Magnetovariation and magnetotelluric parameters of longitudinally inhomogeneous structures

The analysis of magnetovariation (MV) and magnetotelluric (MT) parameters is performed for the models of elongated structures whose electric conduction varies along the length. The common feature of models with a different ratio of conduction is that MV parameters substantially differ from their two-dimensional counterparts. The same situation is also observed for longitudinal curves of impedance.     

二维大地电磁各向异性参数对视电阻率的影响研究

大地电磁法是广泛应用于深部地质结构探测、油气和矿产资源勘查等领域的一种地球物理方法.电性各向异性对电磁观测数据有很大影响,但介质各向异性参数对不同模式视电阻率的影响还较少有较为系统的研究.本文基于Maxwell方程组,推导了二维大地电磁场在任意各向异性介质中电场和磁场相互耦合的变分方程,结合有限单元法及并行计算编写了二维大地电磁任意各向异性正演程序,采用三角形网格剖分.验证程序正确性后,以倾斜板状体作为模型来研究三个主轴电阻率及三个旋转欧拉角和四种模式的视电阻率之间的关系.结果表明,主轴各向异性时,xy模式视电阻率几乎只受x方向电阻率影响,yx模式视电阻率主要受y方向电阻率影响,但同时也受z方向电阻率一定影响;三个欧拉角中只有倾角不为零时,yx模式视电阻率受倾角大小的影响较大,xy模式视电阻率几乎不受倾角的影响;只有走向角不为零时,四种模式的视电阻率同时受x、y两个主轴电阻率和走向角的大小的影响.     

Asthenospheric parameters of dipping plate regions by magnetotelluric investigations

The multifrequency resolving capability of the electromagnetic surface impedance parameter, employed in magnetotelluric investigations, has been examined for an upper mantle model incorporating (1) a deep-seated lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary and (2) preferred orientations of olivine crystals in the lithosphere, usually associated with the subducting plate boundary zones. Numerical results display the quantitative errors in the resolution of various anisotropic and dipping plate conditions. It is found that (1) conductivity anisotropy, particularly with higher dips, causes a significant dispersion in the impedance values and higher resolving power, and (2) variations in the geometrical/physical parameters are reflected predominantly in the phase component of the surface impedance. The study has relevance to the understanding of the electrical nature of materials, its relationship with physical properties and associated geothermal and seismic activities in the dipping plate regions.     

Increased resolution of subsurface parameters from 1D magnetotelluric modeling

In electric and electromagnetic techniques, it is well known that the principle of equivalence poses a problem in the interpretation of subsurface layers. This means the inversion problem can provide the conductivity-thickness product more confidently than the individual parameters — conductivity and thickness — separately. The principle of equivalence corresponds to the middle layer in a three-layer earth structure. In order to resolve this problem, we have touched upon the different formulae of apparent resistivity proposed by earlier workers considering the real and imaginary parts of the impedance tensor and designed a new formula to compute apparent resistivity for different models. We observed that the application of our new formula for apparent resistivity using the combination of real and imaginary parts of the impedance has a better resolution as compared to earlier conventional formulae of apparent resistivity. These results have been demonstrated through both forward and inverse modeling schemes.     

Computation of telluric field and apparent resistivity over an anticline

Summary A combination of Schwarz-Christofel method and numerical methods of solving non-linear differential equations has enabled us to solve for the effect of an anticline on the telluric field and apparent resistivity. From the computed anomaly curves we conclude that complete information about an anticline can be obtained only if its height is at least thirty per cent of the total depth to the basement. However, partial information; e.g., depth to the top of an anticline, can be obtained even for smaller anticlines.     

Processing of magnetotelluric data

The processing of magnetotelluric data involves concepts from electromagnetic theory, time series analysis and linear systems theory for reducing natural electric and magnetic field variations recorded at the earth's surface to forms suitable for studying the electrical properties of the earth's interior.The electromagnetic field relations lead to either a scalar transfer impedance which couples an electric component to an orthogonal magnetic component at the surface of a plane-layered earth, or a tensor transfer impedance which couples each electric component to both magnetic components in the vicinity of a lateral inhomogeneity.A number of time series spectral analysis methods can be used for estimating the complex spectral coefficients of the various field quantities. These in turn are used for estimating the nature of the transfer function or tensor impedance. For two dimensional situations, the tensor impedance can be rotated to determine the principal directions of the electrical structure.In general for real data, estimates of the apparent resistivity are more stable when calculated from the tensor elements rather than from simple orthogonal field ratios (Cagniard estimates), even when the fields are measured in the principal coordinates.     

大地电磁测深中大地电场的高精度采集技术

大地电磁测深需要采集正交的天然电磁场信号,其中大地电场信号微弱且易受环境噪声影响.为了提高大地电场的测量精度,本文通过试制新型Pb-PbCl2不极化电极和改变电极的掩埋方式,室内和野外对比实验结果表明:试制电极具有级差小、稳定时间长的优点;采用加桶加水的方式掩埋电极,不仅可以提高电极极差的稳定性,还有利于减小电极极差突变的机率;电极掩埋深度对电极的稳定性影响很大,深埋电极可以有效抑制电极极差的漂移.另外,野外大地电磁数据采集时难免会遇到了一些沙漠、河流等特殊地形,采用传统的测量方式无法采集到精确的大地电场信号,本文通过对比实验,总结了在特殊地形条件下大地电磁信号采集的技术要点,如在沙漠地区,电极坑中应加入大量泥浆以减小电极的接地电阻,当测点在河流附近时,电极对不应跨过河面,减小自然电位对大地电场的影响.     

Theoretical analysis of telluric anomaly of a basin structure

The solution of a boundary value problem modelling a two-dimensional basin structure has been obtained by using the Schwartz-Christoffel conformal transformation technique and numerical methods of solving non-linear differential equations. Utilizing this solution, the telluric field and its first horizontal derivative have been theoretically computed for field directions perpendicular to the strike of the structure. On the basis of systematic analysis of a large number of such anomaly curves, two nomograms have been prepared to be used in the quantitative interpretation of telluric data. An interpretation procedure to evaluate the geometric parameters of the basin from the observed telluric data is outlined. This procedure is demonstrated on an actual field example.     

三分量地震记录的互相关分析

地震波场本质上是三维矢量波场, 单分量记录实际上是三维矢量震动在某一方向上的部分投影. 本文基于单分量地震记录互相关公式, 提出了一种新的适合三分量地震波形记录多元互相关运算的简易方法, 并以2008年汶川M_S8.0地震余震序列波形为例, 对其进行了效果验证. 结果表明, 相对单分量互相关, 该方法可以得到更为合理的全局最优结果, 解决波形识别匹配工作中不同分量间的差异问题. 该方法还可以利用不同分量间的“同源”信息, 有效压制随机噪声, 并从理论上说明其合理性. 其原理及计算过程均较为简单, 整体运算量较小, 适用于目前“大数据”时代的地震数据处理.      

Empirical estimates of dynamic parameters on a large set of European buildings

During a three year-period, the participants of a NATO Science for Peace project performed ambient noise measurements inside buildings in four European countries. This paper reports the results relevant to reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with height in the range 1–20 floors. The total number of such buildings surveyed is 244. The most striking feature is the similarity of the height-period relationships in the four countries, which allowed the treatment of the all measurements as a single database. We found no significant correlation with other variables, and calculated a regression that is very similar to other empirical height-period relationships and quite different from code provisions and theoretical models.     

Theoretical analysis of telluric field over a faulted basement

Summary The telluric field anomalies over a faulted basement are computed along profiles, perpendicular to the strike of the fault planes. Schwarz-Christoffel transformations, numerical method of solving non-linear differential equations and graphical crossplotting are used to obtain the solution of the boundary value problem. Computed anomaly curves reveal that (i) quantitative estimation regarding the width of the structure and throw of the faulting can be made from the telluric and its horizontal derivative maximal by graphical crossplotting, (ii) degree of resolution decreases with the increasing depth of the structure, (iii) the effects of a faulted basement (rectangular ridge) and those of a folded basement (triangularrridge) (Roy andNaidu [2]) are similar to a considerable extent.     

Cross-correlation of random fields: mathematical approach and applications

Random field cross‐correlation is a new promising technique for seismic exploration, as it bypasses shortcomings of usual active methods. Seismic noise can be considered as a reproducible, stationary in time, natural source. In the present paper we show why and how cross‐correlation of noise records can be used for geophysical imaging. We discuss the theoretical conditions required to observe the emergence of the Green's functions between two receivers from the cross‐correlation of noise records. We present examples of seismic imaging using reconstructed surface waves from regional to local scales. We also show an application using body waves extracted from records of a small‐scale network. We then introduce a new way to achieve surface wave seismic experiments using cross‐correlation of unsynchronized sources. At a laboratory scale, we demonstrate that body wave extraction may also be used to image buried scatterers. These works show the feasibility of passive imaging from noise cross‐correlation at different scales.     

采集参数对音频大地电磁法二维非线性共轭梯度反演结果的影响研究

非线性共轭梯度(NLCG)算法广泛应用于音频大地电磁法(AMT)二维反演中,并且取得了良好效果.本文以Rodi(2001)提出的大地电磁法二维NLCG反演理论和算法为基础,开展AMT野外数据采集参数(测线长度、点距、频点数)对二维反演效果的影响研究.通过低阻理论模型的试验结果表明:野外数据采集参数的选择应该以探测目标体的规模、深度以及背景电阻率为依据,测线长度应大于目标体宽度和探测深度的两倍以上,异常体上方测点数及探测深度范围内的频点数至少大于三个.     

一种大地电磁多尺度、多时段探测方法

天然电磁波不仅沿着深度方向衰减,而且沿着水平横向方向也有同样的效应,这是大地电磁测深产生体积效应的原因之一,其分辨率随着深度的增加急剧下降.对于较低的频率范围,地表布设过于密集的测点并不能提高深部探测分辨率.在进行野外数据观测时,随着频率的降低,采集所需时间成本成指数增长,野外施工成本也随之大大增加.因此,利用疏密不同的测点分布分别约束深浅结构更为经济.本文提出一种大地电磁多尺度、多时段探测方法.在该方法中,按照探测深度将测点分为疏密不同的几组,对于小间距组别的测点,采用短的观测时间获得较高频率范围数据;对于大间距组别的测点,采用长的观测时间获得较低频率范围数据.通过合成数据和实测数据的检验,这种方式可以在节省一倍至两倍总体观测时间的条件下取得与传统观测方式等同的探测结果.论文详细阐述了多尺度、多时段探测方法的原理和实现步骤,同时利用二维、三维理论模型响应和实测数据反演验证该方法的有效性.

     

Analysis of electrojet-distorted magnetotelluric sounding curves

South America presents several unique geomagnetic features, one of which is the Equatorial Electrojet (EEJ), a current system which extends itself east to west in Northeastern Brazil for almost 3500 km. Considering the fact that the influence of this phenomenon at low magnetic latitudes can be detected at great distances from its central axis, it is important to simulate its effect in magnetotelluric (MT) exploration. To accomplish this and by the use of an integral equation scheme, we have modeled the MT response of confined three-dimensional (3D) bodies (dykes in an homogeneous half-space) and deep 3D structures (horst and graben located at Marajo Basin in Northern Brazil). As the inductive source, we replace the classical plane wave source by a common line of current, besides gaussian and undulatory electrojets. The results of the modelling indicate that the studied effect is prominent in both one-dimensional (1D) and 3D media for periods (T) greater than 10 s. It decreases with distance, but it is detectable as far as 3000 km from the center of the EEJ. It is also observed that for T greater than 10 s, the computed soundings can be strongly distorted, mainly by EEJ effects in the host medium which, in turn, cause changes in the final branch of the 3D soundings. For structures in the Marajo Basin, our results reveal that the 3D galvanic effect prevails in the interval 0.1<T<10 s, while source influence occurs mainly for T>10 s. On the other hand, automatic inversion of these 3D data shows that, in equatorial regions having complex geology, some errors arise in conventional 1D interpretation of the MT soundings. This is due to the superposition of the host medium response, the galvanic effect of 3D structures, and the EEJ influence.     

大地电磁场成像方法综述与新进展

对电磁场成像技术进行了系统总结，分析阐述了大地电磁场成像技术的研究现状与存在问题，并对各种方法的特点进行了比较和归纳，进而在Zhdanov等对偏移电磁场的研究和成像技术基础上提出了改进的有限差分法大地电磁场偏移成像技术，该方法提高了差分方程的精度和成像分辨率，并对客观选取背景电导率、两种极化模式联合成像、多参数和再次成像以及全频段成像和成像结合反演技术进行了研究。     

大地电场岩体裂隙模型的应用基础与震例解析

应用大地电场岩体裂隙模型,对中国大陆主要块体内电磁环境、装置系统较好的40个台站进行分析,发现80%场地岩体裂隙结构处于发育阶段、15%场地裂隙处于排列有序的长大阶段、5%场地岩体较破碎,这些不同阶段的岩体裂隙结构对应着不同的大地电场幅度、方向变化特征.通过对2013年至2018年3月中国大陆6次典型震例解析,发现在强震震中200 km范围内,岩体裂隙处于长大或发育好的场地较集中,而且这些场地在强震前更容易发生岩体剪裂、裂隙优势方位偏转和大幅度突跳等结构变异,200 km外场地裂隙优势方位多发生突跳现象.总体上,这些现象还具有时间准同步性、场地选择性特点.

     

Some aspects of magnetotelluric field procedures

Progress in magnetotelluric field procedures that has taken place over the past few years is reported upon. These include calibration procedure of equipment, misorientation effects, recording characteristics, in-field processing and trend towards future developments.     

大地电磁测深反演方法现状与评述

如何通过改进大地电磁测深(MT)反演方法来提高数据解释的精确度一直都是大地电磁测深研究领域的重要课题.本文以作者所在研究组从事的科研项目为依托,介绍了国内外主要的大地电磁反演方法.通过总结将反演方法分为定性近似反演方法、基于目标函数的线性或非线性选代反演方法和全局搜索最优反演方法三大类,并从目标函数构建、灵敏度矩阵计算...