新型动力安装锚水动力学特性模型试验研究

相比于已有动力锚(鱼雷锚、多向受荷锚等),新型轻质动力安装锚借助助推器安装,具有质量轻、埋深大、承载效率高、在海床中下潜容易等特点。良好的水动力学特性(较小的拖曳阻力系数及稳定的下落垂直度)是确保动力安装锚准确、有效地安装到指定地点并贯入到设计深度的前提。通过4组10个工况的模型试验,研究了轻质动力安装锚的终端速度和拖曳阻力系数,及轻质动力安装锚和助推器的组合锚在水中自由下落时的方向稳定性。试验结果表明:优化后轻质动力安装锚的拖曳阻力系数为0.51~0.55,这有助于提高组合锚在水中的下落速度,从而提升组合锚的沉贯深度;增大助推器尾翼展弦比和选用轻质材料制作尾翼能减小组合锚的下落偏角,提高组合锚的方向稳定性。     

板翼动力锚水中自由下落过程数值模拟

板翼动力锚是依靠自重完成安装并靠自重和海床土的抗力来锚固的新型动力锚。板翼动力锚在水中自由下落的阻力决定了锚到达海床表面时的速度,进而直接决定了锚贯入海床中的深度以及它能提供的承载力。板翼动力锚的形状比较复杂,采用计算流体动力学的方法研究板翼动力锚的下落速度、水平位移和转角与下落位移的关系。计算结果表明:板翼动力锚的拖曳阻力系数约为0.93~1.12之间;在沉贯过程中应使加载臂与翼板共面以减少阻力;板翼动力锚的终端速度约为28 m/s。     

动力锚在斜坡地基上的沉贯特性

水上浮式结构都需要锚固基础来定位.动力锚依靠重力以自由落体的方式安装,是一种自安装锚固基础,具有安装过程简单高效的优点.通过1g模型试验研究了自行研制开发的板型动力锚在斜坡地基上的沉贯过程,分别考虑了基床坡度、锚柄方位和贯入速度对锚最终偏角的影响.结果表明:基床的坡度越大,锚的最终偏角也越大,但基床坡度对动力锚最终偏角影响有限,对动力锚的安装和承载能力影响较小.当贯入速度相同时,锚柄平行坡面时锚的最终偏角最小,锚柄指向坡外时锚的最终偏角最大;当基床坡度相同时,锚的贯入速度越大,锚的最终偏角越小.     

深海锚泊浮标的二阶动力分析

计算了规则波上深海锚泊浮标的运动响应和锚泊线的动力响应。在对浮标的二阶漂移力计算时考虑了锚系的影响,并将浮标平均漂移的计算结果与不考虑锚系影响的结果进行了比较。本文计算所用浮标为单点系泊浮标,锚链由不同重量的分段组成。     

板翼动力锚沉贯深度模型试验研究

板翼动力锚是依靠自重完成安装并靠自重和海床土的抗力来锚固的新型动力锚。板翼动力锚高速(15~25 m/s)贯入地基过程中涉及到高应变率、流固耦合、土体软化和大变形等难题,模型试验可避免上述计算困难,能直接得出不同的贯入速度所对应的沉贯深度。本文首先推导了模型相似关系,然后在常规重力条件下,进行了两组26个工况的板翼动力锚在均质黏土中动力安装过程的模型试验,根据试验结果确定了率效应参数的取值范围,并研究了每一项受力对沉贯深度的影响。最后提出了在均质黏土中预测板翼动力锚沉贯深度的经验公式。     

深水锚在海床中复杂动力行为的分析模型

深水锚是深水系泊系统的核心组成,随着新概念和新技术在深水系泊领域的不断涌现和发展,深水锚在海床中的动力行为变得更为复杂,这给既有的分析方法带来极大的挑战。将深水锚的复杂动力行为视为拔出、旋转、嵌入三种典型行为的组合,分别给出明确定义并建立力学模型。提出最小力准则以确定锚的拔出、嵌入方向和旋转中心,该准则同时可作为拔出、旋转、嵌入行为是否发生的判定条件,从而建立起可以描述深水锚在海床中复杂动力行为的分析模型。为检验所提出的分析模型,将其应用于预测拖曳锚在海床中的嵌入运动轨迹,并与已有分析方法和离心机试验结果进行对比,验证了该分析模型的有效性。     

仿鱼尾潜器推进系统的水动力分析

以开发适用于小型潜器的仿生操纵与推进系统为研究背景 ,对金枪鱼的月牙形尾鳍进行水动力分析。文中将金枪鱼的尾鳍处理为在做横移和摇摆的耦合运动的同时 ,以某一匀速向前运动的月牙形刚性尾翼。计算中应用了双曲面元和压力库塔条件 ,利用面元法计算分析该三维尾翼的非定常水动力性能。探讨了前进速度、横荡和摇首的幅度、频率及其相位差对推进性能的影响     

三锚系大型浮标运动响应特性数值研究

以三锚系浮标系统为研究对象,基于AQWA与OrcaFlex软件开展了三锚系大型浮标系统运动响应特性数值模拟研究。对直径10 m的浮标结构在波浪荷载下的水动力特性进行研究,校核了浮标的初稳性和大倾角稳性特征,计算分析了浮标的附加质量、辐射阻尼、运动响应幅值算子RAO等水动力参数,阐明了不同风、浪、流工况下三锚系浮标与辅助浮筒的运动响应特性,揭示了浮标三锚链导缆孔处锚泊张力随入射角度、波高和周期等的变化规律。研究结果表明：该浮标稳性和随波性能较好。与无浮筒三锚系浮标相比,带辅助浮筒的三锚系浮标系统的运动响应和锚泊张力减小,随着波高和周期增大,三锚系浮标系泊锚链的极端张力值逐渐增大,尤其是在极端海况下,迎浪向锚链极端张力急剧增大。     

波浪作用下方箱-水平板浮式防波堤时域水动力分析

在线性化势流理论范围内求解方箱-水平板浮式防波堤的波浪绕射和辐射问题,从时域角度分析了浮式防波堤的水动力特性.采用格林函数法将速度势定解问题的控制微分方程变换成边界上的积分方程进行数值求解,浮式防波堤的运动方程采用四阶Runge-Kutta方法求解.对不同层数水平板的浮式防波堤的波浪透射系数、运动响应和锚链受力进行了计算分析,结果表明方箱相对宽度对方箱-水平板浮式防波堤的波浪透射作用有重要的影响,透射系数随着方箱相对宽度的增加而减小.对于方箱加二层水平板的浮式防波堤,在本研究的计算条件下,当方箱相对宽度从0.110增加至0.295时,透射系数从0.88减小至0.30.水平板有利于增加浮式防波堤对波浪的衰减作用,但随着水平板层数从0增加至2,这种波浪衰减作用增加的程度趋弱.方箱-水平板的浮式防波堤的运动量小于单一方箱防波堤的运动量.与此对应,方箱-水平板防波堤的锚链受力小于单一方箱防波堤的锚链受力.     

不规则波中半潜式平台及其系泊系统动力响应分析

采用时域分析方法,研究某半潜式平台在不规则波作用下的动力响应特性。重点分析在不同浪向角情况下,平台系统有1根锚链缆发生断裂时,其运动谱与锚链缆张力谱的变化特性。研究表明,在该半潜平台遭遇恶劣海况时,一旦有某1根锚链缆发生断裂,则对整个平台系统的动力响应特性将是有很大影响的。     

拖曳锚在海床中运动特性的大变形有限元分析

拖曳锚由于其承载性能和深水中便于安装被广泛应用于海洋工程系泊系统中,如:适用于悬链式系泊系统的传统拖曳锚和适用于绷紧式系泊系统的法向承力锚。拖曳锚安装过程中涉及诸多运动特性:锚板运动方向、系缆点处拖曳力和拖曳角及运动轨迹。基于大变形有限元分析技术耦合的欧拉-拉格朗日法,并引入缆绳方程,建立起锚-缆绳-海床土耦合作用的有限元分析模型;模拟了拖曳锚在均质和线性强度黏土中的嵌入安装过程,研究了锚板运动方向、系缆点处拖曳力和拖曳角及运动轨迹等运动特性;通过与已有的有限元分析方法及理论方法进行对比,验证了该分析模型的有效性;与已有的有限元分析方法相比,提出的分析模型有效地提高了计算效率。     

Experimental investigation of the keying process of OMNI-Max anchor

ABSTRACT

The OMNI-Max anchors are newly developed dynamically installed anchors for deep water mooring systems. After installation, the anchor is keyed to a new orientation and position by tensing the attached mooring chain, which is known as the “keying process”. This study conducted 1g model tests to study the trajectories and capacity developments of OMNI-Max anchors in homogeneous and lightly overconsolidated (LOC) clays. A testing arrangement was designed to simulate the anchor keying process with a constant pullout angle at the mudline. A half model anchor which could move against the box glass was used to determine the anchor trajectory in the soil. The effects of padeye offset angle, uplift angle at the mudline, anchor fluke thickness, anchor initial embedment depth, and soil strength on the anchor trajectory and capacity were systematically investigated. Moreover, the critical uplift angle at the padeye and the anchor critical initial embedment depth were discussed. The results indicate that the anchor can dive both in homogeneous and LOC clays under certain conditions. A padeye offset angle of 24–30° is recommended for the OMNI-Max anchor to maintain high capacity and diving trend simultaneously. Besides, the anchor diving trend can be improved with small uplift angles at the mudline and with thick anchor flukes. A critical initial embedment depth of 1.3 times the anchor length is recommended to preclude the anchor from being pulled out.     

法向承力锚拖曳安装过程的整体模拟

法向承力锚(Vertically Loaded Plate Anchor,VLA)是一种适用于深水的新型系泊基础,它的拖曳安装过程直接决定了其系泊定位的精度和锚体的最终承载能力。综合考虑VLA锚体、锚泊线和上部船体的运动,建立了一种新的准静力整体分析模型。模型包括不断贯入海床的锚体、锚泊线(土中反悬链段和水中悬链段)和安装船体三部分,针对确定的锚泊线长度,安装船运动张紧锚泊线进行安装的过程,计算了此过程中锚体的运动轨迹、锚泊线形态和作用在船体上的锚泊线张力矢量的变化,重点分析了不同抛链长度和海床土体的参数对安装过程控制的影响,发现链长与水深之比达到5时,接近极限贯入深度。     

Influence of Kinematic Analysis Parameters of Drag Anchor Trajectory Prediction Using Yield Envelope Method

Drag anchor is widely applied in offshore engineering for offshore mooring systems. The prediction of the invisible trajectory during its drag-in installation is challenging for anchor design in determining the anchor final position for ensuring sufficient holding capacity. The yield envelope method based on deep anchor failure for kinematic analysis was proposed as a promising trajectory prediction method for drag anchor. However, there is a lack of analysis on the effects of the parameters applied in the kinematic analysis. The current work studies the effects of the yield envelope parameters, anchor line bearing capacity factor and the anchor/soil interface friction. It is found that the accuracy of the yield envelope parameters has large impact on the prediction results based on deep yield envelopes.Analyses of cases with smooth fluke predict deeper embedment depth than that from analyses of cases with rough fluke. The decrease of the capacity factor results in the increase of the anchor embedment depth, the anchor line load,the anchor chain angle and the stable value of the normalized horizontal load component for the same drag length,while the stable value of the normalized vertical load component decreases when the capacity factor decreases. This illustrates the importance in applying reasonable parameters and improving the method for more reliable prediction of the anchor trajectory.     

Free-Fall Penetration Behaviors of A New Dynamically Installed Plate Anchor in Marine Clay

China Ocean Engineering - A new dynamically installed plate anchor, the Flying Wing Anchor®, has been developed as a sustainable anchor concept for deep-water offshore wind turbines. The...     

Reverse catenary equation of the embedded installation line and application to the kinematic model for drag anchors

The penetration behavior and trajectory of the drag anchor in seabed soils are not only determined by properties of the anchor and soil, but also controlled by the installation line especially the segment embedded in the soil. Correctly understanding and describing reverse catenary properties of the embedded line are crucial for improving the drag embedment performance, precisely predicting the anchor trajectory, and solving the positioning problem in offshore applications. The investigation on reverse catenary problems demonstrates that, the reverse catenary shape of the embedded line has to be solved almost through numerical incremental methods. In the present study, based on the mechanical model for the embedded line, the relationship between the tension and geometry of the embedded line, and the interactional equation between the anchor and embedded line are derived. By introducing the concept of the initial embedment depth of the installation line, the reverse catenary equation and the expression for calculating the length of the embedded line are obtained for soils with a linear strength, and the position of the embedment point can be reasonably solved through the derived reverse catenary equation. The reverse catenary equation is then introduced into the kinematic model for drag anchors, which combines the drag anchor, the installation line and the movement of the anchor handling vessel being an interactional system. More information related to the drag embedment problem can be definitely gained through the present work, including not only the anchor behaviors such as the trajectory, penetration direction and ultimate embedment depth, but also the properties of the installation line for both the embedded and horizontal segments. By comparing with drum centrifuge tests and model flume experiments, the efficiency of the theoretical method for predicting the anchor trajectory is well verified.     

Loading performance of fish and OMNI-Max anchors in crust-over-soft clays

This paper reports the results from three-dimensional dynamic finite element analysis undertaken to provide insight into the behaviour of the fish and OMNI-max dynamically installed anchors during loading in crust-over-soft clay sediments. Particular attention was focused on the situations where the anchor is embedded to a shallow depth during dynamic installation due to the strong crust layer. Large deformation finite element analyses were carried out using the coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian approach, incoporating the anchor chain effect. Parametric analyses were undertaken varying the initial embedment depth, anchor shape, loading angle, strength ratio between the top and bottom layers. The tracked anchor trajectory confirmed that the diving potential of the fish and OMNI-Max anchors were enhanced by the presence of the crust layer as that somewhat restircted the upward movement. This will be beneficial for many hydrocarbon active regions with layered seabed sediments where the anchor embedment depths during dynamic installation are expected to be low.     

Toward a quick evaluation of the performance of gravity installed anchors in clay: Penetration and keying

Gravity installed anchors (GIAs) are the most recent generation of anchoring solutions to moor floating facilities for deepwater oil and gas developments. Challenges associated with GIAs include predicting the initial embedment depth and evaluating the keying performance of the anchor. The former involves high soil strain rate due to large anchor penetration velocity, while the later influences the subsequent behavior and pullout capacity of the anchor. With the coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian method, three-dimensional large deformation finite element models are established to investigate the penetration and keying of GIAs in non-homogeneous clay. In the penetration model, a modified Tresca soil model is adopted to allow the effects of soil strain rate and strain softening, and user-defined hydrodynamic drag force and frictional resistance are introduced via concentrated forces. In the keying model, the anchor line effects are incorporated through a chain equation, and the keying, diving and pulling out behaviors of the anchor can all be replicated. Parametric studies are undertaken at first to quantify the effects of various factors on the performance of GIAs, especially on the penetration and keying behaviors. Based on the results of parametric studies, fitted formulae are proposed to give a quick evaluation of the anchor embedment depth after the installation, and the shackle horizontal displacement, shackle embedment loss and anchor inclination at the end of the keying. Comparative studies are also performed to verify the effectiveness of the fitted formulae.