化湿醒脾汤治疗伤寒32例临床观察

目的：观察化湿醒脾汤治疗伤寒的临床疗效。方法：将72例伤寒患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各36例。治疗组采用化湿醒脾汤治疗,对照组采用常规西药治疗,2组均用药14d。观察2组治疗前后中医症状积分及伤寒沙门菌血培养、血常规的变化。结果：总有效率与治愈率治疗组分别为96.88%、78.13%,明显优于对照组的65.52%、31.03%,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01,P<0.05）。治疗组中医症状积分治疗前后组内比较及治疗后组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01,P<0.05）;对照组身热不扬、小便短少积分较治疗前降低（P<0.05）。治疗组伤寒沙门菌血培养转阴例数自身前后对比,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组白细胞总数、中性粒细胞数及治疗组嗜酸性粒细胞数治疗前后组内比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;治疗组治疗后白细胞总数比对照组高（P＜0.05）。结论：化湿醒脾汤治疗伤寒疗效显著,安全性良好。     

中药足浴治疗风热型小儿外感发热60例临床观察

目的：研究中药足浴治疗风热型小儿外感发热的临床疗效。方法：将120 例风热型外感发热患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各60 例。2组均给予西医常规治疗,对照组采用小儿柴桂退热颗粒治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用中药足浴治疗。治疗3 d后观察2组的综合疗效、中医证候总积分、各时间段体温、解热时间、退热起效时间、退热药使用次数、退热率。结果：总有效率治疗组为90.00%（54/60）,对照组为73.33%（44/60）,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,2组中医证候总积分均下降,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）,但组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。2组治疗后1、1.5、2、24、36、48、72 h体温比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。治疗组解热时间较对照组短,退热药使用次数较对照组少,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);治疗组退热起效时间较对照组短,但差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗组退热55 例（91.67%）,对照组退热46 例（76.67%）,组间比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：中药足浴能降低风热型外感发热患儿体温,改善临床症状,减少退热药使用次数,退热效果显著。     

香葛茯茶主要药效学研究

目的：对香葛茯茶的主要药效学进行研究。方法：通过观察香葛茯茶对自由饮食实验小鼠体质量、摄食量以及食物利用率方面的影响研究其促消化功效;通过观察香葛茯茶对实验小鼠脾指数和胸腺指数的影响研究其对免疫功能的调节作用;通过观察香葛茯茶对实验大鼠排便情况的影响研究其促排便的功效;通过观察香葛茯茶对自发性高血压大鼠（SHR）模型收缩压的影响研究其对血压的调节作用。结果：香葛茯茶能够显著降低自由饮食小鼠的体质量和食物利用率,与空白对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05或P<0.01）;香葛茯茶能增加小鼠胸腺指数与脾指数,与空白对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;香葛茯茶在给药4周后能够略微降低SHR尾动脉收缩压（SP）,与模型对照组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：香葛茯茶具有减肥、增强免疫、促消化的作用,长期饮用还具有调节血压的功效。     

中西医结合治疗肺结核合并糖尿病40例临床观察

目的：观察中西医结合治疗肺结核合并糖尿病的临床疗效。方法：将80例肺结核合并糖尿病患者随机分为治疗组和对照组各40例。对照组采用联合化疗、胰岛素强化降糖治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用生脉散加味治疗,疗程均为8个月。观察2组肺内病灶吸收率、痰菌转阴率、空洞闭合率及化疗结束后2个月末的空腹血糖、餐后2h血糖、糖化血红蛋白水平。结果：治疗组肺内病灶吸收率、痰菌转阴率、空洞闭合率均显著高于对照组,组间比较,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）;治疗组化疗结束后2个月末各项血糖指标水平均高于对照组,组间比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：中西医结合治疗肺结核合并糖尿病患者,不仅可有效控制血糖,而且能提高肺结核的治愈率,值得临床推广应用。     

三香通络饮联合苯磺酸氨氯地平片治疗老年性高血压病46 例临床观察

目的：观察三香通络饮联合苯磺酸氨氯地平片治疗老年性高血压病的临床疗效。方法：将92 例老年性高血压病患者按随机数字表法分为治疗组和对照组,每组各46 例。对照组口服苯磺酸氨氯地平片治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上加用三香通络饮治疗。比较2组的综合疗效、中医证候积分及不良反应发生情况。结果：总有效率治疗组为89.13%（41/46）,对照组为60.87%（28/46）,2组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;2组各项中医证候积分治疗前后组内比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）,且治疗后头晕目眩、头痛、心悸、口干口苦评分组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;不良反应发生率治疗组为10.87%（5/46）,对照组为19.57%（9/46）,2组比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：三香通络饮联合苯磺酸氨氯地平片治疗老年性高血压病患者的临床疗效优于单用西药治疗,且能有效减轻临床症状,值得推广。     

小柴胡汤加减联合针刺治疗肝郁化火型失眠20例临床观察

目的：观察小柴胡汤加减联合针刺治疗肝郁化火型失眠的临床疗效。方法：将40例肝郁化火型失眠患者随机分为2组各20例,治疗组采用小柴胡汤加减配合针刺治疗,对照组采用口服艾司唑仑片治疗,疗程为4周。对2组治疗前后进行失眠中医证候调查表、匹兹堡睡眠质量指数评分及疗效对比。结果：总有效率治疗组为85.0%,对照组为90.0%,组间比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;2组中医证候疗效比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;2组中医单症评分比较,除不寐一项外,其余各项比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论：小柴胡汤加减配合针刺治疗肝郁化火型失眠有较好的临床疗效。     

择时艾灸联合保肾汤治疗慢性肾衰竭42例临床观察

目的：探讨择时艾灸联合保肾汤治疗慢性肾衰竭的临床疗效。方法：将82例慢性肾衰竭患者随机分为治疗组42例与对照组40例。对照组采用西医常规治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上给予择时艾灸联合保肾汤治疗。治疗结束后对比2组综合疗效及不良反应发生率,观察2组治疗前后24h尿蛋白定量及血肌酐（Scr）变化情况。结果：总有效率治疗组为97.62%,对照组为90.00%,组间比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;2组24h尿蛋白定量、Scr水平治疗前后组内比较及治疗后组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;2组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论：择时艾灸联合保肾汤对改善慢性肾衰竭患者临床症状及体征、降低24h尿蛋白与Scr水平、提高治疗效果等方面均具有积极意义,且无明显不良反应,值得临床推广应用。     

清瘟败毒饮对脓毒症大鼠炎症反应和脏器损伤的影响

目的：观察清瘟败毒饮对脓毒症大鼠炎症反应和脏器损伤的影响。方法：将80只大鼠随机分为模型组、西药组及中药高、低剂量组,每组各20只。采用盲肠结扎穿刺术进行造模。西药组灌胃盐酸小檗碱0.27 mg/kg,中药高剂量组灌胃清瘟败毒饮4.6 g生药/kg,中药低剂量组灌胃清瘟败毒饮2.3 g生药/kg,模型组灌胃等量0.9%氯化钠注射液。1次/d,连续3 d。观察比较各组大鼠进食、活动、皮毛色泽等一般情况,血清肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-10（IL-10）、白细胞介素-17A（IL-17A）水平以及大鼠肺脏、肝脏组织病理情况。结果：模型组出现寒战、呼吸加快、活动度降低、皮毛倒立、精神萎靡等情况,中药高、低剂量组大鼠的一般情况优于模型组;与模型组比较,中药高、低剂量组和西药组均可降低血清TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-17A水平（P<0.05）,但中药高、低剂量组与西药组比较,指标差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。中药高、低剂量组肺脏、肝脏组织病理损伤程度较模型组改善。结论：清瘟败毒饮可以抑制脓毒症模型大鼠炎症反应,减轻脏器损伤。     

小醒脑针刺法联合西药治疗持续性姿势-知觉性头晕29 例

目的:观察小醒脑针刺法联合西药治疗持续性姿势-知觉性头晕(PPPD)的临床疗效。方法:将58 例PPPD患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组各29 例。对照组给予草酸艾司西酞普兰片治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上配合小醒脑针刺法治疗。治疗结束后,比较2组临床疗效,治疗前及治疗2、4、8周后眩晕残障量表（DHI）评分、汉密尔顿焦虑量表（HAMA）评分、汉密尔顿抑郁量表（HAMD）评分。结果：总有效率治疗组为93.10%（27/29）,高于对照组的68.97%（20/29）,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;2组DHI、HAMA、HAMD评分治疗2、4、8周后均降低,治疗前后组内比较及治疗后组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：小醒脑针刺法联合草酸艾司西酞普兰治疗PPPD起效快,可明显改善患者的头晕等主观症状,减轻焦虑、抑郁等不良情绪,值得临床推广。     

调肝理脾颗粒治疗小儿厌食症30例临床观察

目的：观察调肝理脾颗粒治疗小儿厌食症（脾虚肝旺型）的临床疗效。方法：将60例厌食症（脾虚肝旺型）患儿随机分为治疗组和对照组各30例,治疗组采用自拟方调肝理脾颗粒治疗,对照组采用枯草杆菌二联活菌颗粒治疗,疗程均为4周,比较2组临床疗效。结果：总有效率治疗组为100.0%,对照组为86.7%,2组比较,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;2组主要症状积分治疗前后组内比较及治疗后组间比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组均未发生不良反应。结论：调肝理脾颗粒治疗小儿厌食症（脾虚肝旺型）有较好疗效。     

Simple expressions for correcting wind speed data for elevation

Using the logarithmic wind profile and typical values of dimensionless sea roughness for different sea states, simple power expressions are derived for the wind profile over water. The power expressions are useful for correcting measured wind speed data at a given elevation (up to an elevation of 60 m) to the standard elevation of 10 m commonly used in coastal engineering studies. The analysis shows that the 1/7 power expression (suggested in [U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1984. Shore Protection Manual, Vol. 1. Coastal Engineering Research Center, Vicksburg, USA.] and commonly used today) is a good approximation (<3% error) of the logarithmic profile for various sea states up to an elevation of 20 m. Above this elevation, the 1/7 power expression underestimates the wind speed for moderate to fully developed sea states.     

海岛立法 功在当代 利在千秋

<正>我国是海洋大国,海岛众多。海岛是壮大海洋经济、拓展发展空间的重要依托,是保护海洋环境、维护生态平衡的重要平台,是捍卫国家权益、保障国防安全的战略前沿。2009年12月26     

An improved technique for preparing eel otoliths for aging

The New Zealand Waters Pollution Regulations 1963, referring to recreational water to which the public can gain access, states that the “coliform bacteria content shall not consistently exceed 1,000/100 ml”. This standard is now under revision, and the suggested new standard is a median faecal coliform index of 200/100 ml with a maximum value not exceeding 400/100 ml.

Recent literature supports the use of faecal coliform sub‐group bacteria as the best indicator of faecal pollution and reference is made to the membership of this sub‐group. Inherent inaccuracies of the Most Probable Number (MPN) method of assessing bacterial populations are pointed out, such as experimental variations with different cultural media, and possible errors in interpretation of results. In North America, there is evidence that an MPN for the total coliform group of 1000/100 ml indicates a faecal coliform sub‐group MPN of 200/100 ml, and epidemiological experience supports these values as standards.

We tabulate and discuss evidence that the usual ratio of faecal coliforms : coliform group bacteria is typically 1 : 1 in fresh and marine waters of the Wellington region, and that a more attainable standard would be 500 faecal coliforms/100 ml. In ratios quoted in this paper, ‘coliform group’ means the remainder of the coliform group excluding faecal coliforms. The World Health Organisation (1963) definition, of the entire group of coliforms, is not intended. The ratio is different in other parts of New Zealand; in Auckland, for example, the ratio is close to that found in the United States.     

Ecosystem-based adaptation for improving coastal planning for sea-level rise: A systematic review for mangrove coasts

This paper systematically reviews and synthesizes peer-reviewed, English-language scientific publications (n=212) to identify relevant research about how Ecosystem-Based Adaptation (EBA) is integrated with coastal planning. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) methodology is applied in this study. Attention was given to studies concerning human-environment interactions as opposed to physical or biological climate change issues alone because the coastal planning and EBA approach addresses the management of human actions in nature. The literature references include the issue of climate change (77%); however, limited evidence of EBA in coastal areas are reported (18%), and it is evident that the issues have become relevant in the scientific literature published in recent years. Broad texts demonstrate that SLR is one of the major long-term impacts (68%), and all of these papers recognize the most affected ecosystems in the tropics would be mangroves. EBA is an emerging option that can offset anticipated ecosystem losses and improve coastal planning to cope with SLR because it provides benefits beyond climate change stressors. There is a need to synthesize a road map for incorporation of mangrove regulations into local planning instruments and for building capacity for their implementation. Application of PRISMA in marine science will enhance future reviews, facilitate the systematic search and adequately document any theme, and also be useful in determining research gaps or information needs.     

A review of sustainable sea-transport for Oceania: Providing context for renewable energy shipping for the Pacific

This paper summarises research and options for sustainable sea transport in Oceania with a focus on domestic shipping. This debate is situated initially within the context of the current Pacific domestic shipping scenario, a region of minute economies connected by some of the longest sea transport routes in the world. All current options are fossil fuel powered and increasingly uneconomic and unsustainable. Many routes are marginal or unviable and a vicious cycle of old ships replaced with old ships prevails. Although a central and essential issue of many Pacific communities, the option of pursuing sustainable sea transport is currently invisible within the policy space at all levels. Various renewable energy options are possible and increasingly available. Recent research finds that these have strong potential for providing benefits across multiple wellbeings. The barriers to pursing this agenda are complex and poorly understood but are perceptual and institutional more than technological. A small number of critical experiments during the last oil crisis provide critical lessons and direction.     

海洋渔业资源恢复法律制度的生态学基础

采用交叉学科分析的方法尝试对生态学与法学进行分析,探讨海洋渔业资源恢复法律制度的生态学基础.认为,在海洋渔业资源恢复法律制度设计中遵循生态规律、选择过程导向的恢复模式能提高制度的科学性,有利于制度的操作和实施.进一步分析了许可证管理对海洋渔业资源的公平分配,技术法律规范对渔业资源恢复过程进行的生态控制,争端解决机制对海...     

渔港避风锚地面积计算的随机模拟

计算避风锚地的面积是渔港规划设计的重要内容之一.<渔港总体设计规范>(SC/T 9010-2000)推荐采用确定性方法计算避风锚地面积.由于没有规定输入参数代表值的确定方法,实际应用时参数取值带有很大的随意性和经验性,从而导致计算结果的不确定性.引入Monte Carle方法建立了渔港避风锚地面积计算的随机模拟模型,采用不同的概率分布刻划各相关参数,从而获得避风锚地面积的概率分布.实例计算表明,无论采用何种概率分布假定,得到的避风锚地面积均近似地服从正态分布,且不同概率分布假定对95%保证率的避风锚地面积值影响不大;当船长、船宽均取各分组船型的最大值,水深取相应区域水深的平均值,每组渔船之间安全距离及每组渔船数量取规范给定的平均值时,规范方法计算的避风锚地面积保证率在95%左右,从而为规范方法输入参数的确定提供了依据.     

An appeal for a code of conduct for marine conservation

Marine conservation actions are promoted to conserve natural values and support human wellbeing. Yet the quality of governance processes and the social consequences of some marine conservation initiatives have been the subject of critique and even human rights complaints. These types of governance and social issues may jeopardize the legitimacy of, support for and long-term effectiveness of marine conservation. Thus, we argue that a clearly articulated and comprehensive set of social standards - a code of conduct - is needed to guide marine conservation. In this paper, we draw on the results of an expert meeting and scoping review to present key principles that might be taken into account in a code of conduct, to propose a draft set of foundational elements for inclusion in a code of conduct, to discuss the benefits and challenges of such a document, and to propose next steps to develop and facilitate the uptake of a broadly applicable code of conduct within the marine conservation community. The objectives of developing such a code of conduct are to promote fair conservation governance and decision-making, socially just conservation actions and outcomes, and accountable conservation practitioners and organizations. The uptake and implementation of a code of conduct would enable marine conservation to be both socially acceptable and ecologically effective, thereby contributing to a truly sustainable ocean.