天山天池雾凇景观旅游气象等级指数分析

利用天池气象站1981—2018年的雾凇天气现象资料分析天山天池的雾凇特征。用2004—2018年雾凇天气现象出现时的逐小时气温、温度露点差、相对湿度、风等数据，分析雾凇与气象要素的关系。结果表明：天山天池年平均雾凇27.8 d，冬季最多，春季次之；每年11月—翌年3月是雾凇的多发时段，其中3月最多；雾凇出现的开始时间多在夜间，结束时间多在12—17时。年雾凇日数以9.8 d/10 a的速率呈波动减少趋势，冬季减少速率为4.4 d/10 a。天山天池出现雾凇最有利的气象条件是，气温在-4～-10℃，温度露点差≤2.0℃，相对湿度>90%，风速≤3.0 m/s。选取气温、温度露点差、相对湿度、2 min平均风速、雾等对雾凇形成影响较大的气象因子，建立天山天池雾凇气象等级指数并进行典型年份检验，该指数可以作为旅游气象服务业务的一项参考指标。     

基于逐时资料的黄山雾凇特征及气象条件分析

利用2004—2016年黄山气象站逐日、逐时地面气象观测资料分析了雾凇的时间分布特征及气象条件。结果表明:(1)黄山年平均雾凇日61.6d,年份之间差异明显;雾凇初日主要在11月,终日主要在3—4月;连续雾凇日数多在3～4d,占40%,各年均出现了连续雾凇日数≥10d的情况。(2)雾凇出现在10月至次年4月,其中12月至次年3月雾凇日数占89.8%;月平均雾凇日数与月平均气温呈显著负相关。雾凇还存在一定的日变化,08:00—09:00最多,18:00最少。(3)逐日资料统计表明,适宜雾凇出现的气象条件是雾日且日平均气温在-8～2℃之间、平均相对湿度≥80%、平均风速2～9m/s。(4)逐时资料统计表明,雾凇的形成主要受气温影响,雾凇形成前需7h以上的累计低温(≤0℃),适宜雾凇形成的气象条件是有雾且气温在-6～1℃之间,湿度≥95%,风速2～11m/s,较好地反映了雾凇形成的临界气象条件。     

中国大陆1960～2012年持续干旱日数的时空变化特征

采用1960~2012年508个地面观测站逐日降水量资料,分析了中国大陆近53 a四季持续干旱日数变化趋势。结果表明：近53 a来我国大陆春季和冬季持续干旱日数呈明显下降趋势,其中冬季气候倾向率为-0.7 d/10 a,夏季变化趋势比较平稳,秋季呈明显上升趋势。空间变化上持续干旱日数气候倾向率春季在-0.41~0.41 d/10 a之间,大部分地区呈减少趋势;夏季持续干旱日数气候倾向率508个测站中有59%的测站为减少趋势,41%为增加趋势;秋季大部分地区气候倾向率呈增加趋势,统计有302个测站呈上升趋势,占中国大陆总测站数的69%;冬季持续干旱日数气候倾向率在-0.62~0.44 d/10 a之间,统计508个测站中有66%的测站为减少趋势,34%为增加趋势。     

1971-2015年北疆地区不同等级冷空气时空统计特征分析

选取北疆50个测站1971-2015年的逐日平均气温和最低气温资料,运用小波分析、M-K突变检验等统计方法分析了北疆地区不同等级冷空气活动过程的时空变化特征。分析表明：近45年北疆地区冷空气活动持续日数在1～15d,平均持续日数为1.79 d。其中弱冷空气过程持续日数以1～2 d为主;中等强度冷空气、较强冷空气和寒潮过程以1～3 d为主;而强冷空气过程以2～4 d为主。近45年北疆单站冷空气发生频次为95.3次/a,且具有盆地多、山地少的特点;其中中等强度冷空气为11.8次/a,自东向西逐渐减少;弱冷空气、较强冷空气发生频次为70.9次/a、1.8次/a,呈自西南向东北逐渐减少的趋势;强冷空气和寒潮发生频次为4.2次/a 、7.3次/a,呈现由西南向东北增加趋势。近45年北疆地区冷空气活动频次总体呈减少趋势,年代际表现为先减少后增加的特点, 70年代最多,90年代最少,减少速率为0.33/10a;弱冷空气和较强冷空气呈增加趋势,增加速率为0.17/10a和0.03/10a;中等强度冷空气、强冷空气和寒潮活动频次呈下降趋势,其中寒潮的下降速率达-0.37/10a;不同等级冷空气活动频次均存在一个15-20a的显著周期,突变点出现在1980、2003年左右。     

1961-2015年华东地区极端气温变化研究

基于华东399个气象站点逐日最高、最低气温数据，利用极端气候指数软件RClimdex和线性倾向估计、Mann-Kendall突变检验、概率密度函数等气候统计诊断方法，分析了华东极端气候的时空变化特征。结果表明，1961-2015年期间，华东最低气温极大值和极小值分别以0.2℃/10a和0.6℃/10a的趋势显著增加，最高气温极小值以0.3℃/10a的趋势显著增加，结冰、霜冻、冷夜和冷昼日数分别以0.5d/10a、3.7d/10a、2.0%/10a和0.7%/10a显著减少，夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜和暖昼日数分别以2.9d/10a、2.8d/10a、1.8%/10a和0.8%/10a显著增加。期间华东最低和最高气温极值均发生升高突变，霜冻和结冰日数、冷夜和冷昼日数分别在20世纪80年代中后期和90年代发生减少突变，夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜和暖昼日数则在2000年发生增多突变。与1961-1990年期间相比，1991-2015年间华东最低和最高气温极值的概率密度函数分布均右移，峰值多增大；霜冻、结冰、冷夜和冷昼日数的分布函数左移，峰值升高，形状变窄，而夏天日数、热夜日数、暖夜和暖昼日数恰好相反。     

阿拉山口1957—2007年气候变化特征

采用线性趋势方程、7 a滑动平均、气候趋势系数分析法对1957—2007年阿拉山口气象站的气温、降水、大风日数进行统计分析,得出51 a阿拉山口年平均气温呈上升趋势,增幅0.3℃/10 a;2、4—5、10—11月增暖较明显,增幅为0.4～0.7℃/10 a,3月增幅为0.1℃/10 a。年降水量呈增加趋势,增幅7.3 mm/10 a,5、7、12月的增幅1.6～2.9 mm/10 a,而8月降水量减少趋势较明显,减幅为-1.1 mm/10 a。年大风日数呈减少趋势,减少率7 d/10 a;秋季、夏季和春季大风日数减少率分别为3、2、2 d/10 a。     

博州地区近30年热量资源变化对棉花生育期的影响

利用博乐市、精河县2个国家基本气象站1991—2020年气象资料,采用相关分析、气候倾向率、突变检验等统计分析方法分析了近30 a博州地区热量资源变化对棉花生育期的影响。结果表明：(1)棉花生育期月平均气温、≥10℃积温呈明显上升趋势,≥35℃高温日数呈缓慢增加趋势;初霜期延后,终霜期提前,无霜期延长;日照时数呈缓慢增加趋势。(2)棉花生育期平均气温、≥10℃积温、无霜期的突变,博乐分别发生在2005、2008、2008年,精河分别发生在2005、2005、2011年,突变后两地平均气温分别增加0.6、1.2℃,≥10℃积温分别增加247.1、334.4℃·d,无霜期分别延长13.6、11.4 d;棉花生育期日数呈现增加趋势,博乐市、精河县变化趋势率分别为1.9、7.5 d/10 a。(3)相关分析表明,平均气温、10℃积温越高,棉花各发育期越提前,生育期越长;35℃高温日数越多,现蕾期、开花期、裂铃期越提前;无霜期越长、日照条件越好,对棉花生长越有利。(4)气候变化对博州地区棉花生产以有利为主。     

1961-2019年延边州农业气候资源时间变化特征分析

利用1961-2019年延边州8个气象站的观测数据,采用线性倾向估计、突变分析等方法,研究了延边州农业气候资源的时间变化特征.结果表明:1961-2019年延边州作物生长季(5-9月)平均气温呈显著上升趋势(P<0.01),气候倾向率为0.21℃/10a;平均气温在1997年发生了突变,突变后平均气温较突变前上升了0.8℃;活动积温呈显著上升趋势(P<0.01),气候倾向率为32.5(℃·d)/10a;平均气温和活动积温均在20世纪70年代最低;日照时数呈逐年下降趋势,气候倾向率为-6.7h/10a,在20世纪60年代最高,80年代最低;降水量呈上升趋势变化,气候倾向率为0.68 mm/10a;ET0呈下降趋势变化,气候倾向率为-1.51mm/10a;20世纪90年代降水量最高,ET0最低.     

商洛1961—2020年10 ℃界限温度变化特征

利用商洛7个气象观测站1961—2020年逐日气象观测资料,分析商洛1961—2020年气温稳定通过10 ℃的初日、终日、持续日数和活动积温分布特征,采用线性倾向估计法分析变化特征,综合采用累积距平、滑动t检验、Mann-Kendall法进行突变分析和检验,采用R/S相关性分析预测其未来变化趋势。结果表明：商洛市1961—2020年≥10 ℃初日、终日、持续日数及积温等值线呈纬向分布;商洛市≥10 ℃平均初日呈提前趋势（线性倾向率为-23 d/10 a,通过0005显著性检验）,平均终日呈推迟趋势（线性倾向率为13 d/10 a,推迟趋势不明显）,持续日数呈增加趋势（线性倾向为33 d/10 a,通过0001显著性检验）,活动积温增加趋势（线性倾向率为688 ℃d /10 a,通过0001显著性检验）;终日和积温突变不明显,初日在1972年前后发生突变,持续日数1972年和2002年前后发生突变;初日将继续呈提前趋势,持续日数呈增长趋势,持续性不明显;终日推迟趋势和积温增大趋势不显著,有较大的随机性。     

近40年重庆夏季气温变化的特征分析

利用1971—2010年的NCEP资料和重庆市5个站点气温观测资料,采用气候倾向估计、线性拟合、MK检验等方法,对重庆夏季气温变化的区域特征进行分析。结果表明:重庆市的夏季平均气温在15℃至27℃的幅度内变化,重庆西部和四川盆地东部的区域平均气温最高,四川盆地沿长江一带的平均气温较低;重庆近40a夏季平均气温变化总体呈升温趋势,其中酉阳、奉节和万州的升温趋势较明显,气候倾向率分别达到0.072℃/10a、0.288℃/10a和0.154℃/10a,沙坪坝和梁平平均气温的变化趋势较平缓,气候倾向率分别为0.009℃/10a和-0.002℃/10a;平均最高气温、平均最低气温和平均气温日较差整体呈现升高的变化趋势;MK检验表明重庆市的气温变化整体比较平稳,没有特别明显的突变年份。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.