Overseas market development: a strategy for Australian renewable energy industries

In this paper, we look at the relationship between the development of domestic and overseas markets for Australian renewable energy. It is argued that encouraging the promotion of Australian renewable energy technology in overseas markets could be a practical strategy for developing the Australian renewable energy industry. Also, it is reasoned, Australian foreign aid and trade organisations could play an important role in assisting the Australian renewable energy industry via overseas market research, technology transfer, and human resource and institutional development programs. We suggest that further research and development cooperation between Australian renewable energy companies and research institutes would be beneficial, especially in exploring potential overseas markets. We also recommend that joint ventures between renewable energy industry partners in Australia and developing countries be used to promote growth in Australian renewable energy exports and, ultimately, in developing Australia's renewable energy industries.     

Dispersal and germination ofProsopis flexuosa(Fabaceae) seeds by desert mammals in Argentina

The ‘algarrobo’Prosopis flexuosais an important food resource in the Monte Desert of Argentina. Native, domestic, and exotic mammals consume the fruit of this legume and disperse the seed through faeces. In the present study we analyse the effect that different dispersal agents (cattle, horse, European wild boar, rodents, gray fox) have on seed damage, viability, and germination. Cattle increase germination at the expense of reduced viability, whereas horses maintain viability but do not contribute to a prompt germination response. Among native mammals, the gray fox maintains seed viability without increasing germination, whereas rodents affect seed viability but enhance germination rates. The European wild boar, however, damages all of the seeds it consumes.     

Future directions for Australian manufacturing: a review symposium

The Australian Manufacturing Council (AMC) was established, along with 11 industry councils, by the Hawke administration to advise the Commonwealth government on manufacturing and to provide a forum for consultations between business, unions and government. The AMC adopted a work program in 1984 which would lead to the preparation of a long‐term strategy for industrial restructuring in Australia. Nine of the 11 industry councils subsequently completed strategy reports which included policy recommendations for their branches of manufacturing. In late 1986 the AMC published a report on Future Directions for Australian Manufacturing Industry: A Broad Strategy Framework (Australia. Australian Manufacturing Council 1986a). This document draws together common themes identified in the various strategy reports and addresses some broader economic issues relevant to manufacturing as a whole. Because of the importance of the matters explored and the prominence given to the tripartite nature of the AMC (involving business, unions and government), Australian Geographer commissioned reviews of Future Directions . . . from four industrial geographers.     

日本对外直接投资与我国产业结构调整

近年来,日本对外直接投资的重点日益转向亚洲,并向我国集中,对我国产业结构的影响日益深刻。本文在分析大量数据和资料的基础上,阐述了日本对外直接投资的战略转移和在我国直接投资的特点与趋势,重点分析了日本直接投资对我国产业结构的影响及我们的对策。     

中国人—野猪冲突时空特征及对生态系统“反服务”的启示

中国农村社会经济转型背景下,生态系统“反服务”现象频现,如何协同生态保护与社会经济发展面临巨大挑战。本文基于收集的733件典型人—野猪冲突（又称野猪“肇事”）事件资料,采用荟萃分析法研究了2000—2021年中国野猪“肇事”事件的时空分布、危害和驱动因素。在此期间,野猪“肇事”的数量、空间范围和危害程度均呈递增趋势,涉及省、市和区（县）数量分别由初期的18个、41个和67个增至近期的25个、147个和399个,相应增幅分别为39%、259%和496%。其中2005年以前野猪“肇事”集中在重庆市和湖北省中西部,之后向四周扩张,2015年以后集中在四川盆地、黄土高原、长江中下游以及长白山等丘陵山区,表现形式以破坏农作物、侵害家禽和致人伤亡为主,尤以对农作物的破坏并导致耕地撂荒最为普遍,并伴随致人伤亡事件的快速增加,约占“肇事”总数量的1/4(23.66%)。目前情况下,野猪“肇事”蔓延趋势和危害性是一种典型的生态系统“反服务”现象,这种现象的加剧是生态恢复、禁猎政策、农地与生态用地界线不清、野猪生存力强且缺少天敌等因素的综合作用结果,对撂荒地利用、农户生计改善以及区域生态安全维持已构成明显...     

Biocultural nationalism? Bananas and biosecurity in Northern Queensland

ABSTRACT

The Cavendish banana is Australia’s most popular fruit and marketed as emblematic of Australian nationalisms. In July 2017, the disease-causing fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense was confirmed present on Australia’s largest Cavendish banana farm, in the worst disease incursion that Northern Queensland Cavendish monocrop plantations have yet faced. Confronted with the potential collapse of the industry, banana growers and Biosecurity Queensland officials have deployed a biosecurity response centred on measures of border control and containment. This paper examines the othering of the disease vector Panama Tropical Race 4, revealing biosecurity attempts as embroiled in cultural preoccupations with invasion. In so doing, this paper establishes that the biosecurity concerns regarding Northern Queensland bananas are not just with the economic and biological productivity of nature, but entangled in post-colonial anxieties over who belongs within the landscape. Following the entangled relations between the disease and Cavendish bananas reveals cultural nuances and multispecies relations. These shape and are shaped by industry and government efforts as experts attempt to maintain governance over entities as they appear to slip from human control. This paper finds that the anxieties and narratives of Australian post-colonial politics are deeply imbricated with the logics of ecological protection, agricultural productivity and the banality of everyday nationalisms.     

Assessing the Efficacy of Transition Theory to Identify Industry Transformation: a case study examining the deregulation of Australia's dairy industry

Transformation is a key concept in social-ecological systems research, and transition theory in particular; however, the essential elements of a transformation are yet to be clearly articulated. This article explores the changes that took place when Australian governments deliberately set out to restructure the Australian dairy industry. Using the subtropical dairy industry as a case study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with industry stakeholders. Our analysis was structured around transition concepts thus testing the framework's efficacy. We found that deregulation substantially altered the culture of the industry and the structure and working practices of the production system, supply chain, industry organisations and government agencies. Transition theory and its concepts provided a useful framework to explain how systemic change transformed the industry. Transition theory identified the multi-scalar nature of the interactions between structure and practice and the social and power relationships that reinforced change.     

GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE IN JAPAN

This is the third in a series of reports on Japanese geographic research prepared in cooperation with the Association of Japanese Geographers (AJG). Like the two previous reports, which appeared in the August and November issues, it has been modified for the English-speaking readership of THE PROFESSIONAL GEOGRAPHER. However, unlike the previous articles, each of which aimed at providing data regarding Japanese research on specific geographic topics, this paper is intended to supply the reader with an inventory of those materials that will be needed for the conduct of research in Japan. —H. Jesse Walker, Member, U.S. National Committee, IGU.     

日本研发产业的空间集聚与影响因素分析

利用统计数据考察日本国内3302家R&D企业的空间分布和集聚现象,发现日本的R&D企业高度集中在三大都市:东京都、大阪府和名古屋市;东京都的R&D企业多属于接近公司总部型,名古屋市的R&D企业则多属于接近工厂型,大阪府的R&D企业则介于总部型+工厂型之间。三大都市的研发产业结构与当地的优势行业基本一致。本文结合美、欧、日等国家关于产业集聚研究的理论和实践,概括总结了日本研发产业集聚的时空过程、驱动力量和影响因素。经济发展周期和产业结构在一定程度上决定了日本研发产业集聚的形成。而在日本研发产业发展的过程中,政策驱动和市场驱动起到了重要作用。政府政策尤其是政府在营建产学合作网络以及区域创新环境方面,极大地激励了日本研发产业的集聚和发展,以大型企业为代表的企业研发机构成为近年来日本研发产业集聚的重要力量。     

Economy,culture and environment: perspectives on the Australian food industry

Intersections between economy, culture and environment pose exciting future challenges for human geography. Part of Griffith Taylor's pioneering role as a geographer was to investigate relationships between these three aspects of human life, although his agenda was that of environmental determinism. This paper considers these intersections as they relate to contemporary geographical studies of restructuring, in particular the emergence of a genuinely global economic system since about 1980. Recent developments in cultural geography argue that geographical analysis of restructuring has been dominated by an economic determinism which has buried other stories which could be told about industrial change. The paper sketches lines of possible dialogue between economic geography and cultural studies, illustrating the argument with examples from restructuring in the Australian food industry. In opening such a dialogue, economic geography would be better placed to return to interactions between economy, culture and environment. In his day, Taylor was not afraid to upset the conventional wisdom about these relationships and this may be one of his most enduring legacies.     

Development of a Journal: Some brief comments relating to the Part Index for the Australian Geographer, 1928-98

This commentary concentrates on the physical production of the Australian Geographer and developments of a related nature. As I cannot pretend to have read every paper published over the last 71 years, comment on content is very limited. I also wish to avoid overlap with already published retrospectives included in Volume 19, Number 1, and Volume 27, Number 1, of this journal. A full issue-by-issue index is included in Volume 30, Number 1, of the Australian Geographer (pp. 103-26): all major papers, but not some minor pieces, are listed. Some of the latter, when part of a series, are listed in Tables 1 to 4 in this commentary. A full alphabetical author index for the 71 years of the journal will be included in the next issue (July 1999) as Appendix B.     

Women in agriculture: advocates for a gendered sustainable agriculture

A gendered consideration of rural geography has been barely discernible within Australian and New Zealand literature. The notable exceptions in this case have illustrated the complexity and merit of studying the gender patterns and relations of rural life. Outside geography, there is an expanding literature on rural women in Australia. These works parallel significant developments in the lives and politics of rural and agricultural women themselves. This paper reports selected findings from a study of the women in agriculture movement in Australia. As such, it illustrates the increased awareness of the gendered conditions of farming. The women in agriculture movement works to increase the recognition of women's contribution to agriculture. In doing so it affirms the legitimacy of women farmers’ voices and perspectives. There will be no sustainable rural systems while half the rural population is unseen or unheard. Women in agriculture demonstrate a social dimension of sustainability. They highlight the need to integrate gender equity and a ‘wider‐than‐economic’ conceptualisation of sustainable agriculture. Their actions can stimulate rural geographers to further consider the social and political aspects of rural sustainability beyond the conventional farm/industry and community service sites we usually consider.     

日本钢铁工业发展与空间格局演化的机制研究

日本钢铁工业发展与空间格局演变,体现了工业发展及其空间组织变化规律的内在作用,是各种区位因素变化的结果。文章通过对影响日本钢铁工业发展的市场需求、原料供给、技术进步、企业市场分割行为、以及其他微观区位条件与产业政策、地域政策等因素的分析,揭示了日本钢铁工业发展与空间格局演化过程及其内在机制,并对中国钢铁工业的发展与空间格局重组提出了若干建议。     

我国服务业发展的国际比较

运用世界发展指标和国际统计年鉴数据,从时间序列的角度并深入服务业增加值及增长速度、就业比重、就业结构、行业结构、服务业贸易五个方面进行国际比较。结果表明:我国服务业发展水平与整体经济不协调,工业对服务业的支撑能力较弱,服务业的增速高于世界主要国家:服务业的就业比重稳步上升,与世界平均水平差距较大,但吸纳就业的潜力仍然较大;传统服务业比重较高而现代服务业比重偏低,房地产、租赁及商务服务业、社会服务业的就业比重远落后发达国家;服务业出口快速增长,但出口多集中与传统服务业,知识、技术密集型服务业出口偏少。     

中国与周边国家地缘经济关系的双向互动分析

贸易关系可用来刻画中国与周边国家地缘经济关系的双向互动。本文通过构建源—汇互动矩阵分析框架,借助商品贸易数据,从出口与进口两个断面,选取偏好率、市场占有率和集中度3个指标分析了中国与周边国家地缘经济关系双向互动时序变化。结果表明：①周边国家出口到中国偏好率整体上升,且高于中国出口到周边国家偏好率;②中国出口到周边国家市场占有率远高于周边国家出口到中国市场占有率;③周边国家从中国进口偏好率高于中国从周边国家进口偏好率,中国从周边国家进口的偏好率主要集中在周边发达国家以及部分东盟国家;④中国从周边国家进口市场占有率总体上呈增长趋势,且高于周边国家从中国进口市场占有率;⑤中国与周边国家地缘经济关系双向互动主要集中在日本、韩国和新加坡等发展经济体以及东盟中的经济发展水平较高国家。周边国家和地区经济发展水平差异巨大,需要进一步探讨中国与周边国家和地区的地缘经济合作差异和演化规律,服务于“一带一路”建设和提升“周边是首要”的地缘边际效应。     

从软件外包到研发服务院班加罗尔的案例研究

2000年以来,印度的服务外包产业从一个提供低技术含量服务的供应方,逐步升级为一个提供高技术含量研发服务的供应方,其服务外包产业升级的成功经验值得深入探究。班加罗尔是印度软件出口的策源地,同时在研发服务业方面也日益专业化。本文以全球价值链的相关理论为支撑,以班加罗尔作为研究案例,在对该城市从软件外包到研发服务业兴起的发展轨迹进行系统回顾的基础上,将推动班加罗尔服务业兴起与发展的原因归结为高素质低成本人才的供应、跨国公司全球研发战略的转变、本土研发管理能力的提升以及海外人脉网络的充分利用四大驱动因素。     

中日汽车产业发展模式的比较

我国汽车产量在2009年实现了年产破千万辆,成为继美国、日本之后,第三个汽车年产超千万辆的国家,我国的汽车产业迎来技术创新和结构调整的关键转型时期。日本汽车产业在战后短短几十年里获得了巨大成功,已经超过美国成为世界汽车生产大国和强国,中日两国同为汽车“后发优势国家”,在汽车产业的发展历程、研发模式、产业化道路等方面存在诸多相似点和不同点,本文提出如何借鉴日本的成功经验,对在关键的转型时期我国汽车产业应选择的发展模式和今后的发展方向提出了建议。     

全球整车及其零部件贸易格局演化特征

以汽车产业为例,采用中心性、E-I指数和核心-边缘模型等网络分析方法,分析2003~2013年间,全球整车及零部件贸易在全球化和区域化力量共同作用下的演化特征。结果显示：① 整车贸易和零部件贸易的全球化程度和区域化程度均有所提高,但贸易全球化特征相对更明显;② 整车贸易网络核心一直为德、日、美3国,零部件贸易网络核心则由美、日变为中、德;亚洲汽车零部件贸易网络以中国为核心迅速发展,欧洲汽车零部件贸易网络重心向东欧和南欧转移明显;③ 发动机系统组件贸易向以德国为首的欧洲国家集中,电子电器组件贸易向以中国为中心的东亚地区集中,附加值低的轮胎和内胎组件贸易向中国、印度、巴西等新兴市场分散。     

生态恢复中生态系统反服务与居民生存的博弈——以甘肃“猪进人退”现象为例

生态系统为人类提供积极的生态系统服务的同时,也产生了消极的影响,如生态质量改善后野生动物数量增加并对居民生产和生活产生冲击的现象,此即生态系统反服务（EDS）。以西秦岭西汉水上游林区边缘的部分村庄为研究区,以“猪进人退”为案例,通过访谈和问卷调查、博弈论模型分析,试图揭示生态恢复建设过程中生态系统反服务给当地居民生存带来的消极影响和各利益方的博弈均衡结果。研究表明：案例区生态质量趋好背景下66%的村庄遭野猪侵害,其引致的EDS具体表现在5个方面,包括农田被毁、部分村民搬迁、耕地撂荒增加、村民人身安全受到威胁以及疾病传染威胁等;人类（包括村民和政府）在解决此问题时的纳什均衡为（防治,侵害）,在生态效益目标不改变的情况下,野猪侵害行为不可避免,村民防治措施的有效性决定了村民对生态保护积极态度的程度。政府如果提高生态补偿,则可以达到村民和政府均积极保护生态、村民也积极防治野猪的理想模式。     

出口对中国区域经济增长和产业结构转型的影响分析

1978年改革开放以来,特别是加入WTO以后,中国对外贸易迅速增加,成为经济增长的主要动力之一。这不仅改变了中国在世界经济中的地位,也导致了中国区域经济格局的变化。在当前全球金融危机下,中国对外出口大幅度下降。因而,定量研究出口对中国区域经济增长和产业结构转变的作用,对理解金融危机的影响具有重要意义。本文运用投入产出表方法,计算了中国各省市区对欧、美、日的商品出口对各自产业增加值和产业结构升级的贡献程度。研究发现,对欧、美、日出口在中国区域经济增长和产业结构转型中起着越来越重要的角色,特别是沿海地区。