季节的变化趋势是夏季 (32 833× 10 - 6、 386 6 6× 10 - 6)春季 (2 4 4 16× 10 - 6,2 880 0× 10 - 6)秋季 (6 4 5 0× 10 - 6) ,142 16× 10 - 6>冬季 (3833× 10 - 6,8833× - 6) ,土下CO2 浓度变化趋势与温度和降雨量有较好的正相关关系。 2 0cm处的CO2 浓度变化与温度的相关系数r =0 89,与降雨量的相关系数r =0 70 ;5 0cm处的CO2 浓度变化与温度的相关系数r =0 6 9,与降雨量的相关系数r =0 6 6。 (2 )土壤呼吸释放CO2 的速率有类似的变化规律 :夏季为 339 6 8mg m- 2 h- 1、为 2 81 74mg m- 2 h- 1、秋季为 2 0 6 5 9mg m- 2 h- 1、冬季为 6 5 5 3mg m- 2 h- 1。年均排放量为 1 96kg m- 2 yr- 1。 (3)随水排泄HCO3 - 1是岩溶表层泉碳迁移的重要组分。表层泉水的HCO3 - 1浓度的季节变化与气温、月降雨量、土下 2 0cm处CO2浓度存在着负相关 ,其相关系数r =- 0 5 7、     

岩溶峰丛洼地不同环境水土流失差异及防治研究——以广西果化岩溶生态研究基地为例

与碎屑岩地区相比,特殊的岩溶水文地质结构,导致岩溶区存在不同的水土流失过程和特点,尤以峰丛洼地区最具代表性。通过广西平果县果化岩溶峰丛洼地土壤地表侵蚀和地下漏失的调查研究显示:洼地不同地貌部位水土流失差异较大,从山峰、垭口、山坡、山麓到洼地底部,土壤地下漏失模数分别为49.09 t/(km2·a)、212.06 t/(km2·a)、727.71 t/(km2·a)、1104.03 t/(km2·a)、909.11 t/(km2·a),分别占该点年均总土壤侵蚀模数的92.43%、96.24%、78.57%、70.88%和38.68%;不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀存在差异,其土壤侵蚀模数大小依次为坡耕地苦丁茶地苏木林地灌草坡牧草地。通过对该地区水土流失防治及石漠化综合治理,山峰主要涵养水源林、山坡主要发展生态产业防治水土漏失、洼地修建排水系统工程得到良好的效果,治理区土壤侵蚀模数从2003年到2010年下降了65%。     

西藏甲玛-卡军果推-滑覆构造系特征

通过矿区填图和路线调查,结合室内研究,指出:①甲玛-卡军果推-滑覆构造系由印度-欧亚板块碰撞引发,具有递进变形、自盆地中心向边部推覆、新盖老等特点,强变形于50Ma±。②推覆体下盘为叶巴组构造岩系;推覆体由上侏罗统和下白垩统碳酸盐-碎屑沉积岩系构成,主体为轴面北倾的复式褶皱,自南而北分为前部带、中部带和后部带。滑覆构造系推覆形成的复背斜轴部高位岩块失稳向北滑覆形成,自南而北分为后部带、中部带和前部带。③导致矿区蚀变的主要岩浆活动发生于推覆强变形后的松弛期,上侵受近南北向基底断裂和推覆断裂联合控制,就位受控于前部带推-滑覆褶断系,其后发生多次构造-岩浆-成矿液叠加,造就甲玛铜多金属矿床。