Two examples of spectral approach to source depth estimation in gravity and magnetics

Fourier transformation of gravity and magnetic anomalies from space to the frequency domain provides aready method for source depth estimation since progressively deeper sources are indicated by the lower frequency components of an anomaly. Two examples are presented here to demonstrate the efficacy of this approach. One example pertains to the interpretation of vertical intensity magnetic anomalies over a layered ultramafic body for estimating the thickness of relatively non-magnetic layer in it and map the dispositions of the layers. The other example is the estimation of crustal thickness in the Indian region from the Bouguer anomaly map. The spectral method is shown, by these two examples, to provide a rapid and elegant tool for the source depth estimation for magnetic and gravity data.     

关于中国海陆莫霍面深度图编绘的思考

莫霍面是地壳和上地幔的分界面,是一个重要的密度界面.布格重力异常与莫霍面深度之间具有紧密的联系,利用重力异常反演莫霍面深度成是研究莫霍面深度和编制莫霍面深度图的主要手段之一.本文总结了前人编制莫霍图的方法和结果,并加以分析讨论.提出应用布格重力异常反演中国海陆莫霍面深度的方法与技术,并考虑到中国海、陆构造的一体性,进行海陆统一编图以展示莫霍面的海、陆演化与构造关系.     

新疆精河6.6级地震周边地区密度构造、均衡异常以及岩石圈挠曲机理

依据EIGEN-6C4重力模型和ETOPO1高程模型数据,围绕新疆精河6.6级地震展开岩石圈均衡与挠曲机理研究,得到如下结论：（1）震中附近的布格与自由空气重力异常分别为-221和-92mGal(10~(-5 )m·s~(-2)）,震中位于重力异常高梯度带上;（2）震中周边地区地壳厚度约为50km,密度结构总体变化平缓,东西方向地壳厚度变化较小,但自南向北地壳厚度逐渐变薄,精河6.6级地震初始破裂发生在上中地壳分界面附近;（3）震中附近岩石圈承载的垂向构造应力为20MPa左右,震中位于岩石圈垂向构造应力极大值附近的高梯度带上;（4）地震周边地区岩石圈有效弹性厚度最优解为26km,加载比最优解为F_1=1,F_2=F_3=0,表明该区域岩石圈相对坚硬,且导致岩石圈变形的初始加载全部来自地表．     

Three-dimensional gravimetric modelling to detect the deep structure of the region Vogtland/NW-Bohemia

The occurrence of swarm earthquakes in the Vogtland/NW-Bohemia area results probably from the physical interactions of fluids, the stress field and the geometry of the geological units. Therefore the present study aims at the development of a 3-D density model of the region with a vertical range of 35 km. A new Bouguer anomaly map is presented containing about 17 000 gravity data points. Prominent Bouguer anomalies are produced by the granites of Eibenstock and Karlovy Vary (low with −75 mGal), the metabasites near Mariánzké Lázně (high with 5 mGal) and the Münchberg Gneiss Massif (gravity high of Hof with 10 mGal). The geometry of the internal model structures correspond to geological units and, thus, the modelled gravity fits well the observed Bouguer anomaly. The 3-D gravimetric modellings indicate detailed geometries of the geological settings. With regard to the periodic occurrence of swarm earthquakes in the Vogtland region the existence of an upwelling mantle or a magmatic body is investigated. Precise information only can be given, if the vertical extension of the near surface bodies is known.     

A REGIONAL GRAVITY STUDY OF THE NORTHERN NORTH SEA (56–62° N)*

A Bouguer gravity anomaly map is presented of the North Sea and adjacent land areas in Norway and Denmark, covering an area situated between 56° and 62°N, 1°W and 10°E. The gravity data from the UK sector of the North Sea, the land and offshore areas of Denmark, and the land areas of Norway have been published before. However, the gravity data from the Norwegian sector of the North Sea are new. A large number (about 60) of individual gravity features can be defined in the mapped area. Most of those situated in the UK sector of the North Sea and on land in Norway have been discussed earlier; however, most of the anomalies found elsewhere which are qualitatively interpreted here have not been discussed before. An interpreted Bouguer anomaly map is presented which identifies all these features. The majority of the gravity anomalies encountered in the mapped area can be shown to be associated with one of the following geological features: (i) basement highs, (ii) large bodies of heavy basic or ultrabasic rock in the crystalline basement, (iii) large igneous intrusions within the sedimentary column and thick accumulations of volcanic rocks or their associated eruption centers, (iv) major basement faults. Large-scale geological structures such as the Central, Viking and Sogn Grabens and the East Shetland, Stord, Forth Approaches and Norwegian-Danish Basins are essentially in isostatic equilibrium and are only locally marked by relatively weak gravity minima. A residual gravity anomaly map has been produced by subtracting from the observed Bouguer anomalies the estimated gravity effect of an assumed thinned crust. This residual gravity anomaly map shows a number of features of the Bouguer anomaly field with greater clarity.     

Basement relief map of kalabsha and seiyal areas, northwest of Aswan lake, Egypt

The Bouguer anomaly map of the Kalabsha and Seiyal areas was analysed on the basis of the available data about the depth to the basement from three boreholes. The density contrast between the basement complex and the Nubia formation was estimated from the gravity values and basement depths. Applying the estimated value of the density contrast, a residual map representing the basement effect and a basement relief map were constructed. The basement depth in Kalabsha and Seiyal areas range from 150 to 500 m below mean sea level. Comparing the general characteristics of the Bouguer anomaly of the Kalabsha and Seiyal areas with the clusters of earthquakes in the area since 1982 till present reveals a gravity low coinciding with a deep focal area. The gravity values increase toward a shallow focal area.     

黄海及邻区莫霍面起伏特征

针对地壳构造形成的动力学机制,在广泛收集区域地质、地质构造和地球物理等资料的基础上,着重对重力数据进行了数字化、坐标、重力公式、投影方式和比例尺的统一化处理,进而进行了网格化处理.为将区域异常和局部异常分离开来,以便以对深部构造的系统研究,笔者选取趋势分析法分别对研究区内预处理后的布格重力异常数据(Δg)进行了三维多项式迭代拟合计算,得到了区域布格重力异常二阶、五阶、十阶趋势分析结果.继而,利用二级近似公式迭代法对布格重力异常五阶趋势分析区域异常数据进行了三维运算处理,得到了黄海及周边地区的莫霍面埋深值.分析了黄海及邻区莫霍面起伏特征,并进行了深部构造区划,探讨了深部断裂构造与莫霍面起伏间的成因联系,为深部构造和活动断裂演化的地球动力学研究提供了依据.     

Gravity probability tomography: a new tool for buried mass distribution imaging

Following the probability tomography principles previously introduced to image the sources of electric and electromagnetic anomalies, we demonstrate that a similar approach can be used to analyse gravity data. First, we give a coherent derivation of the Bouguer anomaly concept as a Newtonian-type integral for an arbitrary mass distribution buried below a non-flat topography. A discretized solution of this integral is then derived as a sum of elementary contributions, which are cross-correlated with the gravity data function in the expression for the total power associated with the Bouguer anomaly. To image the mass distribution underground we introduce a mass contrast occurrence probability function using the cross-correlation product of the observed Bouguer anomaly and the synthetic field due to an elementary mass contrast source. The tomographic procedure consists of scanning the subsurface with the elementary source and calculating the occurrence probability function at the nodes of a regular grid. The complete set of grid values is used to highlight the zones of highest probability of mass contrast concentrations. Some synthetic and field examples demonstrate the reliability and resolution of the new gravity tomographic approach.     

利用重力/GPS联合观测数据计算地壳垂向构造应力的新方法

本文提出一种基于重力/GPS联合观测数据计算垂向构造应力的新方法.计算步骤如下:(1)通过重力/GPS联合观测数据计算布格重力异常;(2)依据布格重力异常数据推算莫霍面深度;(3)依据GPS观测数据,通过均衡理论计算均衡面深度;(4)依据莫霍面与均衡面之间剩余物质(壳幔物质密度差)所承受的附加浮力,计算地壳承载的垂向构造应力.本文利用上述构造应力新算法,计算了巴颜喀拉块体东边界及周边地区垂向构造应力分布,发现龙泉山断裂带以东地区垂向构造应力基本为零,龙泉山断裂带与龙门山断裂带之间地区垂向构造应力为正值,巴颜喀拉地块东部垂向构造应力为负值.鲜水河断裂带东南段周边蓄积了-40~-50 MPa的垂向构造应力,且梯度变化剧烈;松潘高原蓄积的垂向构造应力大约为-10~-20 MPa,相对较小.     

Sea gravity data in the Gulf of Naples. A contribution to delineating the structural pattern of the Phlegraean Volcanic District

Bathymetric and gravity surveys were carried out from 1988 to 1994, in the Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy) to offshore extend the already existing Bouguer anomaly map. In order to improve the knowledge of the structural setting beneath the active Neapolitan volcanoes (Vesuvio, Campi Flegrei and Ischia), 862 stations were surveyed within the isobath of 400 m; at the same time, and about 2000 on-land gravity values were also collected. A new Bouguer anomaly map spanning the whole volcanic region was drawn from the final data set. Gravity anomalies were referred to the new absolute gravity station in Naples and computed according to 1980 Geodetic Reference System. Finally, a density value of 2200 kg/m³ was used in the computation of the Bouguer and terrain effects. We carried out the inversion of the gravity anomalies adopting a 2.5-D modelling along selected profiles crossing the investigated area. The interpretative models were constrained to data obtained from deep wells and other geophysical investigations.     

A view of tectonic structure and gravity anomalies of Hatay Region Southern Turkey using wavelet analysis

In this study, we demonstrate wavelet analysis as a method of delineating the boundaries of subsurface geological structures. We applied wavelet transform to Bouguer anomaly data of the Cilicia Region and adjacent areas. The residual anomalies are the results of various depth and other properties of buried structures on the gravity anomaly map. The superposition of anomaly of the underground structures with different properties such as depth, density and size, increases the complexity of the overall system. Thus the extraction of the desired properties from the anomaly map becomes difficult. Different separation techniques are used to solve this problem. Wavelet transform is one of these modern approaches. Here, we tested various types of wavelet transform modeling on synthetic examples and then applied them to the gravity anomaly map of the Cilicia Region in Turkey. We have detected the borders of the Hatay Region in southern Turkey and proposed the tectonic model of this real complex structure using the wavelet transformation. The most important result we have found is the presence of a triple junction near the Hatay region.     

ESTIMATION OF THE DEGREE OF POLYNOMIAL FITTED TO GRAVITY ANOMALIES AND ITS APPLICATION1

A method for estimating the degree of polynomial fitted to gravity anomalies to evaluate the regional anomaly is presented. The anomaly can be fitted by polynomials of different degrees with the least-squares method and the optimum degree of the polynomial evaluating this anomaly can be estimated from the point of discontinuity of the gradient on a graph of variance against the polynomial degree. The Bouguer gravity is initially separated by upward continuation to a proper height and then the degree of regional polynomial to fit the Bouguer anomaly can be estimated. Theoretical and field examples show the effectiveness of the method.     

青藏高原东南缘多尺度重力场及构造含义

本文基于EGM2008重力场模型研究了青藏高原东南缘均衡重力异常和多尺度的布格重力异常特征,以鲁甸和景谷地震为例,认识其深部构造环境和动力学过程,为该区域的构造运动和地震孕育环境研究提供依据。结果表明,研究区布格重力异常和均衡重力异常与地质构造格局相关性较好,川滇地块剧烈的区域布格重力异常和非均衡状态与其强烈的地壳变形、断裂及地震活动密切相关。强震多分布在断裂带两侧重力异常的过渡地带和高梯度带,断裂带两侧横向和垂向的显著介质密度差异是强震孕育的深部构造背景。布格重力异常和均衡重力异常揭示的鲁甸、景谷震源区深浅差异性的重力异常特征,暗示鲁甸和景谷地震孕震环境的不同。     

应用多种来源重力异常编制中国海陆及邻区空间重力异常图及重力场解读

本文通过分析陆地实测空间重力异常数据、海洋船载测量空间重力异常数据、卫星测高重力异常,布格重力异常数据、EGM2008地球重力模型数据等多种来源数据的性质和精度,并对相关数据进行对比,研究了编制1:500万中国海陆空间重力异常图的数据使用方案和技术方法.在地形较为平坦、实测数据分布均匀的陆区,使用实测数据,在地形复杂,实测数据稀少以及没有实测数据的陆区或岛屿,利用布格重力异常反推空间异常的方法合成平均空间重力数据,西藏地区的数据对比实验证明合成平均空间重力异常数据是一种有效的数据补充.利用三观测列方差分解法在南海地区对船载测量空间重力数据和美国SS系列及丹麦DNSC08GRA卫星重力数据进行了方差分解计算,结果表明不同来源的卫星测高重力数据具有很大的一致性,数据精度较以往有了很大的提高.海区空间重力数据使用原则是在船载重力测量数据校准下,全面使用卫星测高重力数据进行编图.海陆过渡区的异常处理应以EGM2008地球重力模型重力场为基准参考场,实现海陆异常平缓过渡,无缝连接.对中国海陆空间重力异常场进行了小波变换处理,对空间重力异常场进行了解读,勾画出三横四竖的一级重力梯级带及其所围限的8个一级重力异常区,并划分了二级重力异常区和梯级带,为块体构造学体系中大地构造格架的建立提供了地球物理证据.     

大别造山带东段重力异常多尺度分解及其构造意义

文中通过多源数据融合、模型构建、数据试验、二维离散小波变换和功率谱分析等方法获取了大别造山带东段深、浅部场源布格异常及其场源似深度,并结合地壳结构、地质构造、岩石圈有效弹性厚度和地震活动等资料,讨论了地壳深、浅部的结构特征及地震活动构造背景。结果表明,低频布格异常显示大别造山带东段与华北地块间深部构造缝合带在东部应位于青山-晓天断裂前缘,在落儿岭-土地岭断裂和商城-麻城断裂之间向N偏移至梅山-龙河口断裂之下,造山带南侧与扬子地块间深部构造缝合带位于襄樊-广济断裂以北约20km,造山带东侧与扬子地块间的深部构造转换带位于郯庐断裂带之下,造山带东段腹地显著的低频布格异常低值表明对应部位的莫霍面存在明显下凹,造山带内部的布格异常高梯度带表明其深部结构不完整;高频布格异常揭示肥中断裂、六安-合肥断裂、肥西-韩摆渡断裂和郯庐断裂带等主要断裂对地壳中上部密度结构的影响明显,落儿岭-土地岭断裂对地壳中上部密度结构的影响范围向N延伸至肥西-韩摆渡断裂前缘。结合地震活动资料进一步分析认为,大别造山带东段与华北地块在青山-晓天断裂前缘附近接触和相互作用,且大别造山带东段地壳深、浅部结构均不完整,不利于应力积累,趋向于在断裂交错的脆弱部位频繁释放应力,是霍山地区小地震活动频繁的主要原因。     

南北地震带中段深部构造与地震

南北地震带中段位于中国大腹部，是青藏块体、华北块体和扬子块体的中间枢纽部位。根据该区布格重力异常图，采用Ｐａｒｋｅｒ’ｓ三维位场方法进行莫氏面反演并计算该区不同窗口的剩余场推断和解释了条岩石圈断裂，进而研究它们与地震的关系。     

中国海及邻域重力场特征及其构造解释

利用中国海及邻域 2’× 2’由Seaset,Geosat,ERS 1及TOPEX/POSEIDON等卫星测高资料解算的自由空气重力异常 ,结合ETOPO5全球海底地形资料计算了中国海及邻域布格重力异常 ,并反演了得到了中国海及邻域地壳厚度 .经对重力异常特征进行分析 ,讨论了重力异常与大地构造及其活动的相关性 .     

渭河盆地及邻区重力异常小波多尺度分解与解释

基于EGM2008重力场模型计算获得了渭河盆地及邻区布格重力异常。采用小波多尺度分解方法对布格重力异常进行了4阶小波逼近和小波细节分解,同时基于平均径向对数功率谱方法定量化地计算出1~4阶小波细节和小波逼近所对应的场源平均埋深。结合区域地质和地震资料,对获得的重力场结果进行分析,得到如下结论:①鄂尔多斯地块、渭河盆地、秦岭造山带3个一级构造单元的布格重力异常之间存在明显差异;构造区内部重力异常也存在横向的显著差异。布格重力异常的走向、规模、分布特征与二级构造区及主要的断裂具有一定的对应关系。②渭河盆地及邻区布格重力异常1~4阶细节对应4~23 km不同深度的场源信息,鄂尔多斯地块南缘东、西部的地壳结构存在明显的差异;渭河盆地凹陷、凸起构造区边界清晰,断裂边界与重力异常边界具有较好的一致性;秦岭造山带重力异常连贯性不好,东、西部重力异常变化特征表现出明显的差异。③渭河盆地及邻区布格重力异常分布与莫霍面埋深具有非常明显的镜像关系。渭河盆地及邻区地震主要分布在六盘山—陇县—宝鸡断裂带、渭河断裂与渭南塬前断裂交汇处、韩城断裂与双泉—临猗断裂交汇处。渭河盆地及邻区重力异常主要由中上地壳剩余密度体所影响,这可能是该区地震以浅源地震为主的主要原因。     

东北地区构造分区与深断裂研究——基于重力场小波多尺度分解

基于东北地区的布格重力异常资料,通过小波多尺度分解,将重力异常分解为四阶.提取主要反映深断裂的重力异常2、3阶小波细节,利用不同方向的水平梯度,计算并强化深断裂的线性特征,解译出12条深断裂,同时,结合功率谱法、东北地区地震分布、震源机制解和地质信息推断断裂的下切深度和性质,结果表明:12条深断裂分别对应拼贴地块的缝合带和对东北地区盆地群的分布与演化有着明显控制作用的岩石圈断裂两类;深断裂体系主要方向为北东、北北东向且大多为走滑断层;提取主要反映深层块体异常的3、4阶小波细节并结合深断裂体系将研究区划分为五个重力场一级分区,并首次将额尔古纳块体和兴安块体分开.五个大区分别为额尔古纳块体、兴安块体、松嫩块体、佳木斯块体和华北板块;其中兴安块体又分为二连盆地、大兴安岭两个二级分区;松嫩块体又分为小兴安岭、松辽盆地、张广才岭三个二级分区;佳木斯块体又分为那丹哈达地体、三江盆地、桦南—穆棱三个二级分区,华北板块又分为辽东半岛、华北板块、北部断裂带三个二级分区,结果表明了研究区的基本构造格局.     

3-D gravity and magnetic interpretation for the Haifa Bay area (Israel)

Recently observed features in the subsurface geology of the Haifa Bay area (northern Israel) have been evaluated using 3-D forward gravity and magnetic modeling and inversion schemes. The interpretation is based on updated petrophysical data of the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary sedimentary layers and volcanics. It has been shown that the Bouguer gravity anomalies correspond mainly to thickness variations in the Senonian to Tertiary sediments. The gravity effect of these sediments was calculated using their actual densities and structural setting as interpreted from seismic reflection data. This effect was removed from the Bouguer gravity in order to study the pre-Senonian geological structures. The pattern of residual gravity anomalies (named “stripped gravity”) is essentially different from the pattern of the Bouguer gravity. The prominent Carmel gravity high, clearly seen on the Bouguer gravity map, completely vanishes on the “stripped” gravity map. That suggests that this relatively positive anomaly is caused by the considerable thickness of the low-density young sediments in the surrounding areas and does not correspond to high-density magmatic rocks or crystalline basement uplift as previously suggested. The average densities of the Jurassic and Cretaceous volcanics are generally lower then those of the background sedimentary rocks. Volcanics are the main cause for magnetic anomalies onshore and offshore northern Israel. The magmatic root of the Asher volcanics is, most probably, located close to the Yagur fault. A large, deep-seated gabbroic intrusion is assumed to be located under the Mediterranean abyssal plain in the NW part of the study area. The Atlit marine gravity low appears to be caused by a thick Mesozoic and Tertiary sedimentary accumulation. The results presented should be of considerable assistance in delineating some aspects of hydrocarbon exploration in the area.