太湖上游丘陵区典型水塘反硝化潜力变化特征及其影响因素

水塘是连接上游集水坡地和下游水体的重要水文通道,也是氮素发生生物地球反应的重要场所.作为氮素高效去除的首要机制,水塘的反硝化脱氮潜力及其影响因素亟待揭示.本研究选择太湖上游丘陵区天目湖流域4类(茶园塘、村塘、养殖塘、林塘)共14个典型水塘为研究区,分别监测了其夏、秋季水质和沉积物变化特征,并利用膜进样质谱法(MIMS)直接测定水塘水体中溶存的反硝化产物N₂浓度.结果发现,14个水塘上覆水中N₂过饱和浓度在1.36～28.35μmol/L之间,平均值为(8.23±6.04)μmol/L,夏季和秋季N₂过饱和浓度分别为(8.81±4.08)和(7.64±7.46)μmol/L,夏季高于秋季,不同类型水塘N2过饱和浓度大小顺序为：茶园塘>村塘>养殖塘>林塘;结合水气交换通量模型估算了反硝化潜力,14个水塘的反硝化速率均值为(4.75±3.27)mmol/(m²·d),反硝化速率大小顺序为：茶园塘>村塘>养殖塘>林塘.相关分析结果表明,反硝化作用与水体中硝态氮浓度呈显著正...     

藻型湖区氧化亚氮排放特征及其影响因素

湖泊等内陆水体是大气N₂O潜在的重要排放源,也是全球N₂O收支估算的重要组成部分。目前全球湖泊普遍面临富营养化和蓝藻暴发等问题,明晰藻型湖泊N₂O排放强度及其环境影响因子对准确估算湖泊N₂O排放和预测其未来变化至关重要。本研究选择太湖藻型湖区为研究对象,同时选取人为活动影响较小的湖心区作为对比区域,基于2011年8月至2013年8月为期2年的逐月连续观测,探讨藻型湖区N₂O排放特征及其影响因素。结果表明,藻型湖区呈现极强的N₂O排放,其排放通量为(4.88±3.05) mmol/(m²·d),是参考区域(湖心:(2.10±4.31) mmol/(m²·d))的2倍多。此外,在藻型湖区中不同点位N₂O排放差异显著,受河流外源输入影响,近岸区是N₂O的热点排放区,其年均排放通量高达10.93 mmol/(m²·d)。连续观测表明N₂     

太湖常见3种沉水植物附着生物的生物量及潜在反硝化速率

反硝化作用是将氮素从湖泊中彻底去除的重要途径之一,对于减轻湖泊富营养化具有重要意义。为了探究太湖沉水植物附着生物的生物量、潜在反硝化速率变化规律及其与环境因素的关系,在沉水植物生长盛期(7月),以太湖沉水植物主要分布区域东部湖湾作为采样区域,研究了太湖常见的3种沉水植物上附着生物的生物量,并利用乙炔抑制法测定沉水植物上附着生物的潜在反硝化速率,分析了太湖沉水植物附着生物的生物量及其潜在反硝化速率的主要影响因素。结果表明,太湖常见的3种沉水植物单位体表面积附着生物的生物量(AFDM)在0.037~0.789 mg/m²之间,均值为(0.389±0.261) mg/m²,沉水植物上附着生物的生物量存在空间差异,最大值出现在贡湖湾G1采样点((0.794±0.007) mg/m²),最小值出现在胥口湾X1采样点((0.041±0.005) mg/m²)。太湖沉水植物单位体表面积附着生物的潜在反硝化速率在3.09~58.80 μmol/(m²·h)之间,均值为(24.75±5.96)μmol/(m²·h)。太湖沉水植物附着生物的潜在反硝化速率存在空间差异,其中最大值出现在贡湖湾G1采样点((58.80±20.20) μmol/(m²·h)),最小值出现在胥口湾X1采样点((3.09±1.79) μmol/(m²·h))。相同条件下,沉水植物附着生物的生物量及潜在反硝化速率因植物种类的不同而存在差异,狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)上的附着生物的生物量及潜在反硝化速率显著高于苦草(Vallisneria natans)。相关性分析结果表明,沉水植物上附着生物的生物量与水体氮磷浓度相关。沉水植物附着生物的潜在反硝化速率与附着藻类的生物量、水体溶解有机碳及pH存在显著相关关系,这3种因子可以解释81.2%的沉水植物附着生物潜在反硝化速率变化,本研究结果可为进一步研究浅水湖泊脱氮过程及富营养化治理提供一定的理论依据。     

巢湖水-气界面N2O通量排放特征及影响因素

湖泊是温室气体氧化亚氮(N₂O)的潜在排放源,但由于自然环境以及人类活动的差异,其N₂O排放规律也存在特殊性和地域性。为探究巢湖N₂O排放通量的时空特征,利用静态暗箱-气相色谱法于2018年3月至2019年12月对巢湖不同区域(东、中、西)N₂O的排放进行观测。结果表明,巢湖水体N₂O年均排放通量为(25.14±55.01)μg/(m²·h),表现为N₂O的“源”,且具有较为明显的时空分布规律。在时间分布上,季节变化趋势呈现“M”形模式,7月出现最小值且表现为N₂O的“汇”((-12.97±16.32)μg/(m²·h)),在6月和8月为峰值,全年最大值出现在8月((68.25±78.05)μg/(m²·h)),极值均出现在夏季。在空间分布上,东、中、西3个湖区N₂O排放通量差异显著(P=0.03),N₂O排放通量最大值((4...     

菹草(Potamogeton crispus)附着物对水体氮、磷负荷的响应

通过实验模拟了10组氮、磷负荷对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)生长期和衰亡期茎叶附着物的影响.结果显示:随着水体氮、磷浓度的升高,菹草附着物的叶绿素a(Chl.a)含量、附着有机物量、附着无机物量和附着物总量均增加,在氮、磷浓度最高的T10组(总氮12.0 mg/L,总磷1.0 mg/L),附着物的总量达到高峰,附着物的Chl.a含量为2.005~4.765mg/g(DW),附着有机物的量为29.027~94.886 mg/g(DW),附着无机物的量为176.881~397.750 mg/g(DW),附着物总量为205.909~492.636 mg/g(DW).在菹草的快速生长期、稳定期和衰亡期,附着物的Chl.a含量、附着有机物量、附着无机物量和附着物总量均存在显著差异,均表现为衰亡期 >稳定期 >快速生长期,且在各营养盐浓度下均存在这一趋势.菹草衰亡期附着物的Chl.a含量、附着有机物量、附着无机物量和附着物总量分别为稳定期的1.046~1.826、1.046~1.638、1.029~1.858和1.106~1.717倍,为快速生长期的2.324~4.059、2.323~3.640、2.101~3.792和2.280~3.584倍.结果表明水体氮、磷负荷的增加促进了菹草茎叶附着物的生长和积累,加速了沉水植物衰亡.     

新保安—沙城断裂带土壤气地球化学特征分析

测量断裂带土壤气浓度变化, 是监测断裂活动性和地震危险性的重要途径之一。 2014年5月, 我们在怀来地区新保安-沙城断裂测量了断层土壤气H₂、 He、 CO₂、 Rn、 Hg浓度以及CO₂、 Rn、 Hg的通量。 测量结果显示: H₂、 He、 CO₂、 Rn、 Hg浓度变化范围分别为, H₂: (0.4～34.2)×10^-6、 He: (2.8～7)×10^-6、 CO₂: (0.051～1.19)%、 Rn: (0.31～18.22) kBq/m³、 Hg: (2～54) ng/m³。 土壤气H₂和Rn是揭示断层位置的有效参数之一, 在断层附近以及有陡坎的地区有明显高值异常。 通过对怀来地区新保安-沙城断裂土壤气浓度及通量地球化学研究初步确定断裂带有较高的脱气强度, 与此区域地震活动性有一定的关系。     

岩溶湿地表层水体CO2分压时空分布特征及其扩散通量

为揭示岩溶湿地表层水体二氧化碳分压(pCO₂)的时空分布规律及其扩散通量,以我国最大的岩溶湿地贵州威宁草海为研究对象,分别于2019年7月(丰水期)和12月(枯水期)通过网格布点法,系统采集草海表层湿地水体,测定水样理化指标和离子组成,利用PHREEQCI软件计算水体pCO₂,并基于Cole提出的气体扩散模型估算水-气界面二氧化碳(CO₂)的扩散通量.结果表明:草海湿地表层水体丰水期pCO₂的变化范围为0.44~645.65μatm,平均值为(55.94±124.73)μatm;枯水期变化范围为35.48~707.95μatm,平均值为(310.46±173.54)μatm;丰水期水体整体pCO₂低于枯水期,空间上两期水体均呈现东部区域及河流入湖口处pCO₂较高,而中西部区域pCO₂欠饱和的特征.水-气界面CO₂的扩散通量在丰水期变化范围为-43.27~27.16 mmol/(m²·d),平均值(-34.49±12.93)mmol/(m²·d),枯水期变化范围为-33.36~28.15 mmol/(m²·d),平均值(-8.02±15.85)mmol/(m²·d),与其他岩溶湖库相比,水生植物丰富的草海在两个极端水文期CO₂扩散通量相对较低,总体表现为大气CO₂的汇.     

华山山前正断层的分段活动特征——来自河流地貌参数的约束

华山山前正断层是渭河地堑南缘重要的控盆断裂,其强烈的构造活动造成了华山的掀斜式隆升。研究表明,该断裂的活动性存在显著的空间差异:中段(华县—华阴)最强,西段(蓝田—华县)和东段(华阴—灵宝)相对较弱。文中通过提取华山山前河流的高程剖面,结合坡度-面积分析和积分法识别裂点,计算河流凹度和陡峭系数,并对古河道进行投影重建。结果表明,河流凹度大多为0. 3～0. 6,基本不受构造活动的影响。陡峭系数与裂点分布的空间差异显著:在断裂东段,河流处于稳态,陡峭系数最低为(104±30) m^0.9。断裂中、西2段的河流多为瞬态,发育slope-break型裂点。裂点下游河道陡峭系数中断裂中段最高((230±92) m^0.9),西段次之((152±53) m^0.9)。结合区域构造、岩性和河流沉积等,分析认为河流陡峭系数的分布指示了断裂活动性的空间差异,与活动构造研究结果基本一致。裂点上游陡峭系数(断裂中段为(103±23) m^0.9,西段为(60±14) m^0.9)明显低于下游,并且裂点迁移距...     

不同营养状态下附生藻类对菹草(Potamogeton crispus)叶片光合机能的影响

以沉水植物--菹草为对象,实验室模拟水下弱光(100±10μmole/(m2·s)环境,进行附生藻类(生物控制和无生物控制)和营养(中营养、富营养和超富营养)双因子正交实验,探讨富营养水体附生藻类暴发对沉水植物叶片光合机能的影响.结果表明,水体营养水平提高促使菹草叶片附生藻类大量繁殖,富营养条件(TN:1mg/L;TP:0.1mg/L)下附生藻类在菹草叶片的增殖速率(Chl.a)达到0.16μg/(cm2·d),日本沼虾 耳萝卜螺的生物控制模式能有效控制菹草叶片上附生藻类的生物量.水下原位叶绿素荧光参数观测表明,42 d附生藻类引起菹草叶片光合机能下降,Chl.a密度下降25.2%,caro密度下降20.8%,PSII电子产率降低9.8%,电子传递速率(ETR)下降,光化学淬灭(qP)平均下降超过60%.研究表明,水体营养水平提高促进沉水植物叶片附生藻类增殖,导致菹草光合机能下降,营养盐的作用是间接的.     

三峡支流澎溪河消落带落干初期N2O释放与反硝化特征初探

水库近岸湿地(消落带)土壤N2O释放和反硝化作用是消落带氮的生物地球化学过程的重要组成部分.以三峡水库支流澎溪河高阳平湖库湾消落带为研究对象,于2013年落干初期,采用C2H2抑制-原状土柱培养法研究该处自然植被恢复区、农耕区和对照组等不同土地类型土壤的N2O释放速率和反硝化速率,并测定了土壤p H值、氧化还原电位、温度、有机质、总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮和土壤孔隙含水量等环境指标.结果表明,自然植被恢复区土壤N2O释放速率为9.88±6.49 g N/(hm2·d),反硝化速率为58.94±52.84 g N/(hm2·d);农耕区土壤N2O释放速率和反硝化速率分别为7.71±4.44和30.70±25.68 g N/(hm2·d).不同土地类型间N2O释放速率差异显著,落干初期土壤氧含量、含水量及氮含量对不同土地类型N2O释放和反硝化作用影响明显.土壤氧含量的升高促进了自然植被恢复区的N2O释放,并在一定程度上抑制了该区域反硝化作用.农耕区土壤含水量高于自然植被恢复区,可能致使N2O释放速率低于自然植被恢复区,而反硝化速率高于自然植被恢复区.消落带土壤氮含量降低同反硝化速率降低有一定联系.     

Species differences in stomatal control of water loss at the canopy scale in a mature bottomland deciduous forest

In order to evaluate factors controlling transpiration of six common eastern deciduous species in North America, a model describing responses of canopy stomatal conductance (G_S) to net radiation (R_N), vapor pressure deficit (D) and relative extractable soil water (REW) was parameterized from sap flux data. Sap flux was measured in 24 mature trees consisting of the species Carya tomentosa, Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Fraxinus americana, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Liquidambar styraciflua in a bottomland oak-hickory forest in the Duke Forest, NC. Species differences in model coefficients were found during the 1997 growing season. All species showed a reduction in G_S with increasing D. R_N influenced G_S in the overstory shade intolerant L. styraciflua to a larger extent than the other species measured. In addition, despite a severe drought during the study period, only L. tulipifera showed a decline in G_S with decreasing REW. The primary effect of the drought for the other species appeared to be early autumn leaf senescence and abscission. As a result, despite the drought in this bottomland forest accustomed to ample water supply, maximum daily transpiration (1.6 mm) and growing season transpiration (264 mm) were similar to a nearby upland forest measured during a year of above average precipitation. These results may aid in assessing differences in water use and the ability of bottomland deciduous species to tolerate alterations in the frequency or amount of precipitation. Results also suggest little variation in water use among forests of similar composition and structure growing in different positions in the landscape and subjected to large interannual variation in water supply.     

Respiratory adaptations to oxygen lack in three species of Glossiphoniidae (Hirudinea) in Lake Esrom, Denmark

The weight-specific respiration rate (μl O₂ mg⁻¹ AFDW h⁻¹) of three species of leech from Lake Esrom, Denmark, Glossiphonia concolor, G. complanata and Helobdella stagnalis was measured in a closed stirred chamber with a micro electrode. At declining oxygen concentration (mg O₂ l⁻¹) all three species expressed moderate ability to regulate respiration, in G. concolor and G. complanata down to 2 mg O₂ l⁻¹, in H. stagnalis down to 0.75 mg O₂ l⁻¹. Survival in anoxia was measured in closed bottles. The time to 50% survival (LD₅₀) was 30 days in G. concolor at 20 °C and 30 and 4 days in H. stagnalis at 10 and 20 °C, respectively. The results were discussed in relation to habitat and spatial distribution of the three species in the lake.     

1950s以来洪湖主要优势沉水植物群落变化

通过野外调查并结合历史数据对洪湖沉水植被进行长时间序列变化研究,构建自1950s以来洪湖主要优势沉水植物群落穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)和轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)的群落分布图并计算其面积.结果表明:穗状狐尾藻群落面积从1950s占全湖的6%增加至1990s的65%,而后急剧下降至2010年的2%,然后又恢复至2014年的15%;微齿眼子菜群落面积从1950s的10%增至1990s的65%,然后下降至2014年的38%;金鱼藻群落面积从1980s的6%增至1990s的39%,2010年以后则稳定在25%;轮叶黑藻群落面积1950s占全湖的32%,随后急剧下降至1980s的6%,2000年以后逐步增加,至2014年为15%.1950s1990s,穗状狐尾藻、微齿眼子菜和金鱼藻群落分布范围从周边向湖心扩展,而轮叶黑藻群落从湖中心消失;2000年以后洪湖沉水植物群落分布破碎化明显.分析认为,1950s 1990s的围垦和水文过程变化,1990s 2005年的围网养殖、水生植物过度利用以及由此导致的水质恶化等,以及2006年至今开展的拆围和生态修复是导致这些变化的主要因素.建议取缔围网,控制入湖水质,提高水体透明度,促进水生植被恢复,但同时增加水位变幅,促进植物资源合理利用,避免沼泽化重演.     

Prevalence and abundance of two trematode parasites,Diplostomum phoxini andMacrolecithus papilliger in European minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus) in an artificial Swiss Alpine lake

The influence of parasites on the breeding biology of the European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) was studied by examining 268 adult and 59 young-of-the-year minnows from an artificial Swiss Alpine lake for parasites during the breeding seasons in 1990 and 1991. Two trematode parasites;Diplostomum phoxini, in their brains, andMacrolecithus papilliger, in their guts, were found. The prevalence ofD. phoxini was 100% in both years. The mean abundance was 231 in 1990 and 448 in 1991; the difference was significant. Prevalence (and abundance) ofM. papilliger was 37.5% (1.04±0.39) in 1990 and 59.5% (2.68±0.55) in 1991; also significantly higher in 1991 than in 1990. No differences in prevalence or abundance between males and females were found. Numbers of both parasites were significantly correlated with fish length. There was seasonal variation in the abundance ofD. phoxini metacercariae, with a peak in June/July in both years. The prevalence ofM. papiller decreased after July in both years. Distribution of the two trematodes was overdispersed as indicated by the variance to mean (abundance) ratio. The observed seasonal variation inD. phoxini abundance also suggests that sublethal parasites could influence the population dynamics of their hosts.     

Fungal infection of Eudiaptomus gracilis (Copepoda, crustacea) in Lake Mondsee

An Aphanomyces sp. (Oomycetes) was found to be an important egg parasite of Eudiaptomus gracilis (Copepoda) in Lake Mondsee (Austria). The infection is evidenced by densely packed infection hyphae, attached with holdfasts and wrapped around the female's abdomen. The infection hyphae give rise to hyphae which penetrate the egg sac, and subsequently kill all eggs. The infection obviously has no pathogenetic effects on the egg-carrying female. Infected females appear during summer and fall, mainly in warm water layers. Infected egg clutches are found at all seasons of the year, indicating considerable birth control of the Eudiaptomus population by parasite infection. It seems possible that the actual Aphanomyces sp. is not the only parasite involved.     

Mixed heavy metals tolerance and radial oxygen loss in mangrove seedlings

The effects of a mixture of heavy metals (Pb, Zn and Cu) on growth, radial oxygen loss (ROL) and the spatial pattern of ROL were investigated in mangrove seedlings of three species: Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Heavy metals inhibited the growth of seedlings and led to decreased ROL and changes in the “tight” barrier spatial pattern of ROL. There was a significant positive correlation between the amount of ROL from the roots of seedlings and metal tolerance. The species with the highest ROL amount, B. gymnorrhiza, were also the most tolerant to heavy metals. The “tight” barrier spatial ROL pattern was also related to metal tolerance in the seedlings. Therefore, we conclude that both ROL amount and “tight” barrier spatial ROL pattern in the roots of the mangrove seedlings play an important role in resistance to heavy metal toxicity.     

Alien aquatic plants in a thermally abnormal river and their assembly to neophyte-dominated macrophyte stands (River Erft, Northrhine-Westphalia)

Floristic surveys, vegetation mapping, and detailed transect analyses rendered a macrophyte flora of 14 native and five alien taxa of flowering plants in the River Erft, a contributory of the River Rhine in Northrhine-Westphalia. Water temperatures of this river do not fall below 10 °C all the year round, for reasons of geothermically heated water discharged from nearby opencast mining areas. Macrophyte stand structures, composed of the neophytes Azolla filiculoides and Lemna minuta (floating) and Myriophyllum aquaticum, Egeria densa, and Vallisneria spiralis (rooted in the muddy or sandy ground of the river) are described and the ecological requirements of these taxa are characterized. The alien species can be seen as elements that increase the α-diversity of the aquatic vegetation of the River Erft. They do not replace any of the native species, even if shifts in the competition dynamics occur. The colonization by neophytes of the abnormally warmed River Erft can be appreciated as paradigmatic for trends in the macrophyte vegetation of medium-sized rivers in Central Europe when climate-related or discharge-based heating of the waterbody occurs and propagules of alien plants imported by waterfowl or – more important – plants from aquarium waste will find suitable places of existence and spread.     

Differential piscivory of the native Percichthys trucha and exotic salmonids upon the native forage fish Galaxias maculatus in Patagonian Andean lakes

The present paper analyses predation patterns, of Percichthys trucha and salmonid fish upon Galaxias maculatus in five lakes of northern Patagonia with differing community and environmental characteristics. Tank experiments were performed to evaluate relative efficiency of native and exotic predators of G. maculatus under treatments with and without cover (aquatic vegetation). Important differences were found between predators with regards to distribution and consumption of G. maculatus. Salmonids are more efficient than P. trucha in consuming G. maculatus in deep environments with scarcely vegetation; in contrast to native species they frequently use the pelagic environment. Although pelagic habitat might have served in the past as a refuge from native predators in the past, G maculatus now experiences intense predation in the pelagic zone by exotic salmonids. It is suggested that the widespread distribution of G. maculatus in Patagonian lakes may have facilitated the success of salmonids throughout Patagonia.     

Seismicity and codaQ values in the eastern Pyrenees: First results from the La Cerdanya seismic network

Seismicity in the La Cerdanya region of the eastern Pyrenees has been accurately mapped for the first time using data from a local seismic network. The majority of earthquakes lies on or near the La Cerdanya fault or secondary faults to the south. Coda magnitudes determined for these earthquakes, using magnitude relations from other regions, range between –0.5 and 2.2. These are, however, presumed to be underdetermined values sinceQ values appear to be very low in the La Cerdanya region. CodaQ values at a frequency of 1.5 Hz range between 17 and 120, the lowest values being obtained for the most seismically active regions. CodaQ values also increase with increasing distance, a result which indicates decreasing seismic attenuation with increasing depth in the crust.     

亚热带河口区对虾养殖池塘浮游植物初级生产力变化

浮游植物初级生产力是评估水产养殖系统结构与功能的基础环节,对渔业资源的开发与管理具有重要意义.于2018年5-10月,采用黑白瓶法对闽江河口区的3个南美白对虾养殖塘(Pond Ⅰ、Pond Ⅱ和Pond Ⅲ)水体浮游植物初级生产力进行了原位监测,初步研究了初级生产力在池塘间的差异性及其时间变化特征.结果显示,养殖期间养...