Vertical two-dimensional mechanism of tidal exchange in a bay with a sill-entrance

For a vertical two-dimensional field with a sill at a bay entrance, the tidal exchange mechanism is discussed.The schematic model is proposed as follows. The tidal trapping effect which is detected at the entrance section,i. e., the material transport due to the phase difference between the tidal periodic constituent of material concentration and tidal current at the entrance section, results because the oscillatory tidal flow at the sill entrance induces a gravitational flow along the sill slope inside the entrance. Accordingly, the tidal trapping effect depends largely upon the difference in water density between the bay and open sea and the density stratification in the bay.This model is supported by the observations at Kabira Cove (Okinawa Pref.) and Lake Hamana (Shizuoka Pref.) in 1976 through 1984. In addition, based on this model, in the case of Lake Hamana, the activity of the tidal exchange is inferred to change seasonally.     

丁字湾水文环境特征

本文依据丁字湾水文观测资料阐述了该湾温、盐度分布及变化特征，并对潮汐、潮流和余流进行了分析研究．结果表明：1．丁字湾温、盐度分布的月际差异明显．水温8月最高，盐度9月最低；水温日变化主要受太阳辐射的影响，盐度日变化则明显由潮汐所控制．2．该湾潮汐类型属正规半日潮，但潮汐日不等现象明显．3．该湾属于正规半日潮流区域，潮流运动以往复流为主。4．8月湾口中部余流从湾外流向湾内，湾口两端余流流向与中部相反；余流流速湾口中部大于两端。     

象山港水交换数值研究 Ⅱ.模型应用和水交换研究

使用水平二维对流－扩散型水交换模式模拟研究了象山港的水交换,对不同区域的水交换控制机理作了初步探讨,象山港水交换状况与其控制机制的区域性变化很大。牛鼻水道至佛渡水道是一个潮流较强的潮通道;９０％水交换周期为５天左右。象山港狭湾内水交换周期较长,湾顶处９０％水交换的周期约为８０天左右。     

象山港水交换特性研究

在验证良好的三维斜压潮流数学模型的基础上,以溶 解态的保守性物质为示踪剂,建立对流-扩散型的海湾水交换数值模型,计算了象山港水体半交换时间和平均滞留时间,并研究了斜压动力对湾内外水交换的贡献。研究结果表明,象山港水交换速度的区域性变化较大,水体半交换时间和平均滞留时间由象山港口门向湾顶逐渐增加,口门附近半交换时间在5d以内,平均滞留时间为5~10 d;湾顶水交换速度缓慢,水体半交换时间为30~35 d,平均滞留时间为35~40d。斜压动力对狭湾外段水交换影响较弱,对狭湾内段有较大的影响。     

普兰店湾潮滩养殖围堰工程拆除前后水动力特征的数值分析

普兰店湾四周大量的滩涂逐步被开发成海参及贝类围堰养殖池塘,致使普兰店湾出现自然岸线不断萎缩、水体交换通道堵塞等系列问题,通过拓宽海湾水体交换通道恢复其水文和水动力条件是重要的手段之一。文章采用 MIKE21 模型对普兰店湾的潮流分布特征进行数值模拟,在潮位、流速模拟验证的基础上,对比分析了养殖围堰拆除工程实施前后普兰店湾的水动力情况。结果表明：养殖围堰拆除区域的局部滩涂流速增大,其值在0.3~0.4 m/s左右变化,围堰拆除对于距离在1.5 km以内的海域有一定影响,而对较远的金州湾及外海的整体流场基本无影响;拆除养殖围堰拓宽了普兰店湾的水域面积,提高了湾内的涨落潮流速,湾内的纳潮量增大了8.535%,位于北岸的养殖池拆除区域流场呈现明显的潮滩特征,上述变化有利于加快潮滩上盐沼植物、海洋生物生境的营养物质交换。     

Numerical analysis on water exchange and its response to the coastal engineering in the Yueqing Bay in China

On the basis of a numerical model of tidal current using Delft3D, the distribution of the semi - exchange time of water was simula- ted in the Yueqing Bay here. The result showed that the semi - exchange time was about more than 6 d in the bay end, and about 1～2 d in the bay mouth. Besides, based on the calculation of the semi - exchange time before and after the Xuanmen Dam pro- ject, a comparison between them was further carried out. And the same work was also done with the recent reclamation projects in the Yueqing Bay as well. The results showed that the change in semi - exchange time caused by the Xuanmen Dam project was a- bout 6 d increase near the dam and 4.5 d increase at the bay end. And it was about 5 d increase at the bay end and 1 d increase at the mouth of the bay caused by the recent reclamation projects.     

Water exchange in Kabira Cove,Ishigaki Island

The mechanism and rate of water exchange were investigated in Kabira Cove, Ishigaki Island, in the southernmost part of Japanese islands, near Taiwan. During observations in the summers of 1976 and 1977, a larger proportion of the salt transport into the bay was derived from the so-called “tidal trapping effect”. In the latter period of observation carried out after heavy rain brought by a seasonal typhoon under annual mean tidal conditions, the turnover time, i.e. the scale of replacement of the whole bay water with the open sea water, is estimated to be 3.6 days. Based on these observational results, a concept of the tidal trapping due to coupling of the actions of tides and buoyancy in a vertical two-dimensional field with a sill at the bay mouth is proposed. Considering the topographical, hydrometeorological and geographical conditions of the cove, it is inferred that this water exchange process tends to be formed in Kabira Cove in summer except during neap tides.     

大亚湾及其邻近海域冬季温度、盐度的分布及日变化特征

根据2018年1月冬季航次的水文实测资料,详细分析了大亚湾海水温度(T)、盐度(S)的分布特征。整体而言,观测海区海表相对于海底具有高温低盐的特征;同时,无论是表层还是近底层,大亚湾湾内的海水相对于湾外都呈现高温低盐的特征。观测期间,应是受到大亚湾核电站温排水的影响,湾内西侧存在一个高温中心。盐度的差异在近底层更加明显,低盐中心位于大亚湾的湾顶和大亚湾的中部海域,而高盐中心则主要分布于湾口西侧及惠东以东附近海域。太阳辐射和潮流变化是影响大亚湾温度、盐度变化的两大重要因素。其中,太阳辐射的影响主要局限于表层3~4 m,对近底层海水的影响较小;其加热效应使湾内和湾口附近的表层海水都表现出明显的昼夜变化。由潮汐和温度、盐度的对应关系可知,潮流对湾内温度、盐度的影响较大,而对湾外温度、盐度的影响较小。     

湾口建闸海湾水体交换及景观水位数值模拟

大幅度的潮位变动对近岸景观和亲水性有较大影响,为此往往在湾口建闸控制湾内潮位变动,通过设置景观水位改善以上问题,但这将带来湾内的水动力及水体交换条件下降。本研究以马銮湾为例通过潮流数学模型模拟,研究湾口开闸孔数、开闸位置及不同景观水位与湾内水动力和水体交换的关系。利用湾口闸门调度,在湾内形成大尺度环流提高水体交换效率,对马銮湾景观水位和闸门调度方式提出了建议,有效地解决了湾内潮差减小引起水体交换效率减低的问题。     

Numerical study on tidal currents and seawater exchange in the Benoa Bay, Bali, Indonesia

A three-dimensional （3-D） finite volume coastal ocean model （FVCOM） was used for the study of water cir culation and seawater exchange in the Benoa Bay, Bali Island. The M2 tidal component was forced in open boundary and discharge from six rivers was included in the numerical calculation. The M2 tidal elevation produced by the FVCOM has a good agreement with the observation data. The M2 tidal current is also suc cessfully calculated under the ebb tide and flood tide conditions. The non-linear M2 tidal residual current was produced by the coastline geometry, especially surrounding the narrow strait between the Serangan Is- land and the Benoa Peninsula. The tidal residual current also generated two small eddies within the bay and one small eddy in the bay mouth. The salinity distribution influenced by river discharge could be success- fully calculated, where the numerical calculation and the observation results have a good correlation （r2） of 0.75. Finally in order to examine the seawater exchange in the Benoa Bay, the Lagrangian particle tracking method and calculation of residence time are applied. The mechanism of particle transport to the flushing of seawater is depicted clearly by both methods.     

伶仃洋河口水域纳潮特性分析

为阐明伶仃洋河口水域纳潮现状和特性,分别采用经验公式和建立贴体曲线坐标系下的珠江河口二维数学模型的方法,对河口伶仃洋水域的纳潮特性进行了分析和探讨.数学模型的离散和求解采用纯隐格式的混合有限分析法,根据实测资料对其进行了验证.比较显示,采用实测资料和经验公式计算到的伶仃洋水域纳潮量与数学模型的计算结果相差在5%以内,从而证实了数学模型的可靠性.结果表明,伶仃洋海域的主要纳潮口门为伶仃洋口门,约占总纳潮量的87.7%,通过香港暗士顿水道进出的潮量仅占12.3%左右,显示伶仃洋口门为该海域的主要径潮通道,对该河口的防洪和生态具有重要的作用     

湄洲湾潮流特性的数值研究

本文运用一个含动边界的二维河口海岸动力模型模拟了湄洲湾潮汐潮流的基本特征,模拟结果与实测数据吻合较好．在此基础上估算了湄洲湾大、小潮过程的纳潮量,并根据湾内保守示踪物的质量（浓度）随涨、落潮流周期性的变化,进一步估算了湄洲湾的水交换周期,其半交换和80％的交换周期分别为5d和15d．同时可以看出,主航道深水区的水交换特性明显强于湾顶浅水区．     

胶州湾水交换及湾口潮余流特征的数值研究

利用基于普林斯顿海洋模式建立的胶州湾及临近海域潮汐潮流数值模型,结合胶州湾口走航式声学多普勒海流剖面仪(ADCP)测流资料,研究了胶州湾口的潮(余)流特征,并在潮流模型的基础上耦合建立了水质模块,模拟了胶州湾的水交换过程。考虑M2,S2,K1,O1,M4和MS4六个主要分潮,胶州湾口潮流场的模拟与ADCP观测数据吻合较好。外湾口水道上的潮流非常强,大潮期间观测到201 cm/s的峰值流速。团岛岬角的两侧分别存在一个流向相反的余流涡旋,两涡旋在团岛附近辐合,形成了57 cm/s的离岸强余流。整个胶州湾平均水体存留时间为71 d,平均半交换时间为25 d。胶州湾水体交换能力在空间分布上有很大差异:湾口海域最强,向湾顶逐渐减弱。湾内存在两个弱交换区,分别位于湾的西-西南部和东北端,水体存留时间多超过80 d,湾西局部水域最长达120 d,而半交换时间也大多超过40 d。潮流场的结构、强度,以及与湾口距离的远近是造成湾内水交换能力空间差异的主要原因。     

福建诏安湾海域表层沉积物粒度特征及输运趋势分析

通过对诏安湾海域6个站位的水文泥沙观测和181个表层沉积物样品的粒度分析,结合海湾水深地形,应用Gao?Collins粒径输运模型和系统聚类分析方法,分析研究了福建诏安湾海域的粒度参数分布特征、表层沉积物的运移趋势和沉积环境划分及其动力机制.结果表明,诏安湾表层沉积物共6种类型,以黏土质粉砂和砂为主,平均粒径介于0.5...     

围海造陆条件下排海高温浓盐水对渤海湾温盐场分布影响模拟及预测

自2000年以来围绕渤海湾的围海工程剧增,致使工程区附近潮流场发生变化,进而影响排海高温浓盐水的时空分布特征。本文通过建立2000年和2015年两种不同岸线、地形条件下的三维数学模型对渤海湾沿岸3个电厂高温浓盐水表层排海问题进行模拟,研究结果表明,渤海湾的潮流场和高温浓盐水输移扩散特征在近十几年发生了较大变化:工程后,渤海湾平均盐度增大0.203,平均温度升高了0.105℃,同时曹妃甸附近海域浓盐水输移扩散速度明显增加。增大排放口流量至12.7 m3/s,湾内最高温度为26.46℃,较2015年最高温度增加了2.72℃。本文模型可准确模拟及预测排海废水盐度、温度分布特征,为合理布置水电联产设备排放口的位置提供理论基础。     

A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and salinity transport model of estuarine circulation with an application to a macrotidal estuary

A three-dimensional semi-implicit finite volume numerical model has been developed and applied to study tidal circulation and salinity stratification in the region of Oujiang River Estuary, China. The model employs horizontally unstructured grids and boundary-fitted coordinate system in the vertical direction. Governing equations consisting of continuity, momentum, and transport equations are all solved in the integral form of the equations, which provides a better representation of the conservative laws for mass, momentum, and transport in the coastal region with complex geometry and bottom bathymetry. The model performance was firstly quantified with skill assessment statistics on the choice of different parameters and validated with observed tidal elevation, current velocity, direction and salinity data over a spring–neap tidal cycle collected in 2006. Numerical results show that the model with wetting–drying capability successfully simulated the tidal currents and salinity fields with a reasonable accuracy and indicate that the Oujiang River Estuary is a macrotidal estuary with strong tidal mixing. In addition, the model results also show that the Oujiang River Estuary is a well-mixed estuary during spring tide. Then, the numerical simulations were performed to compare the hydrodynamic process and salinity distribution before and after a river training, which was conducted by blocking the south branch of the Oujiang River mouth. The results reveal that with the only north access to the sea, the influence of the blocking project on the flood discharge capacity is limited and the incremental velocity is beneficial to the navigation channel maintenance, although it will cause some scour to the embankment. Furthermore, the redistribution of tidal prism passing in or out the north branch makes a little severe salinity intrusion during high tide or low tide. However, the salinity intrusion is still within acceptable range, although it can cause some adverse effect on water intaking of production and life. The variations of salinity levels in Yueqing Bay situated at the north of the river mouth are not obvious, so the blocking project will not bring damage to local aquiculture. However, significant changes of salinity happen inside or outside of the south branch, so enough attention need to be paid to the changes of environment caused by the salinity variation after the blocking project. Overall, by weighing advantages and disadvantages of the blocking project, it is feasible and the model can be considered as a tool for managing and studying estuarine circulation.     

Prediction of salinity intrusion in the sheltered estuary of Terengganu River in Malaysia using 1-D empirical intrusion model

Generally one dimensional(1-D) empirical salinity intrusion model is limited to natural alluvial estuary. However,this study attempts to investigate its ability to model a sheltered alluvial estuary of the Terengganu River in Malaysia. The constructed breakwater at the mouth of the river shelters the estuary from direct influence of the open sea. The salinity density along the estuary was collected during the wet and dry seasons for scenarios before and after the constructed breakwater. Moreover, the freshwater discharges, tidal elevations and bathymetry data were also measured as model inputs. A good fit was demonstrated between simulated and observed variables,namely salinity distribution and intrusion length for both scenarios. Thus, the results show that 1-D empirical salinity model can be utilized for sheltered estuarine condition at the Terengganu Estuary, but with an appropriate determination of an initial point. Furthermore, it was observed that the salinity intrusion in the study area is largely dependent on the freshwater discharge rather than tidal elevation fluctuations. The scale of the salinity intrusion length in the study area is proportional to the river discharge of the –1/2 power. It was appeared that the two lines of the 1-D empirical salinity model and discharge power based equation fitted well to each other, with the average predicted minimum freshwater discharge of 150 m3/s is going to be required to maintain acceptable salinity levels during high water slack(HWS) near the water intake station, which is located at 10.63 km from river mouth.     

象山港多年围填海工程对水动力影响的累积效应

由于土地资源开发和围塘养殖等需要,多年以来象山港实施了大量的围填海工程.单个的小面积围填海工程对海湾的影响并不大,但是在较长时间段内,多个围填海工程的累积效应却比较明显.本文在POM(Princeton Ocean Model)模型的基础上,利用动边界处理技术,针对1963,2003和2010年3个不同时期的岸线与地形...     

The concept of tidal exchange and the tidal exchange ratio

The principal character of the tidal exchange process is neither diffusion nor advection, but a third category of transport, “Massenaustausch”, which appears in the space/time averaged transport. The exchange process can be divided into four fluxes: the flux of standing eddies, the flux of tidal exchange, the flux of tidal eddies and the flux of local eddies. The results of observations at the entrance channel of Kumihama-Bay show a typical example of transport dominated by tidal exchange. The tidal exchange ratio defined by Parkeret al. (1972) applies to the process of exchange between the outflowing watermass and the surrounding watermass outside of the bay mouth, but this should also be considered as being coupled with the ratio for the process of exchange between the inflowing watermass and the surrounding watermass inside of the bay mouth. These two exchange ratios can be combined into a single exchange ratio which describes the exchange process between the outer watermass and the bay water.     

潮汐驱动下的辽东湾水动力及入海污染物输移特征

通过建立水动力学模型、物质输运模型和年龄模型,对渤海辽东湾潮汐驱动下的水动力状况和污染物输移扩散过程进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明,辽东湾海域入海径流对辽东湾整体流场和水交换过程影响不大,其主要影响集中在河口附近海域。在潮汐的驱动下,辽东湾内形成了复杂的环流结构,辽东湾南北海域分别存在顺时针、逆时针的环流,而辽东湾湾口又存在逆时针环流,使得水交换能力较弱,对辽东湾向外海的物质输运产生不利影响,湾顶附近海域的物质主要通过扩散过程与外海进行交换。年龄模型的计算结果表明,辽东湾河流入海污染物在河口附近停留时间较长,向远区的输运需要较长时间。入海污染物的影响具有局地性,对局部海域水质尤其是辽东湾湾顶的水质会产生不利影响。