Investigation of borehole effects on azimuthal resistivity measurements using novel pseudo-analytic formulas

Downhole resistivity measurements provide valuable information for geosteering and formation evaluation. It is important to understand and correct the environmental effects, such as the borehole, the tool eccentricity and the resistivity anisotropy effects, of the measurements based on fast and accurate modelling methods. A new pseudo-analytic solution for eccentric coaxial and tilted-coil antennas in the cylindrically multilayered medium with transverse isotropic conductivity was developed. This method can take the eccentric tool, the borehole, the mud invasion and the resistivity anisotropy into account. These formulas enable us to simulate the responses of the downhole induction logging tools, including induction wireline and azimuthal propagation logging-while-drilling measurements. Instead of using the prior fictitious boundary, the generalized reflection coefficients are proposed to construct the linear matrix functions to deal with the tool eccentricity. The cylindrical functions are reorganized and presented in forms of ratios. Thus, the proposed formulas obviate the overflow issue in the computation and are more stable and efficient. The proposed approach is compared and validated with other well-established methods. Simulations and case studies show that: (1) the responses of azimuthal resistivity logging-while-drilling tool are affected by the tool's eccentricity in both isotropic and anisotropic medium; (2) sine curve behaviours exist for the phase difference and amplitude ratio of azimuthal resistivity measurements along with different eccentricity azimuth.     

井中震源的远场波场特征研究

井中震源在逆VSP、随钻地震和采矿地球物理研究中都有广泛应用.满足"小井孔"(井孔半径远小于特征波长)及"远场"(炮检距大于特征波长)假设时, 井中震源的远场波场存在解析解.为了检验解析解在不同情况下的适用性, 本文使用最速下降积分计算了不满足上述假设时井中震源远场波场的合成地震记录, 即半解析解.模型试验表明, 解析解只能在同时满足"小井孔"和"远场"假设时使用; 当这两个假设条件不满足时, 解析解的振幅和波形相对于半解析解会有明显的偏差.随着假设不满足程度的增加, 偏差会逐渐增加, 并会逐渐影响走时的准确拾取; 这种条件下, 采用半解析解才能获得准确的井中震源波场.     

A feasibility study of borehole radar as a permanent downhole sensor

Permanent downhole sensors provide the eyes and ears to the reservoir and enable monitoring the reservoir conditions on a real‐time basis. In particular, the use of sensors and remotely controlled valves in wells and on the surface, in combination with reservoir flow models provide enormous benefits to reservoir management and oil production. We suggest borehole radar measurements as a promising technique capable to monitor the arrival of undesired fluids in the proximity of production wells. We use 1D modelling to investigate the expected signal magnitude and depth of investigation of a borehole radar sensor operating in an oilfield environment. We restrict the radar applicability to environments where the radar investigation depth can fit the reservoir size necessary to be monitored. Potential applications are steam chamber monitoring in steam assisted gravity drainage processes and water front monitoring in thin oil rim environments. A more sophisticated analysis of the limits of a radar system is carried out through 2D finite‐difference time‐domain simulations. The metal components of the wellbore casing can cause destructive interference with the emitted signal. A high dielectric medium surrounding the production well increases the amplitude of the signal and so the radar performance. Other reservoir constraints are given by the complexity of the reservoir and the dynamic of the fluids. Time‐lapse changes in the heterogeneity of the background formation strongly affect the retrieval of the target reflections and gradual fluid saturation changes reduce the amplitudes of the reflections.     

Development of an electrically-driven automatic downhole seismic source

To improve upon the downhole testing program, an automatic seismic source was developed for use in seismic piezocone testing. A new source, named the AutoSeis, was initially tested at the national geotechnical experimentation site in Spring Villa, Alabama and compared to available crosshole data to assess its ability to meet the primary and secondary goals. Later testing was conducted at two test sites in the Mid-America earthquake region near Memphis. With reliable shear waves generated to a depth of 20 m, the first iteration of the AutoSeis has proven successful and has provided the necessary information for the design of an improved version.     

Source/receiver array directivity effects on marine seismic attenuation measurements

Attenuation of seismic waves, quantified by the seismic quality factor Q, holds important information for seismic interpretation, due to its sensitivity to rock and fluid properties. A recently published study of Q, based on surface seismic reflection data, used a modified spectral ratio approach (QVO), but both source and receiver responses were treated as isotropic, based on simple raypath arguments. Here, this assumption has been tested by computing apparent attenuation generated by frequency-dependent directivity of typical marine source and receiver arrays and acquisition geometries. Synthetic wavelet spectra were computed for reflected rays, summed over the first Fresnel zone, from the base of a single interval, 50–3000 m thick and velocity 2000 m/s, overlying a 2200 m/s half-space, and for offsets of 71–2071 m. The source and receiver geometry were those of an actual survey. The modelled spectra are clearly affected by directivity, most strongly because of surface ghosts. In general, the strong high-frequency component, produced by the array design, leads to apparently negative attenuation in individual reflection events, though this is dependent on offset and target depth. For shallow targets (less than 400–500 ms two-way traveltime (TWT) depth), apparent Q-values as extreme as ?50 to ?100 were obtained. For deeper target depths, the directivity effect is far smaller. The implications of the model study were tested on real data. QVO was applied to 20 true-spectrum-processed CMPs, in a shallow (405–730 ms TWT) and a deeper (1000–1300 ms TWT) interval, firstly using a measured far-field source signature (effectively isotropic), and secondly using computed directivity effects instead. Mean interval Q^?1-values for the deeper interval, 0.029 ± 0.011 and 0.027 ± 0.018 for conventional and directional processing, respectively, suggested no directivity influence on attenuation estimation. For the shallow interval (despite poor spectral signal-to-noise ratios and hence scattered attenuation estimates), directional processing removed directivity-generated irregularities from the spectral ratios, resulting in an improvement from Q^?1_int = ?0.036 ± 0.130 to a realistic Q^?1_int = 0.012 ± 0.030: different at 94% confidence level. Equivalent Q-values are: for the deeper interval, 35 and 37 for conventional and directional processing, respectively, and ?28 and 86 for the shallow interval. These results support the conclusions of the model studies, i.e. that source/receiver directivity has a negligible effect except for shallow targets (e.g. TWT depth ≤ 500 ms) imaged with conventional acquisition geometry. In such cases directivity corrections to spectra are strongly recommended.     

基于高分辨率钻孔应变仪的地震应变波观测研究进展

由于具有高灵敏度、观测频带宽、长期稳定性等优点,高分辨率钻孔应变仪日益成为当今地学界开展地壳长期形变观测的主流观测仪器之一,并逐渐应用到地震和火山事件等引起的高频地震应变波观测中.为了更好的推进地震应变波定量化观测技术的发展和应用,本文从基于高分辨率钻孔应变仪的地震应变波的高频采样观测实验、高分辨率钻孔应变仪的频响带宽...     

基于钻孔应变地震波记录确定地震面波应变震级

近年发展的高采样率的钻孔应变仪可以记录到地震波造成的水平应变,是动态库仑应力研究的重要手段.利用钻孔应变仪记录的应变地震波确定地震震级,是一个重要的科学课题.本文收集了我国10个应变台站四分量钻孔应变仪2020年1—3月记录的10 Hz采样应变地震波资料,共选出震级M≥4.0的浅源地震68个,用最小二乘法求得应变震级公式为M_ε=lgE_max+1.65lg(Δ)+1.43.对于6.5级以下的地震,计算得到的应变震级■_ε与中国地震台网中心公布的震级M_CENC基本一致:■,但本研究中的两个7级地震,应变震级出现了震级饱和现象.本文的基本结论是:应变定震级是可行的,但对于两个7级地震的饱和现象需要进一步深入研究,因为它们不但涉及震级确定,而且涉及远震动态库仑应力触发地震的研究.今后要对更多的大震钻孔应变波形记录进行分析.     

Electrical and electromagnetic borehole measurements: A review

Electrical and electromagnetic geophysical techniques have reached a high level of technological sophistication since they were first used in boreholes less than one hundred years ago. Borehole logging-the detailed determination of rock and fluid properties adjacent to the borehole, and borehole geophysics-extending the range of geophysical investigation large distances away from the borehole, are essential for exploration, assessment and production of earth resources, as well as for fundamental studies of the earth. Borehole electrical and electromagnetic methods incorporate 17 decades of the electromagnetic spectrum, from 1000-s geomagnetic studies, through resistivity and permittivity measurements, to high-resolution resistivity imaging, NMR and optical spectroscopy.     

Surface and downhole shear wave seismic methods for thick soil site investigations

Shear wave velocity–depth information is required for predicting the ground motion response to earthquakes in areas where significant soil cover exists over firm bedrock. Rather than estimating this critical parameter, it can be reliably measured using a suite of surface (non-invasive) and downhole (invasive) seismic methods. Shear wave velocities from surface measurements can be obtained using SH refraction techniques. Array lengths as large as 1000 m and depth of penetration to 250 m have been achieved in some areas. High resolution shear wave reflection techniques utilizing the common midpoint method can delineate the overburden-bedrock surface as well as reflecting boundaries within the overburden. Reflection data can also be used to obtain direct estimates of fundamental site periods from shear wave reflections without the requirement of measuring average shear wave velocity and total thickness of unconsolidated overburden above the bedrock surface. Accurate measurements of vertical shear wave velocities can be obtained using a seismic cone penetrometer in soft sediments, or with a well-locked geophone array in a borehole. Examples from thick soil sites in Canada demonstrate the type of shear wave velocity information that can be obtained with these geophysical techniques, and show how these data can be used to provide a first look at predicted ground motion response for thick soil sites.     

The effects of source and receiver motion on seismic data1

The effects of source and receiver motion on seismic data are considered using extensions of the standard convolutional model. In particular, receiver motion introduces a time-variant spatial shift into data, while source motion converts the effect of the source signature from a single-channel convolution in time to a multichannel convolution in time and space. These results are consistent with classical Doppler theory and suggest that Doppler shifting can introduce distortions into seismic data even at relatively slow acquisition speeds. It is shown that, while both source and receiver motion are known to be important for marine vibroseis acquisition, receiver motion alone can produce significant artifacts in marine 3D data. Fortunately, the convolutional nature of the distortions renders them amenable to correction using simple deconvolution techniques. Specifically, the effects of receiver motion can be neutralized by applying an appropriate reverse time-variant spatial shift, while those due to source motion can be addressed by introducing time-variant spatial shifts both before and after standard, deterministic, signature deconvolution or correlation.     

安徽钻孔体应变数据映震能力分析

在前期研究的基础上,遴选出4套精度较高的数据资料进行映震能力分析,通过对2015—2018年全球发生的60次M_S≥7地震的同震效应和临震异常现象记录情况的统计分析,得到体应变对震中距为8 000 km范围内的M_S≥7地震的同震记录较好,约22%的地震前记录到了临震异常现象,同时对震前数据异常特征进行了分析总结,初步探讨了力学性质。      

基于改进线性Radon变换的井孔地震上下行波场分离方法

反射波场分离是井孔地震资料处理中极其重要的一个环节,波场分离的质量直接影响成像结果的精度.不管是VSP还是井间地震资料,其反射波时距曲线都近似直线型,根据这一特征,本文提出一种改进的线性Radon变换方法来进行井孔资料的反射波上下行波场分离.该方法基于频率域线性Radon变换,通过引入一个新的变量λ来消除变换算子对频率的依赖性,避免了求取每一频率分量对应的不同变换算子,显著降低了计算成本;文中在求解该方法对应的最小二乘问题时,引入了发展较为成熟的高分辨率Radon变换技术来进一步提高波场分离的精度.采用本文方法进行井孔地震资料的上下行波场分离可以在保证分离精度的前提下有效地提高计算效率.根据上下行波在λ-f域内分布的特殊性,设计简单的滤波算子就可实现上下行波场的分离.最后通过合成数据试算以及实际资料处理（VSP数据和井间地震数据）验证了该方法的可行性和有效性.     

Site response analyses using downhole arrays at various seismic hazard levels of Singapore

Local site conditions can significantly influence the characteristics of seismic ground motions. In this study, site response analyses using one-dimensional linear elastic (LE), equivalent-linear (EQL) and nonlinear (NL) approaches are performed at different seismic hazard levels of Singapore. Two seismic stations, namely, the KAP and BES stations located at soft soil sites, are selected from the national network of Singapore. Firstly, site response estimates using the LE, EQL (SHAKE04) and NL (DEEPSOIL) approaches are compared with the borehole recordings. Results show favorable matches between the predictions and the observations at the KAP site, while under-predictions are observed for all the three site effect approaches at the BES site. Secondly, the applicability of the LE, EQL and NL models is examined at different hazard levels of Singapore. It is found that for the hazard level at a return period of 475 years, the computed maximum strain (γ_max) is 0.06% and then the EQL model can provide accurate site response predictions. However, for the hazard level at a return period of 2475 years, the calculated γ_max is larger than 2%, resulting in notable differences in the predictions of different site response models. This study highlights the importance of site effects in seismic hazard analysis of Singapore.     

基于井下摆天然地震数据测量首都圈近地表波速结构

收集了首都圈数字化地震遥测台网58个井下摆2003-2008年记录的102次M≥3.0地震的数据.通过鉴别直达波及对应地表反射波的波形,发现两者到时差与震中矩和方位角无关.基于斯涅尔定律,分析获得了这些台站上方厚约300 m浅地表土层P波和S波平均速度结构以及波速比.结果表明,首都圈区域近地表P波和S波平均速度分别约为...     

An instrument for seismic velocity measurements

Summary The construction and performance of an instrument for the measurement of seismic velocity in rock specimens is described. In the instrument, the transducer which receives the seismic velocity after its travel through the specimen has been excited by a method from a stable quartz crystal pulser to generate synchronised time markers at intervals of 110 millimicrosecs. The method of measurement is accurate and needs no calibration. The instrument is specially suited for the study of seismic velocity variations with pressure. The accuracy of measurement is about 1% in a 10 cm long sample in which the velocity is 6.40 km/sec.This paper is published by the kind permission of the Director General, Geological Survey of India.     

井孔高分辨率Radon变换算子研究

本文针对井间和3D VSP波场的线性特征,研究井孔地震波场线性高分辨率Radon变换算子,用于井孔地震波场分析与纵横波分离.在Radon变换原理分析基础上,采用基于柯西分布的高分辨率线性Radon变换对井孔数据进行Radon变换,其间通过对离散倾角叠加算子求取的研究,及对影响Radon能量收敛的重要参数阻尼因子算法的改进,使数据在Radon域以能量团的形式呈现,得到很好的收敛效果,基本解决了Radon域数据的一定程度的拖尾现象,消除了各能量团之间的平滑效应,采用柯西分布来规则化数据,提高了Radon域的分辨率,Radon域能量也收敛到一个点上,有利于上下行波或纵横波波场分离.最后通过反演结果和模型试算验证了该方法的可行性和稳定性.     

Simulations to verify horizontal flow measurements from a borehole flowmeter

This paper reports on experiments and simulations of subsurface flow from a slotted acrylic tube deployed in a sand-tank flow chamber for two different purposes. In the first instance, the slotted tube is used to represent a single fracture intersected by an uncased well. In the second instance, the slotted tube is used to represent a multislot well screen within a porous medium. In both cases, the scanning colloidal borescope flowmeter (SCBFM) measures ground water velocity within the well by imaging colloids traveling through a well to measure their speed and direction. Measurements are compared against model simulations. For the case of a slotted tube representing a single fracture, SCBFM and model results agree with respect to the flow direction and to within a factor of 1.5 for the speed near the well's center. Model and experimental agreement lend confidence that for an uncased well drilled in a fractured-rock medium, a calibrated SCBFM could be used to identify and quantify flowing features. Next, the SCBFM was deployed in a four-column multislotted casing with slots aligned with the flow direction. Another numerical model was developed to estimate the flow field within this well screen to evaluate the potential usefulness of employing the SCBFM in a screened well to estimate flow speed and direction in the surrounding porous medium. Results indicate that if the slots are not aligned with the flow, the SCBFM may only provide order-of-magnitude speed measurements and direction measurements with an uncertainty of approximately +/-25 degrees .     

贵阳台钻孔应变观测记震能力研究

使用2008～2011年Mw6.0以上地震目录资料,统计贵阳台钻孔应变观测资料记录同震效应情况,进行记震能力统计分析,给出了贵阳台钻孔应变观测的记震区域,创新性采用二元统计方法中的Logit模型对贵阳台钻孔应变记震能力进行统计预测.该方法可运用于其他形变观测项目记震能力(监测能力)的对比研究.     

Learning of pore pressure response and dynamic soil behavior from downhole array measurements

Downhole arrays are deployed to measure motions at the ground surface and within the soil profile, with some arrays instrumented to also record the pore pressure response within soft soil profiles during excitation. The measurements from these arrays have typically been used in conjunction with parametric and nonparametric inverse analysis approaches to identify soil constitutive model parameters for use in site response analysis or to identify averaged soil behavior between locations of measurement. The self-learning simulations (SelfSim) inverse analysis framework, previously developed and applied under total stress conditions, is extended to effective stress considerations and is employed to reproduce the measured motions and pore pressures from downhole arrays while extracting the underlying soil behavior and pore pressure response of individual soil layers. SelfSim is applied to the 1987 recordings from the Imperial Valley Wildlife Liquefaction Array. The extracted soil behavior suggests a new functional form for modeling the degradation of the shear modulus with respect to excess pore pressures. The extracted pore pressure response is dependent on the number and amplitude of shear strain cycles and has a functional form similar to current strain-based pore pressure generation models.