固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱法检测卤水中有机物的种类

建立了卤水中有机物的固相萃取-气相色谱/质谱分析方法。首先用石墨化碳黑柱对盐湖卤水的有机物进行富集,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)以扫描离子和选择离子检测模式进行检测。回收率标记物在0.1～1 mg/L范围里线性关系良好,相关系数R=0.998 7;其回收率处于74.00%～96.00%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)为10.9%。最后用优化的方法检测了所富集的有机物。     

苯并15-冠-5—离子液体体系多级逆流萃取分离锂同位素研究

锂的两种天然同位素（6Li和7Li）在能源、环境和国防安全等领域具有重要应用价值。本文以氯化锂溶液为原料,选用苯并15-冠-5和咪唑类离子液体体系对其进行了模拟逆流萃取实验,考察了多级逆流萃取过程中锂的萃取率和锂同位素分离系数的变化规律,结果表明：经10级逆流萃取后,锂的萃取率和同位素分离系数有了明显提高,6Li富集在有机相,丰度提高了0.2996%,本文对锂同位素富集浓度和富集行为进了研究探讨。     

苯并15-冠-5—离子液体体系多级逆流萃取分离锂同位素研究

锂的两种天然同位素(~6Li和~7Li)在能源、环境和国防安全等领域具有重要应用价值。以氯化锂溶液为原料,选用苯并15-冠-5和咪唑类离子液体体系对其进行了模拟逆流萃取实验,考察了多级逆流萃取过程中锂的萃取率和锂同位素分离系数的变化规律。同时,对锂同位素富集浓度和富集行为进了研究探讨。结果表明,经10级逆流萃取后,锂的萃取率和同位素分离系数有了明显提高,~6Li富集在有机相,丰度提高了0.299 6%。     

四苯硼钠—季铵盐质量滴定法分析常量铷

采用四苯硼钠—季铵盐质量滴定法分析溶液中的常量铷,考察了松节油用量和共存离子(Ca2+、Mg2+、Li+、CO2-3、SO2-4、B4O2-7)对氯化铷溶液中Rb+分析结果的影响。溶液中Rb+浓度为0.05%⁰.15%时,分析结果的相对误差<0.3%,加标回收率为99.20%0.15%时,分析结果的相对误差<0.3%,加标回收率为99.20%¹01.2%。溶液中的共存离子Ca2+、Li+和SO2-4对Rb+分析无影响。     

产量红线与耕地红线耦合研究

基于实际粮食产量与抛荒耕地种植粮食作物条件下粮食总产量关系的分析方法有助于促进耕地红线制度改进。依据全国粮食总产量、种植面积与耕地面积数据,构造2016-2033 年粮食产量与耕地面积红线耦合的基本、法定、过渡、新型与理想耦合红线标准;分析阶段性耦合与可持续耦合两种升级路径。研究表明：2001-2015 年,全国耕地面积与粮食产量耦合不足。据此,提出以新增建设用地指标与抛荒治理面积挂钩的政策建议;在抛荒比例11.12%的条件下,新增单位面积建设用地,治理28.85 倍抛荒耕地;2017、2021、2025、2029、2033 年分别实现有效利用1.200×10⁸ hm²、1.243×10⁸ hm²、1.279×10⁸ hm²、1.314×10⁸ hm²、1.349×10⁸ hm² 耕地,粮食总产量分别比基期增加4.838×10⁶、2.4190×10⁷、4.354 2×10⁷、5.321 8×10⁷、8.824 6×10⁷ t;红线耦合系数分别达到0.882 471、0.909 740、0.937 008、0.950 643与1;有效利用耕地增加12.5%,粮食总产量提升14.2%。     

基于格点数据的1961-2012年祁连山面雨量特征分析

基于国家气象信息中心发布的全国0.5°×0.5°逐日降水量数据集和气象站点日降水量实测资料,利用主成分分析（PCA）和回归分析,研究了1961-2012年祁连山面雨量年际变化以及面雨量距平与干旱累计强度的关系。结果表明,该套格点数据能够很好地反映出祁连山及其周边区域降水的时空分布格局,山区降水量大于平原区降水量,山区东段降水量大于西段降水量。1961-2012年祁连山面雨量的多年平均值为724.9×10⁸ m³,其中,春、夏、秋、冬的面雨量分别为118.9×10⁸ m³、469.4×10⁸ m³、122.5×10⁸ m³、14.1×10⁸ m³,夏季面雨量最大,占全年的64.76%。除春季外,其他季节面雨量都呈现逐年增加趋势,夏季增幅最大,平均每年增加1.7×10⁸ m³。山区面雨量与祁连山及其周边区域的干湿程度表现出较好的相关性,干旱累计强度与面雨量表现出负相关性,山区面雨量较多时这一地区的干旱强度也较弱。     

青海上庄含碳酸岩杂岩体的地球化学特征及其地质意义

青海上庄杂岩体为磷、铁、稀土矿化岩体,且磷矿石是磷肥生产的重要材料。上庄杂岩体包括超镁铁质岩、碱性正长岩和碳酸岩,碳酸岩主要为方解石碳酸岩,次为白云石碳酸岩,前人对辉石岩进行了详细的研究,然而,辉石岩-正长岩-碳酸岩整体的岩石成因和矿化机制还不清楚。文章开展了岩相学、全岩主微量元素、C-O-Sr-Nd同位素的研究。岩相学研究表明,岩石形成顺序为辉石岩-正长岩-碳酸岩。方解石碳酸岩的Sr、Ba含量分别为10 928.13×10^-6、14 293.18×10^-6,δ¹³C值为-4.72‰,表明其为火成碳酸岩。辉石岩-正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(LILE)Rb、Sr、Ba,高场强元素(HFSE)Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf亏损,相似的微量元素配分型式及Sr-Nd同位素特征表明杂岩体具有共同的地幔源区,该地幔源区曾被俯冲物质交代而富集。研究表明,上庄偏碱性辉石岩-碱性正长岩-碳酸岩杂岩体形成于俯冲向伸展环境转变的构造体制,幔源偏碱性碳酸质基性岩浆由于镁铁质矿物及磷灰石结晶形成Fe-P-REE富集的单...     

黑河干流正义峡-狼心山段河道渗漏量计算及模拟

综合考虑来水条件和渗漏容量,利用平均水面宽度与渗漏率的乘积求得单位长度渗漏量,采用水面宽度的变化表征渗漏面随水流起伏变化,建立了黑河正义峡-狼心山段河道渗漏模型,模拟了2005-2013年河段渗漏量变化;并以此建立了河道前期过水和未过水条件下正义峡流量和正义峡-狼心山段渗漏量之间的关系。结果表明：（1）强烈渗漏条件下天然河道水流演进模型对正义峡-狼心山段渗漏模拟效果较好,总体误差小于5%;（2）模型模拟的2005-2013年年均渗漏量为2.69×10⁸ m³,与以水量平衡计算的年均2.84×10⁸ m³大致相当,绝对误差为0.15×10⁸ m³,表明模型模拟的结果较好;（3）正义峡流量和正义峡-狼心山段河道渗漏量呈显著的指数关系,实际调度工作中,可利用该模型计算渗漏量并预测下游的来水过程。     

石羊河下游人工梭梭林土壤呼吸变化特征及其与水热因子的关系

土壤呼吸不仅是反映土壤生物活性的重要指标,也是全球碳循环研究中备受关注的热点问题。在地处典型干旱区的石羊河下游,以流动沙丘和去除土壤结皮人工梭梭林为对照,采用LI-8100土壤碳通量监测系统研究了栽植约40 a、30 a、10 a和5 a的人工梭梭林生长季和非生长季的土壤呼吸日变化,并分析了土壤水分和温度对土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明：（1）不同林龄梭梭林生长季和非生长季土壤呼吸速率的日变化均为明显的单峰曲线,且呈现出一定的波动性,日最大排放速率出现在12:00～14:00时,最小值出现在8:00时左右。（2）梭梭林营造和去结皮处理显著提高了沙漠土壤呼吸速率,而且不同林龄土壤呼吸速率大体上随着种植年限的增加而递增,表现为MC >40 a>30 a>10 a>MS >5 a,非生长季表现为MC >40 a>10 a>5 a>30 a>MS。（3）不同林龄梭梭林土壤呼吸速率均具有明显的季节变化特征,生长季（8 月）的土壤呼吸作用明显强于非生长季（1月）。（4）相关性分析表明,生长季和非生长季土壤呼吸均与0～5 cm土壤水分显著相关,且均呈二次曲线关系,分别为Y =-0.205 8X ²+0.946 5X-0.316 6（R ² =0.506 ²,P= 0.041 7）和Y= 0.118 7 X ²+0.156 3X+0.118 8（R ²=0.675 7,P =0.001 1）;但与10 cm土壤温度的相关性不显著,土壤水分是影响人工梭梭林土壤呼吸的关键因素。该研究进一步证明了人工梭梭林的营造有效改善了沙漠土壤的生物活性,提高了土壤碳通量水平,以土壤结皮破坏为基本特征的人工梭梭林退化和沙漠化必然在短期内加剧碳排放。因此,需要在沙漠地区合理营造人工林,并在造林和林业管理过程中注意保护土壤结皮,以减少CO²排放。     

艾比湖流域植被生态需水量

基于遥感数据,通过SEBAL模型估算蒸散量,计算艾比湖流域不同植被类型下植被生长季（59月）的生态需水量。结果表明：研究区植被主要为牧草地、灌木林地、耕地、乔木林地,面积分别为13 944km²（50%）、8 071km²（29%）、5 022km²（18%）、566km²（2%）。SEBAL模型估算的日蒸散量7月最大,为4.36mm。5、6、8、9月日蒸散量分别为4.26、4.07、4.24、4.15mm。SEBAL模型估算结果整体相对误差在10%以内,在允许范围内。20002015年生长季植被生态需水量整体上呈现出增加-减少-增加的变化趋势,2000、2005、2010、2015年分别为151.003×10⁸、149.611×10⁸、144.431×10⁸、136.374×10⁸m³。各植被类型下的生态需水量相比,牧草地 > 灌木林地 > 耕地 > 乔木林地,牧草地约占总生态需水量的53%～55%,而灌木林地、耕地的生态需水量分别占21%～25%、19%～20%,乔木林地的生态需水量所占比例最小,仅为2%～3%。     

Phenology ofMedicago minimaandErodium cicutariumin semi-arid Argentina

The phenology ofMedicago minimavar.minimaandErodium cicutariumwas studied at two different field sites in the Calden District (approx. 10 million ha), a temperate semi-arid phytogeographical region in central Argentina. One site had been protected from wild and domestic herbivores for the 6 previous years. The other adjacent site had been exposed to continuous grazing by cattle for several decades. A phenological key was made for each species in 1988, and this key was improved during the 1989 growing season when phenological observations were made every 1–3 weeks.The growth cycle ofM. minimaandE. cicutariumwas similar at the two studied sites. Initiation of the cycle occurred in autumn and appeared to be associated with soil water availability. Phenological patterns were very dynamic at the reproductive stage in both species. This stage started earlier and was faster inE. cicutariumthan inM. minima. The end of the growing season occurred during late spring, concomitant with high maximum air temperatures. Our results suggest that these species hasten their development when air temperature increases and soil water availability decreases. This could be an important strategy in these species which allows them to persist as seeds, and produce a new generation under favourable environmental conditions.     

Three-dimensional VP and VP /VS models of the upper crust in the Friuli area (northeastern Italy)

3-D images of P velocity and P - to S -velocity ratio have been produced for the upper crust of the Friuli area (northeastern Italy) using local earthquake tomography. The data consist of 2565 P and 930 S arrival times of high quality. The best-fitting V _P and V _P / V _S 1-D models were computed before the 3-D inversion. V _P was measured on two rock samples representative of the investigated upper layers of the Friuli crust. The tomographic V _P model was used for modelling the gravity anomalies, by converting the velocity values into densities along three vertical cross-sections. The computed gravity anomalies were optimized with respect to the observed gravity anomalies. The crust investigated is characterized by sharp lateral and deep V _P and V _P / V _S anomalies that are associated with the complex geological structure. High V _P / V _S values are associated with highly fractured zones related to the main faulting pattern. The relocated seismicity is generally associated with sharp variations in the V _P / V _S anomalies. The V _P images show a high-velocity body below 6 km depth in the central part of the Friuli area, marked also by strong V _P / V _S heterogeneities, and this is interpreted as a tectonic wedge. Comparison with the distribution of earthquakes supports the hypothesis that the tectonic wedge controls most of the seismicity and can be considered to be the main seismogenic zone in the Friuli area.     

Stacking for the frequencies and Qs of 0S0 and 1S0

Summary. Using nine IDA records for the Indonesian earthquake of 1977 August 19, we have formed an optimal linear combination of the records and have measured the frequency and Q of ₀ S ₀ and ₁ S ₀. The frequency was measured using the moment ratio method. The attenuation was measured by the minimum width method and by the time-lapse method. The frequency and attenuation were measured simultaneously by varying them to obtain a best fit to the data. A 2000-hr stack, the sum of nine individual records, for ₀ S ₀ gave a frequency of 0.814664 mHz±4 ppm. The values for the Q of ₀ S ₀ for the three different methods of measurement were 5600,5833 and 5700, respectively. The error in the estimates of Q ^-1 is about 5 per cent for the minimum power method. For ₁ S ₀ a 300-hr stack yielded a frequency of 1.63151 mHz±30 ppm. The values of Q for this mode were 1960, 1800 and 1850, respectively, with an error in Q ^-1 of about 12 per cent for the minimum power method.     

40Ar/39Ar dates of eastern Iceland lavas

Summary. Twenty-two plateau ages obtained by the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar step-heating method span most of the time of formation of eastern Iceland. With one exception the dates are consistent with the stratigraphy, the exception having a very unusual argon release pattern. It is concluded that the ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar step-heating method can give correct dates on hydrothermally altered samples the total fusion ages of which are not correct; however, it is not possible to conclude from the results obtained that the method is inherently more accurate than the conventional method using carefully selected samples.
Though it is known from geological evidence that minor irregularities of spreading have occurred the results show that, within the resolution of the dates, spreading has been steady and symmetrical; in particular, neither a large eastward jump nor repetitive westward jumps can have occurred. The average half spreading rate for the period 2Myr to 12 Myr ago was 0.78 ± 0.16 cm yr-¹.