2001—2010年青藏高原干湿格局及其影响因素分析

基于RFE2.0模型和Penman-Monteith模型,采用潜在蒸散降水比分析了2001—2010年青藏高原生长季(5—9月)干湿气候的时空变化格局,并对其影响因素进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)干旱和半干旱区占整个青藏高原区域的67%,主要集中在高原中部及中部以北;(2)2001—2010年有25%的区域在逐渐变干,北部干旱程度总体上在逐渐减轻,南部及东南部有变干倾向;(3)降水是导致高原区域干湿气候空间格局差异的主要因素,高原干湿气候对潜在蒸散变化的敏感性最强。     

中亚干旱区降水准两年周期振荡及突变特征

依据东英吉利大学气候研究中心（CRU）1930-2009年0.5°×0.5°分辨率的月降水量及NCEP/NCAR 1948-2009年2.5°×2.5°分辨率再分析逐月位势高度资料,分析了中亚干旱区年降水和季节降水的准两年周期振荡（TBO）特征和突变的时空变化及其可能影响机制。结果发现,中亚干旱区降水具有显著的TBO特征,其I区(哈萨克斯坦西区)、II区(哈萨克斯坦东区)、IV区（吉尔吉斯斯坦区）的年降水TBO相对具有连续性,而III区（中亚平原区）和V区（伊朗高原区）大致以20世纪60-70年代为分界点,存在相反变化。对季节降水而言,除II区年降水的TBO信号主要由夏季的变化决定,其他分区年降水TBO主要由冬季决定。降水突变分析发现,中亚干旱区降水的突变与TBO信号变化有很好的一致性,突变点上降水周期都有向TBO的跃变。另外,对整个亚洲中部干旱区而言,中亚干旱区西部降水突变发生在20世纪50年代初,东部于60年代末发生突变,新疆自80年代末出现气候转型,时间间隔为20年左右。季风区和受西风环流控制的亚洲内陆干旱区降水尽管都表现出TBO基本特征,但其控制因子可能有很大差异,对流层中上层的西风强度TBO可能是导致亚洲中部干旱区降水TBO的重要因子。     

我国干旱半干旱区气候变化特征及其对干湿波动的影响

气候干湿状况是表征区域气候特征的重要指标,是在全球气候变暖背景下,水循环与陆面蒸散发作用的综合结果。本文从湿润度指数入手,结合降水与潜在蒸散的时空变化,分析了我国干旱半干旱区气候特点与干湿变化特征及对土壤湿度的影响。分析发现：近50年来,我国干旱与半干旱区均呈变湿趋势。干旱区与半干旱区潜在蒸散与降水月差值在年内出现时间上存在不一致,且干旱区明显大于半干旱区;3～9月为干旱气候区潜在蒸散与降水差值大值期,3～6月半干旱区潜在蒸散明显大于降水,7月起差值明显减小。作用分析表明,在干旱区,降水对湿润度指数的影响更大,而对于半干旱区,降水与潜在蒸散作用相当。长期以来,我国整个干旱与半干旱区大部分土壤湿度在逐渐变干,尤其是农业耕作层的浅层土壤,几乎全区域一致呈现变干趋势,说明我国干旱半干旱区农牧业生产存在较大的潜在干旱风险。     

Unfavorable environmental conditions for tropical cyclone genesis over the western North Pacific during the Last Interglacial based on PMIP4 simulations

研究过去暖期西北太平洋热带气旋的变化有助于理解未来气候变暖情景下热带气旋的可能变化.本研究基于PMIP4多模式输出结果,分析了末次间冰期西北太平洋热带气旋大尺度生成因子的变化及相关机制.结果表明,末次间冰期西北太平洋风暴季潜在强度降低,湿熵亏损升高,绝对涡度减弱,中部垂直风切变增强,西南部减弱.进一步,基于生成潜势指数,指出末次间冰期西北太平洋生成潜势降低,这表明环境条件不利于热带气旋生成.     

基于3种指数的全球干湿变化年代际特征

通过对比AI指数、PDSI指数和土壤湿度的变化发现,3种指数能够较为一致地反映全球干湿变化的时空分布特征,在此基础上,研究了全球及不同气候区干湿变化的长期变化趋势和周期信号,并重点分析干湿指数的年代际演变及其变化机制。结果表明:近67 a来,全球整体呈现干旱化趋势,其中半湿润区干旱化最为显著,其次为极端干旱区、湿润区和半干旱区,而干旱区表现为变湿趋势;全球干湿变化存在准20 a的显著周期信号,但不同气候区的主要变化周期存在差异,其中干旱区、半干旱区和湿润区的主周期为准20 a,而极端干旱区和半湿润区为准30 a;潜在蒸散量的显著增加趋势是导致全球干旱化的主要原因,而全球干湿变化的准20 a周期主要由降水振荡所控制。     

中亚区域干湿及极端降水研究综述

中亚区域是全球最大的非地带性干旱区,是我国天气上游关键区,对中国西北及东部地区的灾害性天气发生和区域气候变化具有重要影响。中亚干湿气候环境表现出明显的"西风模态"特征。在亚轨道时间尺度上,太阳辐射等外部驱动对中亚区域水热变化起主导作用,而在百年-年代际尺度上,内部变率对中亚降水变化更为重要。高、中、低纬系统和中亚低值系统的活跃,共同造就了中亚东部(新疆)降水年代际和年际异常增多。西亚西风急流是联系高、中、低纬环流系统相互作用的纽带。中亚区域干湿变化总体不显著,但进入21世纪后有明显的下降趋势。在现有气象业务观测网和移动观测设备的基础上,在伊犁河谷开展了针对中尺度系统和云微物理特征的强化观测试验,建立规范易用的观测数据共享平台,为进一步研究干旱区极端降水的精细化结构和触发机制提供数据支持。     

新疆地区21世纪气候变化分析

利用参与IPCC AR4的多个气候模式的模拟结果,分析了中国新疆地区21世纪气候变化情景.结果表明,在三种不同温室气体排放情景下,21世纪新疆地区升温明显、降水将进一步增加.到21世纪末(2091-2099年),新疆地区SRESA1B、SRESA2、SRESB1情景下年平均温度将分别增加4.2℃、5.0℃、2.7℃.SRESA1B、SRESA2情景下,在不同时期内,夏季、冬季温度上升幅度大于春季、秋季.在21世纪前半叶,新疆地区平均降水量增加幅度不明显,到21世纪末降水增加10%以上.整个21世纪,新疆地区在SRES情景下降水增加趋势分别为10%/100a、12%/100a、9%/100a.就各个季节的降水变化来看,模拟结果表明冬季降水增加幅度最大,春季次之;在同一时期内冬季降水增加幅度是其他季节的几倍.就区域来说,新疆中部地区21世纪降水增加幅度最大,但是温度增加幅度小于周围地区;北部地区温度、降水都将呈现明显的增加;新疆南部地区温度将明显升高.但是降水增加幅度不大.全球气候模式对较小区域尺度的模拟存在较大的不确定性,还需做深入的分析和研究.     

全球变暖背景下亚非典型干旱区降水变化及其与水汽输送的关系研究

分析比较了中蒙(35°N~50°N,75°E~105°E)、中亚(28°N~50°N,50°E~67°E)和北非(15°N~32°N,17°W~32°E)三个典型干旱区水汽输送特征的异同,及其1961~2010年间的降水时空变化,分析了水汽来源和输送变化及其可能原因。结果显示,由于受不同的气候系统影响,中蒙、北非和中亚干旱区的降水在年内变化上有着显著不同。中蒙和北非干旱区降水呈现夏季风降水的特征;而中亚干旱区降水则为更多受到冬季风的影响。1961~2010年,随着全球气温上升,中蒙干旱区冬季纬向水汽输送增加而经向输送减少,总水汽输送增加;中亚干旱区冬季纬向输送减少而经向增加,总水汽输送减少;北非干旱区冬季纬向输送增加而经向输送减少,总水汽输送增加。夏季中蒙和北非干旱区经向、纬向输送均减小,中亚干旱区夏季纬向输送减少而经向减少,总输送增加。相应的,中蒙干旱区年、冬季和夏季降水分别以4.2、1.3和1.0 mm/10 a的趋势增加;而中亚干旱区冬季(1.2 mm/10 a)和夏季(0.1 mm/10 a)降水增加,年降水则呈减少趋势(-0.8 mm/10 a);北非干旱区年降水和夏季降水分别以0.5 mm/10 a和0.1 mm/10 a的速率增加。冬季中蒙干旱区主要水汽来源是水汽经向输送,而中亚干旱区水汽主要为纬向输送,经纬向水汽均为净输出是北非干旱区降水极少的主要原因,平均总水汽输送量约为-9.48×104 kg/s。冬季低纬度和高纬度环流通过定常波影响干旱区冬季降水。中蒙和中亚干旱区冬季降水主要受西太平洋到印度洋由南向北的波列影响,北非干旱区冬季降水主要和北大西洋上空由北到南的波列相联系。各干旱区的降水对海温变化有着不同的响应:中蒙干旱区冬季降水与冬季太平洋西海岸和印度洋海温呈显著正相关,夏季与海温相关不显著;中亚干旱区与地中海和阿拉伯海温相关,且与阿拉伯海温为正相关。     

近115a中亚干湿气候变化研究

利用1901—2015年东英吉利大学气候研究中心(CRU)提供的月平均气温、降水、潜在蒸散量以及西班牙比利牛斯生态研究所(IPE-CSIC)创建的12个月尺度的标准化降水蒸散指数SPEI_(12),对中亚地区近115 a气候要素进行综合分析,并探究中亚地区干湿气候的时空变化。结果表明,中亚地区年平均气温的空间分布表现为东、西部高,中部低,全区呈显著增温趋势,其气候倾向率为0.15℃·(10 a)~(-1);年降水量表现为中南部多,东、西部少,除北部哈萨克斯坦平原地区外其他区域降水量均为增多趋势;全区年潜在蒸散量远大于年降水量,且与地形及下垫面联系密切,表现为东西部沙漠地区大,中部山区相对较小的特征;考虑水热平衡的干湿指数SPEI_(12)在哈萨克平原为弱的减小(略变干)趋势,其他区域呈增大(变湿)趋势。利用旋转经验正交函数(REOF)对SPEI_(12)进行分解得到6个子区域,各分区气温突变时间东边早于西边,降水量西边显著增多早于东边,且SPEI_(12)突变时间西边早于东边。利用集合经验模分解(EEMD)对SPEI_(12)和降水量不同时间尺度及其变化周期进行分析,得到SPEI_(12)存在准14 a的显著振荡周期,降水量存在准3 a、14 a的显著振荡周期。     

岱海湖流域生态质量干湿指标气象评价研究

选取岱海湖流域3个国家一般气象站60年的气象资料,采用Penman-Monteith模型计算出岱海湖流域的参考蒸散量和干湿指数,表征岱海湖流域地表干湿状况。岱海湖流域地表多年平均干湿指数为0.42,属于气候半干旱区。20世纪60、70、90年代湿润指数距平为正距平,气候偏半湿润状态;20世纪80年代后期和21世纪初期（2000—2009年）为负距平,气候偏干旱化。干湿指数主要受降水量、潜在蒸散量、相对湿度、日照时数影响,这些气象因子共同作用影响岱海湖流域气候干湿状况,其中降水量是最主要的影响因子。研究结果可以更好地认识区域气候条件及未来变化方向,为岱海湖的生态评价提供科学参考。     

Dryland expansion in northern China from 1948 to 2008

This study examines the expansion of drylands and regional climate change in northern China by analyzing the variations in aridity index(AI), surface air temperature(SAT), precipitation and potential evapotranspiration(PET) from 1948 to 2008.It is found that the drylands of northern China have expanded remarkably in the last 61 years. The area of drylands of the last 15 years(1994–2008) is 0.65 × 106km2(12%) larger than that in the period 1948–62. The boundary of drylands has extended eastward over Northeast China by about 2° of longitude and by about 1° of latitude to the south along the middleto-lower reaches of the Yellow River. A zonal band of expansion of semi-arid regions has occurred, stretching from western Heilongjiang Province to southern Gansu Province, while shifts to the east of semi-arid regions in dry subhumid regions have also occurred. Results show that the aridity trend of drylands in northern China is highly correlated with the long-term trend of precipitation and PET, and the expansion of semi-arid regions plays a dominant role in the areal extent of drylands, which is nearly 10 times larger than that in arid and subhumid regions.     

Sensitivity of Potential Evapotranspiration Estimation to the Thornthwaite and Penman–Monteith Methods in the Study of Global Drylands

Drylands are among those regions most sensitive to climate and environmental changes and human-induced perturbations.The most widely accepted definition of the term dryland is a ratio,called the Surface Wetness Index(SWI),of annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration(PET)being below 0.65.PET is commonly estimated using the Thornthwaite(PET Th)and Penman–Monteith equations(PET PM).The present study compared spatiotemporal characteristics of global drylands based on the SWI with PET Th and PET PM.Results showed vast differences between PET Th and PET PM;however,the SWI derived from the two kinds of PET showed broadly similar characteristics in the interdecadal variability of global and continental drylands,except in North America,with high correlation coefficients ranging from 0.58 to 0.89.It was found that,during 1901–2014,global hyper-arid and semi-arid regions expanded,arid and dry sub-humid regions contracted,and drylands underwent interdecadal fluctuation.This was because precipitation variations made major contributions,whereas PET changes contributed to a much lesser degree.However,distinct differences in the interdecadal variability of semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions were found.This indicated that the influence of PET changes was comparable to that of precipitation variations in the global dry–wet transition zone.Additionally,the contribution of PET changes to the variations in global and continental drylands gradually enhanced with global warming,and the Thornthwaite method was found to be increasingly less applicable under climate change.     

Progress in Semi-arid Climate Change Studies in China

This article reviews recent progress in semi-arid climate change research in China.Results indicate that the areas of semiarid regions have increased rapidly during recent years in China,with an increase of 33%during 1994-2008 compared to 1948-62.Studies have found that the expansion rate of semi-arid areas over China is nearly 10 times higher than that of arid and sub-humid areas,and is mainly transformed from sub-humid/humid regions.Meanwhile,the greatest warming during the past 100 years has been observed over semi-arid regions in China,and mainly induced by radiatively forced processes.The intensity of the regional temperature response over semi-arid regions has been amplified by land-atmosphere interactions and human activities.The decadal climate variation in semi-arid regions is modulated by oceanic oscillations,which induce land-sea and north-south thermal contrasts and affect the intensities of westerlies,planetary waves and blocking frequencies.In addition,the drier climates in semi-arid regions across China are also associated with the weakened East Asian summer monsoon in recent years.Moreover,dust aerosols in semi-arid regions may have altered precipitation by affecting the local energy and hydrological cycles.Finally,semi-arid regions in China are projected to continuously expand in the 21st century,which will increase the risk of desertification in the near future.     

Spatiotemporal trends of aridity index in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran

The spatiotemporal trends of aridity index in the arid and semi-arid regions of Iran in 1966–2005 were investigated using the Mann–Kendall test and Theil–Sen’s slope estimator. The results of the analysis showed negative trends in annual aridity index at 55 % of the stations, while just one site had a statistically significant (α?=?0.1) negative trend. Furthermore, the positive trends in the annual aridity index series were significant at the 95 % confidence level at Bushehr and Isfahan stations. The significant negative trend in the annual aridity index was obtained over Mashhad at the rate of ?0.004. In the seasonal series, the negative trends in the spring and winter aridity index were larger compared with those in the other seasonal series. A noticeable decrease in the winter aridity index series was observed mostly in the southeast of the study area. In the summer and autumn aridity index, two significant positive trends were found.     

Investigation of temporal and spatial climate variability and aridity of Iran

The aim of this research is to study the spatial and temporal variability of aridity in Iran, through analysis of temperature and precipitation trends during the 48-year period of 1961–2008. In this study, four different aridity criteria have been used to investigate the aridity situation. These aridity indexes included Lang’s index or rain factor, Budyko index or radiational index of dryness, UNEP aridity index, and Thornthwaite moisture index. The results of the analysis indicated that the highest and lowest mean temperatures occurred in July and January respectively in all locations. Among the study locations, Ahvaz with 37.1 °C and Kermanshah with 20.2 °C has the highest and lowest in July. For January, the highest was 12.4 °C for Ahvaz and the lowest was ?4.5 °C for Hamedan and Kermanshah together. The range of monthly mean temperature of study locations indicated that the maximum and minimum difference between day and night temperatures, almost in all study locations, occurred in September and January, respectively, and the highest and lowest fluctuation of temperature was observed in Kerman and Tehran. The temperature anomalies showed that the most significant increasing temperature occurred at the beginning of twenty-first century (2000–2008) in all locations. The long-term mean of monthly rainfall showed that, in most study locations, the maximum and minimum of mean precipitation occurred in winter and summer, respectively. Rasht with 1,355 mm had the highest and Yazd with 55 mm had the lowest of total precipitation compared with other locations. According to precipitation anomalies, all locations experienced dry and wet periods, but generally dry periods occurred more often especially in the beginning of twenty-first century. According to applied different aridity indexes, all the study locations often experienced semi-arid to arid climate, severe water deficit to desert climate, arid to hyperarid climate, and semi-arid climate during the study period.     

The analysis of aridity in Central Serbia from 1949 to 2015

In this study, we apply De Martonne and Pinna combinative indices to analyze the aridity in Central Serbia. Our dataset consists of mean monthly surface air temperature (MMT) and mean monthly precipitation (MMP) for 26 meteorological stations during the period 1949–2015. MMT and MMP are used for calculating monthly, seasonal, and annual aridity indices for period of 66 years. According to the De Martonne climate classification, we determine five, three, and four types of climate on the monthly, seasonal, and annual basis, respectively. During the observed period, winter was extremely humid, spring and autumn were humid, and summer was semi-humid. Humid and semi-humid climate with Mediterranean vegetation are identified by the annual Pinna combinative index. We find that there is no change in aridity trend in Central Serbia for the period 1949–2015. Aridity indices are additionally compared with the North Atlantic Oscillation and El-Niño South Oscillation in order to establish a possible connection with the large-scale processes. Results are further compared with several earlier studies of aridity in Serbia. With this study, the analysis of aridity in whole Serbia has become complete.     

1961～2018年西北地区降水的变化特征

邻接青藏高原地区的中国西北地区是最大的欧亚干旱区,其降水变化对全球变化的响应和对干旱环境及其青藏高原气候变化都具有特殊的指示意义.基于1961～2018年中国西北地区144个站的逐日降水、逐月气温观测资料,分析了西北地区的降水变化特征及趋势.结果表明:(1)近60年以来,西北地区92％站点的年降水量呈现增加的趋势,只有...     

Comparison of dryland climate change in observations and CMIP5 simulations

A comparison of observations with 20 climate model simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase5(CMIP5) revealed that observed dryland expansion amounted to 2.61 × 106km2 during the 58 years from 1948 to 2005,which was four times higher than that in the simulations(0.55 × 106km2). Dryland expansion was accompanied by a decline in aridity index(AI)(drying trend) as a result of decreased precipitation and increased potential evapotranspiration across all dryland subtype areas in the observations, especially in the semi-arid and dry subhumid regions. However, the CMIP5multi-model ensemble(MME) average performed poorly with regard to the decreasing trends of AI and precipitation. By analyzing the factors controlling AI, we found that the overall bias of AI in the simulations, compared with observations, was largely due to limitations in the simulation of precipitation. The simulated precipitation over global drylands was substantially overestimated compared with observations across all subtype areas, and the spatial distribution of precipitation in the MME was largely inconsistent in the African Sahel, East Asia, and eastern Australia, where the semi-arid and dry subhumid regions were mainly located.     

中亚和中国西北干旱气候变化特征及其对产业结构的影响

利用近百年年降水量资料，分析了亚洲大陆干旱、半干旱地带的主体部分，即中亚和中国西北地区的年降水量变化特征和产业结构。分析结果表明，中亚和中国西北地区年降水量在空间分布和时间演变上，既表现出某些相似性，又呈现出独特性。并且根据降水特征分析，提出了半干旱地区产业结构调整的成功事例。